DN14 Report: Ionising Radiation, Radiography, and Healthcare Practices

This report provides an overview of healthcare practices, focusing on the principles of the IRMER regulations (Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000), including ALARA/ALARP. It outlines procedures for the safe use of X-ray equipment, addressing hazards associated with ionizing radiation. The report explains the roles of referrers, practitioners, operators, RPS, RPA, and employers within a healthcare context. It further discusses the use of intensifying screens in extraoral dental radiography, emphasizing their role in reducing patient dose and the importance of spectral matching. The report also covers the reasons for rotating radiographic film stock, proper film storage to avoid damage, and the consequences of using deteriorated films. Finally, it identifies and explains the correct methods for mounting radiographs and the potential issues arising from incorrect mounting. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of X-rays in medical contexts and maintaining proper decorum in medical exposure and technological guidance.

DN14

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
(a) Explain the following principles of the IRMER regulations:................................................3
(b) Research the procedures in place at your surgery for the following:....................................4
(c) Explain the role of each of the following..............................................................................4
PART 2............................................................................................................................................5
PART 3............................................................................................................................................5
PART 5............................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Healthcare is the necessary aspects in an entire society. It has played the wider role in the
development or growth of the people. In health care or the medical aspects, it is necessary to do
X-ray of the people to know their any problems connected with their physical problems or issues
(Sutton, 2015). This report will be carried in respect to the medical situation and will also
undertaken concepts of the medical issues and other related terminologies. This report will cover
the aspects of the X-ray and radiographies.
PART 1
(a) Explain the following principles of the IRMER regulations:
Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999: This principle is aimed at full protection of public and a
health of those staff who work with ionising radiations. It is the regulation which has replaced
an ionising radiation regulations, 1995, came into force on 1st January 2000 in accordance with
the basic safety standards. This is aimed at employers with duties under the regulation, but that
should be useful to others such as radiation protection advisors, health and safety officers and
other related supervisors.
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000: This act is intended to protect
ans individuals against of the dangers of ionising radiation while undergoing medical
exposures. Medical exposures has been undertaken for research purposes which has been
discovered in this act. This law has defined four duty holders such as employer, referrer,
operator and practitioner (Martin, 2018). Through this, employer has legal regulation has
establishing a clear framework of written procedures and defined protocols under the defined
work or targets.
ALARA /ALARP: This stands for as low as reasonably principles which is majorly used into
the regulation and management of safety critical and safety involved system. This principle has
been considered as residual risk shall be reduced as soon as practicable.

(b) Research the procedures in place at your surgery for the following:
Safe use of X-ray equipment: This procedures comprises of different examination such as
radiography, fluoroscopy and CT scans. Radiography consists of single image for later
evaluation, fluoroscopy is a continuous X-ray image which is being displayed on a monitor
which is allowing for real point of time and monitoring of a procedure of a contrast agent
(Greer, 2016). This procedure can be resulted into relationally high radiation doses, especially
for complexities interventional procedures. CT scan many images of X-ray which is recorded
as the detector moves around the patient body.
Hazards associated with ionizing radiation: As a use of ionising radiation increases, so does
the potential for health hazards if not properly used or contained. Acute effects such as skin
burns or acute radiation syndrome may occur when doses of radiation exceed higher certain
levels.
(c) Explain the role of each of the following
Referrer Th major role of the referrer is to inform medical centre about any kind of
diagnostic issues and problems to get treated in the given point of time. In
context with healthcare, role of referrer is high and result based to get
easy results and outcomes from the treatments.
Practitioner The role of practitioner is to do practice over removal of the radiation as
well as make structure or strategies to maintain the exposure of the
treatment and regulation to remove side effects of the radiation
Operator This is the person who is mainly entitled in accordance with employers
procedure to carry out practical aspects. The major role of operators is the
clinical evaluation of an exposures.
RPS RPS is a diagnostic tool which enables the clinicians to provide their
patient with an appropriate and timely treatment during an initial office
visit (Lehmann, 2018). This is the rapid test which can reduces number of
long future superfluous medical office visits and reduce healthcare costs

associated.
RPA RPA is beginning to appear in many industries, including healthcare. This
enables the person to create digital workforce that actually work side by
side with your employees to drive efficiency into the healthcare sector.
Employer The role of an employer is to drive the operations into the healthcare
sector on the larger basis. It is useful to drive tp effective working of
healthcare sector into the defined area of working and its regulation to get
results over the productive period of time.
PART 2
(d) Explain why intensifying screens are used in extra oral dental radiography
Intensifying screen are used in the X-ray cassette to intensify the effect of the x-ray photon by
producing a larger number of light photons. It decreases the ma required to produce a particular
density and hence decreases the patient dose significant. The thickness of an intensifying screen
is about 0.4mm. In cassettes which use double emulsion, films two screen are used, mounted on
both sides of the cassette (Kron, 2018). Layers consists of base, reflecting layer/abortive layers,
phosphor etc. Spectral matching is an important to note that the colour of the light emitted must
watch the light sensitivity of the film used. This is known as spectral matching. It involves
conventional films which is sensitive to the ultraviolet and blue-lights and orthochromatic film
which is sensitive to ultraviolet, blue and green lights.
PART 3
(e) Explain the following:
The reason to rotate the stock: The major reason behind to rotate the stock to run a cleaner
film through each morning, doing the sensometric test or test object film and to check the
temperature and change the chemicals and also to wash the transport mechanism (Krille, 2015).
This can be also initiates bring machinery for the service.
How to store radiographic films to avoid damage: Radiographic needs to be avoid storing

neat the chemical fumes, which can easily fog the film. Radiation from X-ray machines or
radioactive can also damage films and package of sheet films that can be stored on the edge.
Why deteriorated films should not be used: This should not be used because of its negative
outcomes out of the X-ray process. Might be chances that patient would get the negative
outcomes and bad results. X-ray needs to be used in an appropriate manner.
PART 5
(f) Identify the methods of mounting radiographs and explain:
The correct method of mounting radiographs: Care must be taken to avoid marks from damps or
perspiring fingers. Hands and fingers should be clean and dry. The film should be handled only
on the edge (Leuraud and et.al, 2015). Under adequate, the radio graph are removed one at the
time from a hanger and placed carefully into the appropriate opening in the film mount. Radio
graph are mounted that so that the raised part of the embossed dot faces the dental specialist. In
this way, radiographs are viewed from the facial aspects in the correct anatomical order.
What could happen if a radiograph is incorrectly mounted: If in case the radiograph would
be incorrectly mounted, it would be difficult to see an exact image of the X-ray image and can't
able to analyse the results.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that X-ray is necessary to get formal
information regarding the medical context and also measure that will be taken further to do so.
Along with this, it has been proved necessary to maintain the fair decorum into the medical
exposure and medical technological guidance.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Leuraud, K., and et.al 2015. Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma
in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. The Lancet
Haematology. 2(7). pp.e276-e281.
Krille, L., 2015. Risk of cancer incidence before the age of 15 years after exposure to ionising
radiation from computed tomography: results from a German cohort study. Radiation and
environmental biophysics. 54(1). pp.1-12.
Kron, T., Lehmann, J. and Greer, P. B., 2016. Dosimetry of ionising radiation in modern
radiation oncology. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 61(14). p.R167.
Martin, C. J. and Sutton, D. G. eds., 2015. Practical radiation protection in healthcare. Oxford
University Press, USA.
Kreuzer, M., 2015. Low-dose ionising radiation and cardiovascular diseases–Strategies for
molecular epidemiological studies in Europe. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation
Research. 764. pp.90-100.
Gemenetzidis, E., 2015. Invasive oral cancer stem cells display resistance to ionising radiation.
Oncotarget, 6(41). p.43964.