Comprehensive Report on Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

This report provides a detailed analysis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It begins by defining embolism and its classifications, followed by definitions of DVT and PE. The report then discusses the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis (including Virchow's Triad), complications, and management of both DVT and PE. The management sections include information on the Wells score for DVT assessment and different therapeutic approaches, such as anticoagulation therapy. The report emphasizes the importance of understanding these conditions, including their clinical presentations, underlying mechanisms, and effective treatment strategies. The content is well-structured and includes relevant details about the conditions and their management.

Deep Venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism
➢ Define and classify embolism
Embolism:
An embolism is defined as any foreignsubstance that travels through t
lodged within it leadingto blocking of blood flow. This foreignsubstance can a
clot building the wall of an injured vessel.
Classify:
Embolisms can be classified based on their loca?on. The first one is a
which the embolism travels through arteries. This can start from a large a
its way into medium and the smallerones. Depending on the size of t
to dissolve, it can lodge itself with these narrowareas as well as along t
second kinds are those that get lodged in the veins, These are not as severe a
cause an obstruc?on in the exchange of gases and turn into a third c
pulmonary embolism. A pulmonary embolism is those that travel from the v
respiratory tract and cause a problem in breathing.
➢ Define Deep vein Thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis refers to occlusion of the veins in a deeperpart o
thigh of the leg. When this occurs, it causes the poor exchange of gases w
causing a seriousof reac?on leadingto damage of the vein. If l
lead to a pulmonary embolism.
➢ Discuss clinical manifesta?ons, pathogenesis , complica?o
and management of DVT
ClinicalManifesta:on:
DVT can have many symptoms including redness, feelings of tenderness, b
prominence of veins and fever. The most common of these symptoms are t
in the loca?on of the embolism. For example, if the DVT is i
less pain, but if the clot is really large and has been there for a l
an increase of the pain and swelling. A non-reliable sign of calf s
Sign, is when pain is experienced when the toes and foot are stretched u

Pathogenesis:
The pathogenesis of the DVT followswhat is known as the Virchow’s Triad. T
the recipe for the forma?on of a clot. These are venousstasis, vascular i
hypercoagulability. If any factor such as surgery, trauma, obesityor advanci
increase the chance of developing any of these three factors for the forma?o
stasis contains the most severe implica?ons but is not sufficient enough o
forma?on, hence the other 2 factors also play a role.
Complica:ons:
There are many small complica?ons of DVT but there are 2 main ones which i
embolism and post-thrombo?c syndrome. Pulmonary embolism we have spokena
many ?mes in which vessels leadingto the lungs are occluded. If DVT is l
affected, let's say for example the calf, it can cause the blood in t
veins in the area leadingto an increase in its pressure.
Management:
In order to assess DVT, we use the Wells score to determine the severity
there are 2 main therapies that can be administered. The first one is t
that is based on the finding of the DVT using ultrasound. This therapy i
proximal DVT. The second therapy includes aspirin administered in a low d
Apixaban 2.5 mg twice a day, or Rivaroxaban 10 mg daily. An?coagula?on
over aspirin therapy.
Define Pulmonary embolism
A pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that has broken off from a
lodged, usually in the leg area, and travels to the lungs blocking a p
➢ Discuss clinical manifesta?ons , pathogenesis , complica?o
management of Pulmonary embolism
ClinicalManifesta:on:
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid breathing
• Chest pain: This is usually a sharp stabbing pain that may worsen w
• Prior to PE, symptoms of DVT may also occur

• Rapid heart rate
• Coughing and/or coughing-up blood
• Fain?ng
• Low blood pressure
• Fever
Pathogenesis:
Pathogenesis is similar to DVT in which Virchow’s Triad is used to determ
the clot which then usually travels up to the pulmonary arteries and occlude
lobes are usually the more affected ones in comparison to the upper lobes.
Complica:ons:
The most important complica?on of pulmonary embolism is death. If leF u
show that 1/3 cases of pulmonary embolisms lead to death. Other complica?ons i
feeling in the chest, intense coughing, shortness of breath,heavy feeling of t
and coughing of blood. This all can be caused by obstruc?on of the v
Management:
There are many things that you can do from start to severe in order to m
embolism. The first is lifestyle changes that includethe be]erment of d
small things such as wearing compression socks to prevent pooling of b
as blood thinners can be given to prevent the forma?on of a c
blood thinners, a doctor can insert a vena cava filter to catch an already
before it reaches the lungs. If worse comes to worst, surgery can be d
Reference:
Robbins and cotran pathologic basis of disease, ninth edi?on, Chapte
Hemodynamic Disorders,Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock