Judgement and Decision-Making: Comprehensive Article Analysis Report

This report provides an analysis of four articles focusing on judgment and decision-making within organizational contexts. The first article, 'Moral Mazes,' explores how decision-making processes affect advancement and authority, emphasizing the prioritization of short-term goals by managers. The second article delves into the measurement of labile values, discussing how people express their values and the impact of clarity and honesty in the workplace. The third article examines judgmental heuristics, highlighting the limitations of discrete biases and the importance of feedback. The final article discusses multiple perspectives in decision-making, considering social and technological factors and the evolution of perspectives over time. The report synthesizes the key themes from these articles, offering insights into organizational behavior, leadership, and the complexities of decision-making processes. The articles provide insights into how organizations operate and how individuals make decisions within them.

Running head: JUDGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING
JUDGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Article 1
Jackall, R. (1988), Chapter 4. 'Looking up and looking around', In Moral Mazes, oxford
university press NY
Abstract
The decision-making procedures are known to affect the patterns of the advancement and
the authority within the organization. The decision- making within the organization is affected by
the various problem that are faced by the organizational decision-makers in their personal realms
and the political issues that are presented within the given territorial boundaries wherein the
company has been operating. The organizations are often observed to have been dealing with the
issues that are related to the implementation of the bureaucratic settings within the organization
and the effects of the same in the decision-making within the organization. The scientific
decision-making theories tend to assist in the procedures that are to maintained in a step wise
manner in order to implement the proper procedures and consultant programs that help in the
development of the decision making within the given organization. The organizational decision-
makers active in the business environment of the United States are observed to have been laying
more stress in the matters that are related to the short-term goals followed by the organization
rather than the long-term goals that have been set by the organization in discussion. The chapter
further states that the managers and the other decision-makers tend to prioritize the short-term
goals since they are evaluated and judged by the senior management on the basis of their
achievement of the goals that have been set for the short-terms within the organization. The
managers of the organization tend to deal with the fact that the proper implementation and the
execution of the short-term goals lead to the proper development of the organizational goals that
have been set by the concerned business organization. The managers should further develop a

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better insight into the matters that are related to the development of the organizational goals and
implement the ethical practices within the organization.
Work Experience
The issues in the decision making might be highlighted in the incidents wherein the
organizational management has been facing issues in the matters that are related to the
management of the short-term goals of the concerned organization. The issues that are majorly
faced by the organization in the development of the short-term goals within the organization. The
majority of the issues that are faced by the organization in terms of the short-term goals that are
maintained by the company. The decision-making capabilities help the organizational decision-
makers to implement the short-term goals that are majorly implemented in order to deal with the
issues that are necessary for the overall development of the organization in discussion. The
organizational decision-makers stress majorly on the short-term goals followed by the
organization rather than the long-term goals. This helps in the proper maintenance of the issues
related to the overall performance.
Article 2
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P. and Lichtenstein, S., 1988. Knowing what you want: Measuring labile
values. Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative and Prescriptive Interactions, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp.398-421.
Abstract
The chapter in discussion presents a confrontation among the people who elicit values
and those that inchoate values. The terms values as discussed within the given chapter refers to
the issues that are discussed by the concerned chapter refers to the evaluative judgements that are

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presented in terms of the absolute desirability and the worth of the events that have been taking
place within the organization. The chapter however discusses the cases wherein the people have
been presenting their values with a proper level of honesty in their reports. The people who have
been dealing with the clarity in the matters that are related to the familiarity and the simplicity of
the issues that are presented to the employees. The chapter further states that the concerned
choices on the part of the people tend to have a long-lasting effect on the given person as well.
The chapter states that the most dangerous situation that is faced by the concerned employee
refer to the state wherein the person is unable to provide a proper specific opinion and does not
bear the realization of the lack of knowledge as well. The authors of the article tend to deal with
the collection and the proper sorting of the suspected as well as the documented sources for the
discussion on the lability within the concerned organization. This in turn help in the facilitation
of the appreciation of the apparent values that are implemented by the effects that might result
from the situations within the organization. The chapter offers the ways for the maintenance of a
certain unit that has been derived from the discussion of the labile factors that affect the
organizational employee. The strength of the belief in the authenticity and the reliability of the
sources are observed to be affecting the organizational workforce as well.
Work Experience
The practice of honesty among the organizational employees tend to play a very
important role in the development of the organization as a whole. The honesty among the
employees might in turn lead to the development of the clarity within the concerned department
of the organization as well as helps in the improvement of the concerned organization in the
given market. The people who have been dealing with the clarity in the matters that are related to
the familiarity and the simplicity of the issues that are presented to the employees. An example

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of this might be cited in a workplace wherein the majority of the people rely on the interpersonal
and interdepartmental communication for the proper functioning within the organization. These
situations are generally observed in the workplaces wherein the departmental communication is
unclear as well as clouded in terms of the proper and clear information.
Article 3
Hogarth, R.M., 1981. Beyond discrete biases: Functional and dysfunctional aspects of
judgmental heuristics. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), p.197.
Abstract
The research within the realm of heuristics have revealed that no specific and validated
results have been obtained through the previous researches. The research on the topic reveals that
the judgement of the common man is often based on the discrete situation that the person has
been following or experiencing at the given period of time. The improper nature of the judgment
has led to the underestimation of the importance of the process of delivering feedback to the
concerned authorities. This has further led to the acceptance of the various assumptions that are
known to remain active in the matter that are related to the development of the evaluation in the
matters that are related to the judgmental performance. The article further discusses the issues
that are presented in the matters that are related to the continuous and the discrete approaches
that are adopted by the scholars discussing the influence of the issues that are presented within
the realm of the heuristics on the department of the issues that are related to the judgmental
performance. The concerned paper is observed to throw light on the issues that are presented in
the development of the discrete-continuous perspectives towards the evaluation of the
judgmental heuristics. The author tends to highlight the major implications that are faced by the
people dealing in the matter that are related to the normative theories of choice and decision. The

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article focusses majorly on the methodological and the theoretical implications in the department
of the identification of judgement as one of the continuous issues rather than considering them to
be one of the major issues that need to be discussed as a discrete event. The article focusses
majorly on the issues related to the development of the applicability and the meaning of the
concerned theories.
Work Experience
The major example in the discussion on the development of the judgmental heuristics
might refer to the judgement of the actions that are undertaken by a certain employee under a
certain given circumstance within the organization. The judgement of the common man is often
based on the discrete situation that the person has been following or experiencing at the given
period of time. The improper nature of the judgment has led to the underestimation of the
importance of the process of delivering feedback to the concerned authorities who have been
investigating the matter or have been majorly dealing with the consequences of the concerned
activity that was undertaken by the concerned employee. This has further led to the acceptance of
the various assumptions that are known to remain active in the matter that are related to the
development of the evaluation in the matters that are related to the judgmental performance.
Article 4
Linstone, H. 1984, ‘Our Proposed Perspectives’ in Linstone H., Multiple Perspectives for
decision making, North Holland, NY
Abstract
The chapter in discussion tends to discuss the various sociotechnical issues that are
presented in the everyday lives of the people concerned. The article further discusses the social

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as well as the technological aspects that are presented through the problems that are presented to
the concerned authorities. The author tends to implement the fact that the technological factors
tend to help the concerned people in the resolution of the issues that are related to the
development of the environment that surrounds the concerned people. The book chapter looks at
human beings from two different viewpoints. The human beings are considered to be social
identities as well as an individual. The author suggests that the business organizations are
considered to be as old as the human society. The human beings who have been involved with
the various organizations like the villages, the churches, the clubs as well as the business
organizations tend to deal with the various technological implementations that are related to the
overall operations within the organization. The author states that the major human organization
that has been heavily affected by the use of technology is the family of the concerned people.
The author further states that the use of the technology has led to the negative effects in the
bonding present in the family. The authors suggest that the perspectives towards a case is known
to have been undergoing the changes along with the passage of time. The implementation of the
difference in the perspectives within the given organizational practices might relate to the issues
that are presented in the matters that are related to the development of different ideas regarding a
single situation. The implementation of the diverse integration strategies might lead to the
conditions wherein there might exist varied explanations for a single situation.
Work Experience
One such situation might occur while dealing with the cross-cultural situation within the
organization. The social as well as the technological aspects that are presented through the
problems are presented to the concerned authorities within the given organization. The members
of the organization tend to implement the fact that the technological factors tend to help the

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concerned people in the resolution of the issues that are related to the development of the
environment that surrounds the concerned people. The perspectives towards a case is known to
have been undergoing changes with the passage of time. The implementation of the difference in
the perspectives relate to the issues that are presented in the development of different ideas
regarding a single situation within the organization.

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References
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P. and Lichtenstein, S., 1988. Knowing what you want: Measuring labile
values. Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative and Prescriptive Interactions, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp.398-421.
Hogarth, R.M., 1981. Beyond discrete biases: Functional and dysfunctional aspects of
judgmental heuristics. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), p.197.
Jackall, R. 1988, Chapter 4. 'Looking up and looking around', In Moral Mazes, oxford university
press NY
Linstone, H. 1984, ‘Our Proposed Perspectives’ in Linstone H., Multiple Perspectives for
decision making, North Holland, NY