Health and Illness: Determinants, Promotion, and Risk Factors Essay

This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the determinants of health and illness. It begins by defining health promotion, emphasizing lifestyle improvements, reducing health inequalities, and infection control. The essay then outlines general concepts of health and illness, including the biomedical, ecological, social, and conflict models, and the life expectancy model. The main body further discusses various risk factors associated with health and illness, such as air pollution, water pollution, food waste pollution, and the use of medication. The essay highlights the impact of these factors on human health and well-being, providing a detailed analysis of their effects. The essay concludes by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the importance of understanding these determinants for promoting public health.

Determinants Of
Health & Illness

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Discuss the concept of Health Promotion...................................................................................1
Outline general concepts of Health and Illness...........................................................................3
Discuss the risk factors in Health and Illness..............................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Health is multi magnitude or dimensional thought which exceed the specified lack of
illness. Status in the physical, economic, environment, social, medical surroundings in which
people are live, work, born or age, consider as accession to health care. Components are general,
social community network, individual & life style factors, living and working conditions
(Fisherand et. al., 2016). This essay will focus on the concepts of health and illness which follow
as several possibilities or theories like biomedical, conflict, ecological models. Along with this
concept of health promotion like disease prevention, infection control, health choices, healthy
eating. It will also consider the risk factor in health and illness such as surveillance, substance
misuse , cultural lifestyle etc.
MAIN BODY
Discuss the concept of Health Promotion
Improving lifestyle
The lifestyle plays an important role in terms of maintain better health condition. It
includes various habits like eating and way of spending whole day which is responsible for
maintenance of own physique. However, it is observed that people are fond of eating junk food
on daily basis which is good in taste but not has much nutrients which are required human body.
It has been analysed that regular intake of fast food can reduce the immunity of people which is
important to fight with various health problems (Reading and Greenwood, 2018). On the other
hand, some of individuals has daily job of sitting for 8 to 10 hours continuously which can create
issue if obesity, high blood pressure, slow metabolism etc. It is necessary to improve lifestyle by
making citizens aware to avoid unhealthy habits and prefer regular exercise to remain fit as well
as disease free. Moreover, healthy eating should be improved in order to make an individual
physically, psychologically and socially well-being.
Reducing health inequality
The factor of inequality is a major threats among society which create problem of some
of individuals to gain proper health care facilities. It is 9observed that few of communities get
discriminated by society in evert sector including education, employment and health care due to
which they are nit bale to fulfil their basic needs of life. However, it is very important to promote
equality in society to improve condition of suffered people so that they can maintain their health
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status properly. It is essential for government authorities to make strict legislations and provide
special services to discriminated communities to overcome with their poor condition. Moreover,
reducing the inequality can be done through support of government and legal authorities of the
nation to improve health condition of vulnerable of individuals
Infection control:- The purpose of health promotion in context of infection control is to
promote the prevention of disease. The infection can be controlled by various methods which are
below.
 The major aspect to control the infection among children is the proper immunization
should be done at the appropriate age and time.
 To prevent the infection, the proper education regarding infection are should be given in
the schools, colleges and in the communities (Raphael, 2016).
 The public health providers must educate the people about how the infection can be
spread and what precaution are be taken to control it.
 In order to promote health at the time of treatment, the use of unused needle and syringe
for one patient should be considered.
 When visiting any patient the other individual must to keep distance as they have chance
of get infected.
Nutrition:- To promote health, the nutrition is the most important key to keep healthy of
the human health.
 The nutrition should be equally adaptive between the people and and the environment.
 In order to promote health, the healthy choices among services, and goods
opportunities are to be provided.
 In aspect of nutrition to promote health, the information and services which are
providing have the power to enhance the health.
Disease prevention:- To promote health, it is necessary that the environment should be
prevent from disease. There are some ways by which disease can be prevent.
 To provide the information about the cause, dispersed of diseases.
 In order to promote the mental health, there is necessary to provide supportive condition
in economical , physical and cultural environment.
 In hospitals and public toilets should be clean so that the disease cant spread from one
person to another.
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Outline general concepts of Health and Illness
The illness of health is the condition of poor well-being. Health or illness can be
determine as positive, negative and atomistic. Just for example, pain or distress as well as not
having any symptoms and indication of diseases. There are some outline of health and illness
concepts consider as:
Medical model of biomedical: It centring on the biological physical aspects of illness
and diseases. It is also called medical model of care practitioners by health professional or
doctors is related to treatment, diagnosis and cure of diseases. Example are Scans, Blood test,
surgery, X-rays, Smear test etc.
This model is convey that the pathology of the person in their social and physical
environment, it is focus on ill individual who doesn't need have to including sick. It centred on
strictly biological factors and get rid of environmental, social, psychological determinants
(Hertzman, Frank and Evans, 2017). By this model people are getting more aware, in which
body worked in collaboration to assure good health to consulting with doctors and take better
attention as well as treatment, because of this it became more famous. This is also scientific
treatment which doctors doing by this theory they want to search and find out the causes and
reason for a particular diseases.
The Ecological model: The determinants of this given model is depend on health upon
that life depends with respect at the basic and normal level equal to the amounts of water,
oxygen, food etc. Eco means environment friendly which living in black- green- green- black-
green. The green is referred as the conservation of biology than ecology. In context of ecology
this development is called ecological model (Russell and et. al., 2017).
The ecology is the division of science consider as population, human science, biosphere.
It is the stud of environment, organism or how they act with each another. The factors are Biotic
and abiotic. The term comes from the Greek oikos, it means home, household or a place where
organism are live in the environment. The living thing include both other being or physical
surroundings.
This model view the consideration of actions of policy, social, institution, community,
interpersonal etc. It shows that family, peer group, culture all of them are influence development
of organisms. All living things, no matter what have different sizes, various species of any breed,
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as well as where they live and how they interact with each other in the their neighbourhood or
environment for the survival.
Social Model: It centred on the policies, health promotion, education. This model goes
on the far side to the focus on the behaviour, lifestyle and necessary for change in social to gives
requirement for health (Cassel, 2017). This model is the community concept to prevent illnesses
and diseases.
This is based upon the understanding regarding social, economic, health gains to occur
and environmental component should be addressed. It consider the problems and issues about
equality, trade and human rights for the individuals including many kinds of diseases.
For example- Cardiovascular, maternal and mental health, sexual and reproductive
problem, tuberculosis, violence and injuries.
It affects on the social inequities, in this they promote equity for overall persons to get
social determinants for the inequality like gender, culture etc. In the environmental scheme
includes the society that the person was educates or lives in or people and organization with
whom they act each other. It makes community to prevent illness or diseases.
Conflict Theory: This theory refer of eternal conflict because of rivalry for limited
resources. It focusing on the contention between units within society over limited origin. Issues
of equality is an crucial postulate of this model is that human human relationship and social
structures all experience inequalities of power in mental and illness (Hansen, Braslow and
Rohrbaugh, 2018). Yearly prevalence among adults by status of major depressive episode,
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder etc.
The stigma in mental illness is overcoming. It is when person views in a destructive
manner because personal attribute that thought to be or actually, a liability in a negative
stereotype.
The life expectancy Model: It shows the normal number of years that individual can
evaluate to live calculate on the years they were born. This model is also the statistical measure
of average time. An organism is based on year of its birth and the organism is expected for life.
Demographic component and actual age and some other including gender and sex.
The gender differences in determinants of biologically consider as differential genetic
vulnerability to illness, reproductive and hormonal factors.
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Discuss the risk factors in Health and Illness
The are number of risk factors which are affect on health and well being. These factors
are linked with poor health, disease, unfitness, etc. The risk factors are categorised into some of
the following cause and they are below.
Air pollution:- The air pollution can affect the number of system and organs. There are
number of pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, monoxide, nitrogen oxide that affect the parts of
respiratory tract. The factors through which air pollution cause adverse effect on human are
below.
 The air pollution mainly cause the infection of upper respiratory infection such as
coughing, sneezing, etc.
 By increasing the air pollutants in environment it increases the risk of respiratory health.
The effect range occur from minor upper respiratory infection to chronic respiratory
infection.
 When the human comes in contact with air pollutant then it trigger immune function and
can cause allergic diseases.
Water pollution:- There are number of infectious disease can be spread by water
pollution. The water can be contaminated by various sources such as urbanization, chemical
discharge from industries & unprocessed raw sewage from households, maximum use of
synthetic organic substances., acid rain, human trash, etc.
 It is considered as a risk factor because from infected water there is number of infectious
disease can be spread Dysentery, Jaundice, Cholera, Typhoid, etc.
 The use of pesticides can harm the nervous system which cause cancer and the discharge
of chlorides cause the reproductive damage (Batbaatar and et. al., 2017).
 From the human and animal discharge, the waterborne pathogens which are bacteria and
viruses can cause major illness.
 Due to the increase growth of algal bloom in marine surroundings by consuming many
nutrients, the oxygen level in water decreases which cause the water to drink unfit.
Food waste pollution:- The food waste highly affect the environment and people. The
food waste is highly increase because the need for food of individuals is increasing day by day,
so this cause the wastage of food. The wastage of foods include the wasting the resources in the
form of uneaten food.
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 The breakdown of food waste in environment cause the methane and greenhouse gas.
 The food waste impacted on biodiversity loss on a global level. It occurs fom burn,
deforestation, etc.
 The primary use of fossil fuels to produce can also cause the change in environmental
and climate change.
 The impact of food waste also cause the disease in lower class people as due to the
unreachable of proper resource of food among them and they use of that waste food
which cause disease in them.
 The continuously production of greenhouse effect is bring climate change.
Use of medication:- There are many risk factors can developed with in the human body
from the use of medication. Many people don't use the prescribed medicines which are related to
their disease, so it can cause adverse effect on their body.
 The incorrect use of medication can also a risk factor for patient.
 When the patient are know to be non-adherent with their medicine can also be a risk
factor.
 The changes in significantly plan to use of medicine while during treatment can also
cause the adverse effect on patients.
 The improper use of medication can cause the certain disease which involves the risk of
adverse drug reactions.
 The over use of drugs also cause the severe drug reactions.
Toxic substances:- There are number of toxic substances are present which are basically
depends on number of factors. The intake or use of any toxic substances can cause the severe risk
factors in their life. The toxic substances can affected and cause various responses.
 These toxic substances can be produces by many hazardous waste. It can produce from
trucks, cars, households and from other waste.
 There is lot of toxic chemical can produce from these factors in the form of many gases
like methane and other gases.
 The exposure of these gases to the different individuals cause many diseases like
respiratory disease, skin irritation, etc.
 the toxic substances can also developed from soil and dust which produces allergies to
the people.
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The dosage is important factor in toxic substances as there is a limit of any ingestion of
any product or medicine. If that can be used over rated then it can produce toxicity in the body.
CONCLUSION
From the above essay, it is concluded that in order to promote health there are some
precautions and prevention are should be adapt by the communities and individuals. There a re
lots of theories which stated that the health can be promote by using different strategies. A lot of
factors are responsible to cause disease in human health and illness. The concept of health
promotion can be promoted by developing the better environment.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Batbaatar, E. and et. al., 2017. Determinants of patient satisfaction: a systematic
review. Perspectives in public health, 137(2), pp.89-101.
Cassel, J., 2017. Physical illness in response to stress. In Social stress (pp. 189-209). Routledge.
Fisher, M. and et. al., 2016. To what extent do Australian health policy documents address social
determinants of health and health equity?. Journal of Social Policy, 45(3), pp.545-564.
Hansen, H., Braslow, J. and Rohrbaugh, R.M., 2018. From cultural to structural competency—
training psychiatry residents to act on social determinants of health and institutional
racism. JAMA psychiatry, 75(2), pp.117-118.
Hertzman, C., Frank, J. and Evans, R.G., 2017. Heterogeneities in health status and the
determinants of population health. In Why are some people healthy and others not? (pp.
65-92). Routledge.
Raphael, D., 2016. Social determinants of health: Key issues and themes. Social determinants of
health: Canadian perspectives, 3, pp.3-31.
Reading, C. and Greenwood, M., 2018. Structural determinants of Aboriginal peoples’
health. Determinants of Indigenous Peoples' Health: Beyond the Social, 1.
Russell, R.G. and et. al., 2017. How do we understand the determinants of health? An
exploration of distributed knowledge and interprofessional health sciences
education. Journal of interprofessional care, 31(1), pp.118-121.
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