PV System Design & Battery Storage for Residential Home Energy

This project report outlines the design of a 5kW photovoltaic (PV) system with battery energy storage for a residential home, aiming to provide a reliable and environmentally friendly energy solution. The system comprises 15-20 solar panels, a 21.6 kWh battery bank, and a 6.8 kWh generator. The report details the energy flow within the system, including PV charge controller losses and battery round-trip efficiency. It also compares the capital costs of the solar system with traditional generators, addressing the economic and environmental aspects of the design. The methodology includes modeling energy components, mathematical cost analysis, and computer simulation to optimize the system's performance and cost-effectiveness. The analysis considers factors such as energy demand, component sizing, and the integration of renewable energy sources to ensure a sustainable and efficient energy supply for the household. Desklib provides a platform to access this and similar solved assignments.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device1
DESIGNING OF PV SYSTEM WITH BATTERIES AS THE ENERGY STORAGE IN
THE RESIDENTIAL HOME.
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device2
ABSTRACT
This report gives an experience with the photovoltaic hybrid system as the better option to the
other forms of energy. This kind of system has been designed to curb the resent climate problems
and also ensuring the reliability of the energy supply without interferences. The designing of the
system also helps in the improvement of the efficiency of the system since it has been integrated
to the battery banks. This system has been designed to help in improving the simplicity thus
simulation tool that is conventional was used to in the representation of the data. The system of
5kW comprises of the PV solar panels of about 15-20 panels, battery worth 21.6 kWh and a
generator worth 6.8kWh.This report indicates the flow of the energy through the system, the PV
charge controller losses, the round strip of the battery and finally indicating how the capital cost
of the solar system is much higher than the use of the generators (Burton, 2011)

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device3
Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................4
MODELS OF THE ENERGY.................................................................................................................4
Development of a model for the components of the energy system.....................................................5
METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................................7
MATHEMATICAL COST OF THE MODEL........................................................................................8
COMPARISON OF THE COST OF THE CONNECTION OF THE GRID WITH THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................................8
The annual cost of the components......................................................................................................8
The annualized cost of replacement.....................................................................................................8
Annualized Operating Cost..................................................................................................................9
Emission cost.....................................................................................................................................10
Life cycle costing....................................................................................................................................11
Grid connection.....................................................................................................................................12
Sizing of the grid connected PV system................................................................................................12
TYPICAL POWER OUTPUT OF 4KW SOLAR SYSTEM.................................................................13
HOW THE COMPUTER SIMULATION WAS DESCRIBED................................................................14
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM..........................................................................................................14
Hybrid connection and other power sources..........................................................................................14
COST OF COMPONENTS AND THE LABOR...................................................................................14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................................................16
RESULT................................................................................................................................................16
The energy demand...........................................................................................................................17
DISCUSION..........................................................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................21

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device4
INTRODUCTION
MODELS OF THE ENERGY
In order to avoid the outage and to ensure the quality and the reliability of the energy supply, the
energy models depend on the economic feasibly and the proper sizing of the components. To
achieve the environmentally friendly, efficiency, reliable, accost effective and cheap supply of
the energy, the design of the energy system takes into account the selection of the components.
These components are therefore the determinant of the cheapest cost of the energy that is
required. Hence the component selection, sizing, and appropriate operation are key in the
designing of the PV system. Upon the choice of the parameters of the interest, individual systems
can be made in different ways when dealing with energy systems. Under certain condition
energy models can be used in the development of the energy strategies and the future structure of
the system (Boyle, 2014).
This, therefore, gives the evolution of the structures, policies and the technological path that
should be followed. The output of the energy is basically enough for use in the house in cases
where the electricity grid that exists is unadvisable financially. For the load demand to be
satisfied the sizing method is required. The battery for storage and the economy of the
components are also required. There have been several developments in the operation of the
strategies to help in the sizing and simulation. The load probability is what estimates the
performance of the PV system (Markvart, 2016).

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device5
Whoever, where the required weather data are available like the irrigation, temperature, humidity
and clearness index, the conventional method is to be used for the sizing of the PV system.
Therefore a good solution is provided by this method to help in the sizing of the PV system in
this particular area especially when the required data is not available. But for the operation of
these methods there has to be long-term metrological data research that indicates the nature of
the air temperature and the solar radiation in this particular area, Hence this method cannot be
used if the there is no proper metrological data research(Zhou,2010).
This method can also be used to determine the amount of the solar panels that can be used in the
operation and the tampon of the batteries that can also be used in the configuration. This method
has also been used to meet the reliability of the power and also to lower the cost of the energy
that is used at a given time. This model targets the development of the system with a component
that is cheaper giving low value on the cost of the energy. The method can also be used in the
determination of the number of the solar panel that can be used in the operation of this system
and the battery configuration that aids in the storage of the power (Cammarano, 2012).
Development of a model for the components of the energy system.
The essential step in this phase of the component sizing is the modeling. There various studies
that have been used in the development of the PV system model. For this PV system, there is two
various principles that is to be considered, they include, PV generators and the battery for the
storage. The method for modeling is described below as follows;
I. With the availability of the solar radiation, the calculation of the hourly radiated energy
can be done by the following expression.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device6
This expression gives the modeling of the solar photovoltaic generator.
II. Converter modeling; rectifier and inverter are the major components of the converter.
There is a connection of the DC bus with the PV generators and the battery storage. The
ac bus is connected to the diesel generators and the AC loads are the electric loads that
are connected in this scheme.AC power is transformed to charge the battery by the
rectifier as the load is being powered by the diesel-electric generators. The model of the
rectifier is given below.
At any time t,
And the equation below shows the model of the inverter for the photovoltaic generators as a
battery bank (Chedid, 2012)
III. Model of the charge controller; the charge controller has majorly used sensing when the
battery is fully charged. This helps in the reduction of the overcharging of the battery thus
preventing the energy flow from the source to the battery. The equation of the model of
the charge controller is given below as;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device7
IV. Modeling of the battery banks; the accumulative sum of the daily charge or discharge is
the battery state of charge. When the battery is charging it serves as a load and when
discharging the battery serves as energy source entity. At any given time, t, there is a
relationship between the previous state of charge to the energy produced and the energy
consumed during the time,t-1 to t. When the total output of all the generators exceeds the
load demand during the charging process then the capacity of the battery bank can be
given by the following equation.
Whoever when the load demand is greater than the energy generated that is available then
battery bank is in the discharging mode hence at time t, the expression can be given by;
METHODOLOGY
By letting the state of charge to be, as the ratio of the minimum allowable voltage to the
maximum allowable voltage when the battery is fully charged. This imp-; lies that depth of the
charge is given by;
Hence, the measurement of the energy withdrawn from the storage is what is referred to as the
depth of the discharge. The determination of the minimum value of the state of charge is given
below as that of the maximum is always 1.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device8
MATHEMATICAL COST OF THE MODEL
This paper has done the system development that gives the representation of the total sum of the
options that are considered towards the environment and on the economy.
COMPARISON OF THE COST OF THE CONNECTION OF THE GRID WITH THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
This kind of energy is sustainable, plenty and it is also renewable. Using the solar energy there is
lower monthly utility bill and financial returns. The installation of this kind of system is much
lower compared to other systems.
The annual cost of the components
This includes the capital. Cost of the components, the cost of the replacement, operation and
management cost, cost of emissions and the cost of the fuel used annually. Hence the annual cost
of the capital is given by
The annualized cost of replacement
This refers to the cost all the replacement of the components throughout its lifetime with respect
to the value of the salvage at the end of the lifetime of the project (Adhoc, 2014).
The calculation of the annual cost of replacement is given below as;
Where the value of the free, the factor arising is defined as below;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device9
And the replacement cost is;
The annual cash flow is calculated by the use of the ratio known as the sinking fund factor. The
expression, therefore, is given by;
With this, there is the proportionality on the salvage value at the end of the project with that of its
remaining life. Hence this ration is given by;
And the life of the components that remaining is given by,
Annualized Operating Cost
This refers to the annual value of all the cost of the components and that of the revenue without
the initial cost, thus the operation cost is given by;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device10
Emission cost
The cost of the emission is calculated by the equation below;
The total cost of the component is given by the combination of the economic cost with that of the
environmental cost, whereby the economic cost is the capital cost combined with the cost of the
replacements, operation cost, the cost of the maintenance and cost of the fuel that is used in the
generators. Whereas the environment cost is the same as the cost of the emissions. Hence the
expression is given as;
The annual total cost is also given by the following equation;
With modeling of the cost of the economy and that of the environment, the total cost can be used
in the power system configuration thus leading to the modeling of the PV system that is
renewable with the energy that is already existing. The calculation of the sum of economic and
environmental cost model of managing the solar system is shown below.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device11
The following shows the calculation of the grid connection comparison.
For the PV generator, the DC power generator is given by;
The efficiency of the power of invertor is given by the ratio of the actual power to the output
power as shown below;
Hence the normalized input power should be kept in this purpose and the invertor loses should
also be considered. the efficiency of the invertor therefore is;
The data used in the project, mean input and the invertor output power is calculated below; the pi
is taken as {0.2 0.5 0.75, hence;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device12
Using the value of Pi and Po the equation can be arranged as;
Life cycle costing
The economic viability is the final criteria of investing money on the renewable energy in the
beginning of the project the renewable option usually have high investment cost whoever, during
the life cycle it usually do not incurs negligible or no cost at all. Thus it is important to calculate
the annual life cycle costing of the PV system grid. The expression below shows the formula of
calculating the cost of life cycle.
Where is the initial investment, is the capital recovery factor,d= discount rate and
n=life of the sytem.the life cost of the PV system and the balanced system is shown on the table
below.the technology of the ALCC of the batery is calculatred at shown on the tables below.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device13
Grid connection
This is a connection that is done on a utility grid. The connections consist of the solar panels,
inverters, power conditioning unit, and the equipment for the grid connection. The load of most
of the consumers can be met by the grid connected on the roof top system and have capacity of
5Kw.when there is excess power it can be feed to the grid where it can be used by other residents
Sizing of the grid connected PV system
The overall efficiency of the system to the AC grid is given by the following equation.
This factor is also known as the derate factor. This factor comprises of the following;
i. The nominal peak power reducti0on as a result of the tolerance, temperature and the PV
being old.
ii. The mismatching of the modules
iii. Shading and dirt
iv. Wiring loses, blocking diode loses and the loses obtained from the connectors
Therefore, if the average yearly isolation S (kWh/m2/day) and the efficiency are about 75%
during the day, the equation below is used in the sizing of the PV system for one year.
The DC peak power produced per year therefore is 1 WP=1.49kWh per year.

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device14
If s=5.44 hours and the efficiency = 75%, the to estimate the residential PV system sizing is
given as;
TYPICAL POWER OUTPUT OF 4KW SOLAR SYSTEM
There will be variation of the actual power output depending on a number of factors. These
factors includes; Geographical location of the system, performance of the components and actual
operation of the temperature.
The output depends on the direct sunlight that strikes the solar panel. For instance, if the north-
facing 4kW solar system is used and an average of 1.5 PSH of peak sun can be received per day
at an efficiency of about 80% and it known that there are more sunlight in summer then in
winter. Hence this expression can be given by;
During winter;
(1.5 PSH×85%×4KW) =4.8KWh
During summer;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device15
(1.5 PSH×95%×4KW) =5.7KWh, when the efficiency is 95%.
HOW THE COMPUTER SIMULATION WAS DESCRIBED.
The PV system model was built using the computer program that was developed. Hourly load
demand data, latitude, longitude of the site and cost of reference components are the data inputs
to the program. The sizing parameters and the system performance over the year are used as the
designed software. The software is used to determine the supply of the energy (Chen, 2011).
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
Hybrid connection and other power sources
The system that is designed in this report is a system that is hybrid and comprises of photovoltaic
energy that renewable and combined with the battery for the storage, a DC/AC converter that
helps in the DC power conversion to the required ac power. The system is also fitted with a
rectifier that aids in the conversion of the generator power into a charge that is stored in the
batteries (Yang, 2007). The energy flow through the AC and DC components is maintained by
the inverter that is bidirectional thus there is continuous flow energy both from AC to DC or
from CD to AC. the battery is being charged by the ray of the solar that passes through charge
controller and the electricity is supplied to the load through the inverter. To prevent the damage
to the battery the charge controller is normally used to control the amount of charge into the
battery and the discharge. When the generator is used in the case where the battery and the PV
cannot serve the load, the load is served power directly by the generator and also charges the
battery. This is how the designed system operates and the sizing was done by the use of the
conventional simulation tool and the isolation data (Dincer, 2011).

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device16
COST OF COMPONENTS AND THE LABOR.
The cost of the PV system was estimated to be US$ 2/Wp. The estimation of the cost of the PV
panels was US$0.4/Wp. the modules of about 1520×1110×55 mm size that was used in the
production of about 4Kw during the peak power, was estimated to be US$ 1.35/Wp. the cost was
also adjusted by the purchase of other equipment like the cable, the charge controller, lightning
protection, the labor and the cost of the installation (Foley,2012).
ITEMS NUMBER COST(US $/Wp)
CONVERTER 1 0.32
BATTERY 2 172×2=344
GENERATOR 1 1000
FUEL 1LITRE 1.2
TOTAL 4 1345.52
The diagram of the PV system arrangement

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device17
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are multiple gains that are obtained by from the design of the photovoltaic with the battery
as the storage to give energy that is renewable, reliable with low cost of energy (Hickey, 2008).
RESULT
This kind of the system is very efficient since it is a combination of the PV system, diesel power
system and battery for the storage. It is also important since it is used in the minimization of the
environmental problems, to create an available supply of power without interruption and to
improve the efficiency of the overall system (Sahu,2015). The battery is included into the system
to curb the fluctuation of the solar radiation and to help in the operation of the generator at its
optimum efficiency since at lower load or severe variations during the operation the generators
the engines might be inefficient in terms of the performance, hence the integration of the battery
bank aids in the management of the loads since it acts as a load during charging. The reliability
of the system can be changed by alternating of the configuration of the components since they
have different capacities. The optimal choice can be obtained by using the configuration with

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device18
low LCE. Thus the table below shows the configuration of the optimal sizing of the PV system
based on reliability, economy, and environment (Hickey, 2010).
The table one below shows the actual AC power that is given from the solar rays.
The energy demand
The estimated energy that is used in the residential home is indicated on the table below.
Energy demand per day in kilowatt-hour per day is given by;
E (kWh/DAY) =P ×T (h/day) ÷ 1000(w/kW)
Hence the energy demand will be based on the energy that each appliance would need.
When the house contains whole house fan, oven the consumes 0.2 kwh per hour, refrigerator that
consumes about46kwh per month and a television set that consumer about 0.48kwh per hour.
Then the total demand in a day would be;

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device19
0.2 ×8 hours=1.6 kWh
46 kWh ÷ 30days =1.5kwh
0.48kwh ×24 hours = 0.2 kWh
Therefore the total demand is 3.12 kWh.
DISCUSION
The overall production of energy: The need for other sources of power will not be replaced by
the solar power in this residential home, but it will be used in cutting the cost of fuel used in the
generators and other sources. Even though there is a good match of the residential home with the
PV system due to the proper supply of the sunlight radiation, there is still need for the backups
like the use of the battery and the generators. There are some months has got some challenges
like the lack of the solar radiation. But this type of system has been designed to overcome the
challenges that might be brought by the charge in the climate hence a proper sizing was done in
the favor of the PV system. Hence there was the excess production of the electricity to maintain
the electricity demands. During the months that were not affected by heavy rains, there was mass
production of electricity as compared those months affected by rain (Karaki, 2012).
The part of the PV system comprises various losses, this loses includes, losses at the charge
controller, loses due to conversion from DC to AC, loses that are coming as a result of the
flowing of the energy directly into the load and loses that are as a result of the energy
transmission through the battery. Thus the classification of the loses in this system are as
below(Nema,2009).
 PV charge controller losses
 Battery storage losses

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device20
 Rectifier (battery charger conversion) losses.
 Inverter losses
DC/DC conversion efficiency leads to the PV charge controller loses during the conversions of
the energy from the PV to charge the battery. When the charge controller controls the current
that flows into the battery there is DC/DC conversion loses that are generated. Their losses are
minimal as compared to other loses from other components like the rectifiers, investors and the
losses from the storage (Kreider, 2015).
All losses that are observed from the battery are the storages losses. These losses are described
by the efficiencies of the charge and discharge of the battery as well as the characteristics of the
self-discharge. Rectifier AC /DC efficiency leads to the battery charger conversion loses. This
comes as a result of the charging the battery from an AC source
The inverter DC/AC efficiencies leads to the inverter loses. This happens before the consumption
of the energy provided initially by the AC load. This implies that the energy that is not flowing
into the AC load like the t energy from the PV system, battery, and the electricity rectified from
the battery can pass through the inverter (Martins,2011).
The cost of the PV system is basically higher when compared to the use of the generators and the
battery but is way longer than the generators and the battery .the net present cost of this system is
lower than that of the generators since in generators there is consumption of the fuel (Pinson,
2013).
When using the generators there are more consumption of the fuel and therefore more emission
of the gases into the environment. But by us these kinds of the system there a total reduction of
the emission of gases into the environment that can cause pollution. When the generators are

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device21
used in this system there is less consumption of fuel and therefore reduction of the emissions into
the environment (Manwell, 2010).
CONCLUSION
This basis of this report is to design the photovoltaic system that is fitted with battery for storage.
There was realization a complete simulation model starting from the system of the components
analysis. There was detailed experimental accounting in the designed system that helped in the
check of the energy flow and the quantification and the documentation of the all the loses like
the PV charge controller losses, losses from the battery storage, rectifier and other loses. From
the results, the PV charge controller loses are due to the efficiency from the DC/DC conversion
and the generation of this loss comes as a result of the control of the current from the battery by
the PV charge controller while all the losses that are observed from the battery are the storages
losses. These losses are described by the efficiencies of the charge and discharge of the battery as
well as the characteristics of the self-discharge (Marquis M, 2011).
Rectifier AC /DC efficiency leads to the battery charger conversion loses. This comes as a result
of the charging the battery from an AC source. From the result, there is a proof that the DC/DC
conversion efficiency is generally low, while the AC/DC rectifier efficiency is somehow lower
than the DC/AC efficiency of the inverter. There is also a proof that with the use of the PV
system there is minimal use of fuel and therefore fewer emissions into the environment
(Rehman, 2010).

Designing a PV system with battery as energy storage device22
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