Decision Making Analysis: Models, Frameworks, and Applications

This report analyzes decision-making processes within organizational contexts, drawing upon insights from various sources, including academic journals and personal experiences. It emphasizes the importance of rational models and knowledge sharing in managerial decision-making, highlighting the potential pitfalls of poor management practices and the need to address internal policy failures. The report explores different organizational models and frameworks, emphasizing the significance of understanding errors, learning from past experiences, and incorporating consumer perspectives. It delves into production processes, the impact of fallible decisions, and the importance of considering both short-term resource availability and feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, the report examines the role of administrative policies in maximizing organizational values, integrating individual decisions, and managing conflicting values. It also explores urban infrastructure decision-making, social process complexity, and the influence of societal needs on project outcomes, drawing on real-world examples from environmental engineering and waste management. The report underscores the importance of community engagement and the application of social process theory in achieving effective decision-making outcomes.

Running head: DECISION MAKING
Judgment and Decision Making
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

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Book 1
The organizational models are used in the organization for taking up different models and frame
work for the proper implementation of the rules and the regulations. The political theory or the
political model of the different organizations is needed for the purpose of taking the right and the
viable decision for the organization. The crisis theory must be used in order to understand about
the different issue that can arise and the different ways in which they can be solved. It has been
seen from the journal sand the different other articles that in the current scenario a lot more is
being understood about the actual and the piratical issues that are arising in the organizational
setups (Dallat, Salmon and Goode 2017). It must be noted in this context that the managers and
the other decision makers have to keep in mind that their own bad management practices are
often responsible for the failure of the organizational setups or the organization setup. However
they often blame economic failure or the social failure of the society as a cause for their
organizational failures (Reason 1990). Therefore it is suggested that they must not think about
the social or the national reasons to be the major reasons behind the failure of the organizational
policies. Instead they must develop a proper understanding about the different policies that are
going wrong in their organizational setup and then try to solve them. He managers must be using
the rational model in order to take up the right decisions and also to implement the right kind of
business ideas in their operational process. It must be noted that knowledge is one of the most
useful aspect that must be used in this aspect. It is the duty of the managers and the other
decision makers to make sure that they are making knowledge freely available to all their
employees
As per my perception studying this book has been really helpful for me in the long run. This
book has helped me to understand about the different kinds of reasons that are actually oft

3DECISION MAKING
responsible for the improper functioning of the organization (Gnoni and Saleh 2017). However it
must be noted that there are different models that must be used in order to understand about the
understanding of the errors in the operating system and the different ways in which I can
overcome them in future career. As I have also worked with a firm called Eco-Pro environmental
Services as a trainee I have gathered some experiences about the effects that can be caused if
wrong decisions are undertaken. Therefore I have learned that as an employee of the
Environmental Engineering I must abide by the actual problems that are been aced by the people
in different parts of the city. I will henceforth develop the decision making board and also
include the actual consumers. This will help me to find out the actual reasons that are responsible
for the
Book 2
This book mainly talked about the different ways in which the production process can be used. It
must be noted that the frameworks which are used for solving the different issues must be made
by not focusing on the how the different failures or the wring decisions can lead to severe
accidents but also how the remedy measures must be applied (Fischer 1993). It is evident from
the book that the right decisions have to be taken by the managers and the other decision
makers. It is the responsibility of the decision makers to understand about the different kinds of
consequences that can arise due to the wring decision making. Thus it is really vey essential for
the decision makers to know about the environmental and the political aspects that are actually
responsible for the case that is happening and how to teach to the right solution for it. On the
other hand there are the fallible decisions that are often made by the decision makers. This might
often lead to served error in the entire process of decision making system. This is one if the
major aspect that must be solved so that the dilemma in the decision making system can be

4DECISION MAKING
solved. There is however two different factors that can be kept in mind in order to make sure that
the decisions are taken in the right one (Reason 2017). One is the certainty of outcome that is
about the resources thetas re available for the short period of time; some may contribute towards
the safety need and not the productivity. The other factor is the nature of feedback. The nature of
feedback is one of the major aspects that must be kept in mind in order to make sure that the
decision makers are taking in the opinions of the stakeholders and then taking the decisions for
solving the problems.
As per my perception this book has been very useful for my curse as I have been able to relate it
with the course that I am studying and the profession that I aspire to take up in the near future. I
have done my internships related to Environmental engineering in Centre for science and
environment, New Delhi, India, that is in solid waste management and sanitation planning.
Therefore the book on the decision making system has been very useful for me as it has largely
helped me to understand the importance of decision making system. As I have to look after the
planning and the construction of the sanitation and the environmental protection planning
system. I have to understand about the pros and the con s that the infrastructural system will be
creating over the society. Therefore I will have to abide by the right rules for the development of
the infrastructures.
Book 3
In case of attaining the maximum values, formulation of administrative policies can play an
important role. It is true that in terms of increasing the rate of employment, reasonable business
profit, protection of small savings and prevention of stock market crash, the values of an

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organization make the significant impact. In case of maximizing the values, the administrative
policies are being introduced by the equal prodigious. Society plays an important role for
proceeding to the outline of possible policy arguments. In terms of determining the greatest
amount of value, multitude of alternatives are important (Lindblom1959). By generalizing the
theoretical aspects of policies, the comparison of policies can bring the significant impact on the
economy. It has been identified that in terms of increasing the high value, the basic principal
objectives need to be followed for making the simple goals. By setting the simple goals, the
functional complexity can be reduced, which can bring significant impact on the economy. In
case of integrating with the decisions of others, decision of individuals’ administration is
important. In order to introduce the decisions in scientific manner, little analysis of decision
making process is important methodologically investing on the particular area of research. It is
true that in case of dealing with the conflicting values, it is important for sacrificing another
value so that the managerial policies can be implemented in proper manner. By continuing this, it
can be said that in order to shift values in an organization, the shifting of decision making
process is also important so that the marginal preferences can be included. Marginal values can
be considered as the important choice that can play an effective role for choosing the policies and
implemented them in proper manner.
In order to disclose the marginal contribution in the decision making process, it is important for
focusing on the administrative policies. As per my understanding, while performing as the waste
management employee, I may face various challenges regarding the implementation of managing
the administrative policies in the workplace. In order to increase value in the workplace,
situational decision making ability of mine is very important, I strongly believe that maximizing
the values in the workplace is important. By taking the scientific decisions, it can be easier for

6DECISION MAKING
me to identify the emerging challenges so that I will be able to identify the possible solutions
against the problem. On the other hand, introducing the effective decision I can focus on
identifying the simple objectives, so that the complexity of situation can be handled in my
workplace.
Book 4
In order to explain the social process complexity, unban infrastructure decision making process
plays a significant role for managing the enrolment and initial problematizationfor making final
resolution to action and choice (Parkin1994.). Based on the social judgment theoretical
implications, the link between problem definition and solution is being developed. In this article,
theoretical aspects of unban infrastructure for conducting the Marxist and Weberian framework
have been highlighted. It is true that due to rapid shifting of late modernity, world’s view
towards utilization the value as well as technological efficiency of urban infrastructure has got
influenced. Due to the environmental deduction as well as changing community trust,shaping the
urban infrastructure decisions, the involvement of individuals, organizations and institutions
have got diversified. In this article, the model based on social decision process has been
introduced. In terms of conceptualizing the decision making process in an organization for
considering the process for involving the human agents in the development process, the
interaction of multiplicity of the companies are important. It is true that in the organizational
decision making process, the contribution of the interactive collectives are important. Based on
the individuals’ judgment as well as decision making process, network interaction in the
organization helps to ensure the growth opportunities. In terms of developing the empirical work
in the problem consumptions are important for reaching at the ultimate solution. With the
elaboration of problem situations, the possible solutions are also being identified. In terms of

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defining the urban development related growth opportunities, community engagement can be
considered as one of the important decision that can help to develop strong relationship between
the community interest and organizational process. Hence, it can be said that in terms of ensuring
the effective decision making process regarding the modern urban infrastructure, following the
social process theory, problem needs to be analyzed for identifying the possible solutions.
Being an environmental engineering student, I have faced various situations in which the conflict
between the society and organizational project has impacted on the decision making process. It
has been identified by me that due to changing societal needs, the urban infrastructure decisions
have got influenced. During my internship, when I was appointed as the waste management
executive in a township, which is the extended part of a crowded city, in which I have faced the
sanitation related issue. Due to improper drainage system on that particular area, the entire
wastage were being dumped in the river, which not only infected the soil but also it impacted on
the local water bodies. In this situation, not only the drinking water shortage created but also
improper sanitation planning in that particular area created negative impact on human and
environmental life. As per my understanding, if the proper relationship between the societal
needs and the project could have been clarified to the individuals by highlighting the social
process theory, in that case, the problems as well as possible solutions can alsobe provided. By
properly defining the problematic situation to the individuals, their contribution in urban
infrastructure development process can be ensured.

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References
Bakht, M.N. and El-Diraby, T.E., 2013. Analyzing Infrastructure Discussion Networks: Order of
“Influence” in Chaos of “Followers”.
Dallat, C., Salmon, P.M. and Goode, N., 2017. Risky systems versus risky people: To what
extent do risk assessment methods consider the systems approach to accident causation? A
review of the literature. Safety Science.
Fischer, F. 1990, Chapter 11 (part), ‘Organizations as political systems’, in Technology and the
Politics of Expettise, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, (RME PAGE 17)
Fischer, F., 1993. Technology and the Politics of Expertise.
Fischer, F., 2000. Citizens, experts, and the environment: The politics of local knowledge. Duke
University Press.
Gnoni, M.G. and Saleh, J.H., 2017. Near-miss management systems and observability-in-depth:
Handling safety incidents and accident precursors in light of safety principles. Safety science, 91,
pp.154-167.
Lindblom, C.E., 1959. The science of muddling through. PublicAdministrationReview, 19(2),
pp.79-88.
Parkin, J., 1994. A power model of urban infrastructure decision-making. Geoforum, 25(2),
pp.203-211.
Reason, J. 1990, ‘ A general view of accident causation in complex systems’, In Human Error,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (RME PAGE 135)