CADOOI Assignment 2: A Comprehensive Report on Dementia Research
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This report, submitted as part of a CADOOI assignment, provides a comprehensive overview of dementia. It begins by defining dementia as an umbrella term for various diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, and outlines the major neurodegenerative diseases that cause it. The report discu...
CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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Dementia Research and Education Centre
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:
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Dementia Research and Education Centre
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:
0
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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Dementia
Dementia is an umbrella term for a group of symptoms caused by over 100 different diseases,
with Alzheimer's disease the most common cause (AIHW. (2019). 2019).
Figure 1: Common Causes of Dementia
The four major neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia are Alzheimer's disease, Lewy
body disease, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia and these occur singly or in
combination (Cohen & Eisdorfer, 2011). Dementia is a progressive, chronic, neurological
condition that causes cognitive and physical decline. It is characterized by impairments in brain
function that affect memory, language, personality, emotion, perception, reasoning, judgement,
problem-solving and other cognitive skills. Behavioural changes occur, with some people
experiencing altered behaviour patterns that create challenges for those who care for them and
may mean they are no longer able to be cared for in the home environment (Ballard, Aarsland,
Hughes, Lloyd-William & Sachs, 2010). As the disease progresses into its late stage, physical
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Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
Dementia
Dementia is an umbrella term for a group of symptoms caused by over 100 different diseases,
with Alzheimer's disease the most common cause (AIHW. (2019). 2019).
Figure 1: Common Causes of Dementia
The four major neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia are Alzheimer's disease, Lewy
body disease, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia and these occur singly or in
combination (Cohen & Eisdorfer, 2011). Dementia is a progressive, chronic, neurological
condition that causes cognitive and physical decline. It is characterized by impairments in brain
function that affect memory, language, personality, emotion, perception, reasoning, judgement,
problem-solving and other cognitive skills. Behavioural changes occur, with some people
experiencing altered behaviour patterns that create challenges for those who care for them and
may mean they are no longer able to be cared for in the home environment (Ballard, Aarsland,
Hughes, Lloyd-William & Sachs, 2010). As the disease progresses into its late stage, physical
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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signs and symptoms of brain impairments become increasingly apparent. For example, falls
occur as the ability to walk deteriorates and is ultimately lost, and the person will be unable to
recognise when they are hungry or thirsty (Jolley, 2010); they will lose bowel control, bladder
control, and the ability to cough and swallow (Draper, 2013). Unless another disease or event
causes death before this late stage, the person will die with dementia (Hughes, Jolley, Jordan &
Sampson, 2007).
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Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
signs and symptoms of brain impairments become increasingly apparent. For example, falls
occur as the ability to walk deteriorates and is ultimately lost, and the person will be unable to
recognise when they are hungry or thirsty (Jolley, 2010); they will lose bowel control, bladder
control, and the ability to cough and swallow (Draper, 2013). Unless another disease or event
causes death before this late stage, the person will die with dementia (Hughes, Jolley, Jordan &
Sampson, 2007).
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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Prevalence of Dementia
Although it is not a normal part of ageing, the risk of developing dementia increases with age. As life expectancy increases globally, the prevalence
of dementia will continue to increase. Martin Prince and others (2015) estimate over 46.8 million people worldwide live with dementia, with this
number set to double every 20 years and reaching 131.45 million by 2050 as figure 2 shows.
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2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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World Bank Income Group
High Income
Upper Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Low Income
World Bank Income Group
Number of people wth dementia (millions)
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
Prevalence of Dementia
Although it is not a normal part of ageing, the risk of developing dementia increases with age. As life expectancy increases globally, the prevalence
of dementia will continue to increase. Martin Prince and others (2015) estimate over 46.8 million people worldwide live with dementia, with this
number set to double every 20 years and reaching 131.45 million by 2050 as figure 2 shows.
3
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
World Bank Income Group
High Income
Upper Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Low Income
World Bank Income Group
Number of people wth dementia (millions)
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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Figure 2. The increase in numbers of people with dementia (millions) by income groups
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Figure 2. The increase in numbers of people with dementia (millions) by income groups
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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Martin Prince and others (2015) estimate 342,800 Australians live with a diagnosis of
dementia, with more than 90% of these people over the age of 65. Projections suggest that the
number of Australians living with dementia will increase to 400,000 by 2020, and will reach
nearly 900,000 by 2050 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019).
The increasing prevalence of dementia has local and global impacts. Martin Prince and others
(2015) calculate the annual cost of dementia globally has increased from US$604 billion in
2010 to US$818 billion in 2015. As well as the fiscal impact, dementia also brings with it
significant psychological and social costs. As the condition progresses, the person with
dementia will become increasingly dependent upon others, eventually requiring full assistance
with all aspects of daily living, and needing constant supervision to maintain their safety
(Hughes, Jolley, Jordan & Sampson, 2007). This significantly impacts upon the wellbeing and
quality of life of the individual, their family and caregivers, as well as the broader community (
Prince et al., 2016).
Care Settings
Many people with dementia are cared for in their own homes throughout the course of their
illness, with or without community supports (Downs & Bowers, 2014). Transition to residential
aged care, which is also known as nursing home care, typically occurs when the level of support
and care needed exceeds that which can be provided within the home environment. Studies
from the United States, Sweden, and Australia identify the presence of cognitive impairment or
dementia as most strongly predictive of transition to residential aged care when compared with
other health conditions (Prince, Prina & Guerchet, 2013). Henry Brodaty and Anne Cumming
(2010) assert the presence of behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia
(BPSD) increases the likelihood of a person with dementia transitioning to residential aged care
4
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
Martin Prince and others (2015) estimate 342,800 Australians live with a diagnosis of
dementia, with more than 90% of these people over the age of 65. Projections suggest that the
number of Australians living with dementia will increase to 400,000 by 2020, and will reach
nearly 900,000 by 2050 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019).
The increasing prevalence of dementia has local and global impacts. Martin Prince and others
(2015) calculate the annual cost of dementia globally has increased from US$604 billion in
2010 to US$818 billion in 2015. As well as the fiscal impact, dementia also brings with it
significant psychological and social costs. As the condition progresses, the person with
dementia will become increasingly dependent upon others, eventually requiring full assistance
with all aspects of daily living, and needing constant supervision to maintain their safety
(Hughes, Jolley, Jordan & Sampson, 2007). This significantly impacts upon the wellbeing and
quality of life of the individual, their family and caregivers, as well as the broader community (
Prince et al., 2016).
Care Settings
Many people with dementia are cared for in their own homes throughout the course of their
illness, with or without community supports (Downs & Bowers, 2014). Transition to residential
aged care, which is also known as nursing home care, typically occurs when the level of support
and care needed exceeds that which can be provided within the home environment. Studies
from the United States, Sweden, and Australia identify the presence of cognitive impairment or
dementia as most strongly predictive of transition to residential aged care when compared with
other health conditions (Prince, Prina & Guerchet, 2013). Henry Brodaty and Anne Cumming
(2010) assert the presence of behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia
(BPSD) increases the likelihood of a person with dementia transitioning to residential aged care
4
CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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from the home environment. BPSDs include such things as wandering, sleep disturbance,
anxiety, agitation, depression, hoarding, disinhibition, repetitive vocalization, crying,
intrusiveness, difficulties with navigation and orientation, and aggression, with S. Banerjee and
others (2006) suggesting that the presence of BPSDs is associated with decreased quality of life
for the person with dementia. It is estimated that nearly all people with dementia experience
BPSDs (Savva et al., 2018), although the extent to which each person is affected is highly
variable. In the 2013-2014 financial year over 50 % of permanent residents in government-
subsidised residential aged care places in Australia had a diagnosis of dementia (Prince et al.,
2015). With 189,283 places available, this means over 90,000 Australians with dementia were
living in residential aged care during this period.
In Australia and internationally, some residential aged care facilities provide areas specifically
designated for the care of people with dementia. These units have various titles including
Special Care Units/Facilities, Memory Units, Dementia Specific Units, Dementia Support
Units, Elderly Mentally Infirm Units, or Alzheimer’s Support Units. Each title implies that the
unit, whatever its name, provides some type of specialized care for people with dementia.
5
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
from the home environment. BPSDs include such things as wandering, sleep disturbance,
anxiety, agitation, depression, hoarding, disinhibition, repetitive vocalization, crying,
intrusiveness, difficulties with navigation and orientation, and aggression, with S. Banerjee and
others (2006) suggesting that the presence of BPSDs is associated with decreased quality of life
for the person with dementia. It is estimated that nearly all people with dementia experience
BPSDs (Savva et al., 2018), although the extent to which each person is affected is highly
variable. In the 2013-2014 financial year over 50 % of permanent residents in government-
subsidised residential aged care places in Australia had a diagnosis of dementia (Prince et al.,
2015). With 189,283 places available, this means over 90,000 Australians with dementia were
living in residential aged care during this period.
In Australia and internationally, some residential aged care facilities provide areas specifically
designated for the care of people with dementia. These units have various titles including
Special Care Units/Facilities, Memory Units, Dementia Specific Units, Dementia Support
Units, Elderly Mentally Infirm Units, or Alzheimer’s Support Units. Each title implies that the
unit, whatever its name, provides some type of specialized care for people with dementia.
5
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
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References:
AIHW. (2019). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from
https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/199796bc-34bf-4c49-a046-
7e83c24968f1/13995.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Ballard, C., Aarsland, D., Hughes, J., Lloyd-William, M., & Sachs, G. (2010).
Pharmacological management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia.
Supportive care for the person with dementia, 105-116. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zJ-
w8PAtpowC&oi=fnd&pg=PA105&dq=Pharmacological+management+of+neuropsyc
hiatric+symptoms+in+people+with+dementia&ots=s8xxtgU_Tf&sig=fYIxoZXakG5
5J599ZLE0At27m0Y#v=onepage&q=Pharmacological%20management%20of
%20neuropsychiatric%20symptoms%20in%20people%20with%20dementia&f=false
Banerjee, S., Smith, S. C., Lamping, D. L., Harwood, R. H., Foley, B., Smith, P., ... &
Knapp, M. (2006). Quality of life in dementia: more than just cognition. An analysis
of associations with quality of life in dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery
& Psychiatry, 77(2), 146-148. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.072983
Brodaty, H., & Cumming, A. (2010). Dementia services in Australia. International Journal
of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(9), 887-995. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2587
Cohen, D., & Eisdorfer, C. (2011). Integrated textbook of geriatric mental health. JHU Press.
Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=_NvBTFTt4UQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Donna+Cohen+and+Carl+E
isdorfer%3B+Publication+year:+2011%3B+Title:
+Integrated+textbook+of+geriatric+mental+health+Location:+Baltimore,+Maryland
6
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
References:
AIHW. (2019). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved from
https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/199796bc-34bf-4c49-a046-
7e83c24968f1/13995.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Ballard, C., Aarsland, D., Hughes, J., Lloyd-William, M., & Sachs, G. (2010).
Pharmacological management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia.
Supportive care for the person with dementia, 105-116. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zJ-
w8PAtpowC&oi=fnd&pg=PA105&dq=Pharmacological+management+of+neuropsyc
hiatric+symptoms+in+people+with+dementia&ots=s8xxtgU_Tf&sig=fYIxoZXakG5
5J599ZLE0At27m0Y#v=onepage&q=Pharmacological%20management%20of
%20neuropsychiatric%20symptoms%20in%20people%20with%20dementia&f=false
Banerjee, S., Smith, S. C., Lamping, D. L., Harwood, R. H., Foley, B., Smith, P., ... &
Knapp, M. (2006). Quality of life in dementia: more than just cognition. An analysis
of associations with quality of life in dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery
& Psychiatry, 77(2), 146-148. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.072983
Brodaty, H., & Cumming, A. (2010). Dementia services in Australia. International Journal
of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(9), 887-995. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2587
Cohen, D., & Eisdorfer, C. (2011). Integrated textbook of geriatric mental health. JHU Press.
Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=_NvBTFTt4UQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Donna+Cohen+and+Carl+E
isdorfer%3B+Publication+year:+2011%3B+Title:
+Integrated+textbook+of+geriatric+mental+health+Location:+Baltimore,+Maryland
6
CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
%3B+and+Publisher:
+The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press.&ots=hMcgHVrmyB&sig=C27P_s9qwJkw
K7M_QXIjuJLZnBA#v=onepage&q=Donna%20Cohen%20and%20Carl
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%20Johns%20Hopkins%20University%20Press.&f=false
Downs, M., & Bowers, B. (2014). Excellence in dementia care: Research into practice.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=MVOLBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=Steven+H.
+Zarit+and+Judy+M.+Zarit%3B+Publication+year:+2014%3B+Chapter+title:
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tdhUx_30YXkQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
Draper, B. (2013). Understanding Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Jessica
Kingsley Publishers. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=yR8xAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Brian+Draper
%3B+Publication+year:+2013%3B+Title:+Understanding+Alzheimer
%E2%80%99s+disease+and+other+dementias.+Location:+London,+UK
%3B+and+Publisher:
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24cTic#v=onepage&q=Brian%20Draper%3B%20Publication%20year%3A
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%3B+and+Publisher:
+The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press.&ots=hMcgHVrmyB&sig=C27P_s9qwJkw
K7M_QXIjuJLZnBA#v=onepage&q=Donna%20Cohen%20and%20Carl
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%20Integrated%20textbook%20of%20geriatric%20mental%20health%20Location
%3A%20Baltimore%2C%20Maryland%3B%20and%20Publisher%3A%20The
%20Johns%20Hopkins%20University%20Press.&f=false
Downs, M., & Bowers, B. (2014). Excellence in dementia care: Research into practice.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=MVOLBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=Steven+H.
+Zarit+and+Judy+M.+Zarit%3B+Publication+year:+2014%3B+Chapter+title:
+Supporting+families+coping+with+dementia:+flexibility+and+change
%3B+Chapter+pages:+176-189%3B+Editors:+Murna+Downs+and+Barbara+Bowers
%3B+Book+title:+Excellence+in+dementia+care:
+research+i&ots=o2DJ89PR_R&sig=yYSKZ2ns7i8Fbn-
tdhUx_30YXkQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
Draper, B. (2013). Understanding Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Jessica
Kingsley Publishers. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=yR8xAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=Brian+Draper
%3B+Publication+year:+2013%3B+Title:+Understanding+Alzheimer
%E2%80%99s+disease+and+other+dementias.+Location:+London,+UK
%3B+and+Publisher:
+Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers.&ots=z1KzOIeGSB&sig=fEvSCTeCUoxsS5pBBPb2S
24cTic#v=onepage&q=Brian%20Draper%3B%20Publication%20year%3A
7
CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
%202013%3B%20Title%3A%20Understanding%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s
%20disease%20and%20other%20dementias.%20Location%3A%20London%2C
%20UK%3B%20and%20Publisher%3A%20Jessica%20Kingsley
%20Publishers.&f=false
Hughes, J. C., Jolley, D., Jordan, A., & Sampson, E. L. (2007). Palliative care in dementia:
issues and evidence. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 13(4), 251-260 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003442
Jolley, D. (2010). An introduction to the dementias: a clinical view. Supportive Care for the
Person with Dementia, 11-19. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=zJ-w8PAtpowC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=David+Jolley
%3B+Publication+year:
+2010%3B+Chapter+title+An+introduction+to+the+dementias:+a+clinical+view.
+Chapter+pages:+11+%E2%80%94+19%3B+Editors:+Julian+C.+Hughes,
+Mari+Lloyd+-+Williams+and+Greg+A.+Sachs%3B+Book+title:
+Supportive+care+for+the+person+with+dementia
%3B+L&ots=s8xxthLRWe&sig=r-
wecJenzhfBN3qh8dBJwod86FA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Prince, M., Prina, M., & Guerchet, M. (2013). Journey of Caring: an analysis of long-term
care for Dementia (Doctoral dissertation, N/A Ed; London: Alzheimer's Disease
International). Retrieved from: https://hal-unilim.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091517
Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Ali, G. C., Wu, Y. T., & Prina, M. (2015). The global
impact of dementia. An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends. World
Alzheimer Report. Retrieved from:
8
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
%202013%3B%20Title%3A%20Understanding%20Alzheimer%E2%80%99s
%20disease%20and%20other%20dementias.%20Location%3A%20London%2C
%20UK%3B%20and%20Publisher%3A%20Jessica%20Kingsley
%20Publishers.&f=false
Hughes, J. C., Jolley, D., Jordan, A., & Sampson, E. L. (2007). Palliative care in dementia:
issues and evidence. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 13(4), 251-260 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003442
Jolley, D. (2010). An introduction to the dementias: a clinical view. Supportive Care for the
Person with Dementia, 11-19. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=zJ-w8PAtpowC&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=David+Jolley
%3B+Publication+year:
+2010%3B+Chapter+title+An+introduction+to+the+dementias:+a+clinical+view.
+Chapter+pages:+11+%E2%80%94+19%3B+Editors:+Julian+C.+Hughes,
+Mari+Lloyd+-+Williams+and+Greg+A.+Sachs%3B+Book+title:
+Supportive+care+for+the+person+with+dementia
%3B+L&ots=s8xxthLRWe&sig=r-
wecJenzhfBN3qh8dBJwod86FA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Prince, M., Prina, M., & Guerchet, M. (2013). Journey of Caring: an analysis of long-term
care for Dementia (Doctoral dissertation, N/A Ed; London: Alzheimer's Disease
International). Retrieved from: https://hal-unilim.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091517
Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Ali, G. C., Wu, Y. T., & Prina, M. (2015). The global
impact of dementia. An Analysis of Prevalence, Incidence, Cost and Trends. World
Alzheimer Report. Retrieved from:
8
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CADOOI — Assignment 2: Formatting Task
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
https://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/conf2016/pl12-martin-prince-the-global-
impact-of-dementia.pdf
Savva, G. M., Zaccai, J., Matthews, F. E., Davidson, J. E., McKeith, I., & Brayne, C. (2009).
Prevalence, correlates and course of behavioural and psychological symptoms of
dementia in the population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 212-219 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.049619
9
Your Family Name Your Given Name Your student ID number
https://www.alz.co.uk/sites/default/files/conf2016/pl12-martin-prince-the-global-
impact-of-dementia.pdf
Savva, G. M., Zaccai, J., Matthews, F. E., Davidson, J. E., McKeith, I., & Brayne, C. (2009).
Prevalence, correlates and course of behavioural and psychological symptoms of
dementia in the population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(3), 212-219 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.049619
9
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