This essay provides a comprehensive overview of primary healthcare practices in India, a developing country with significant demographic and epidemiological challenges. It begins with an introduction to India's population size, geographic location, and economic standing, highlighting its diverse social and political features. The essay then delves into India's demographic and epidemiological profiles, discussing the impact of immigration, aging population, and disease patterns. It explores communicable diseases like smallpox, guinea worm, and plague, detailing their historical impact and control measures. Furthermore, the essay examines India's economic development, including its market size, labor force, and recent investments. The social and political features of India are also discussed, including the complexities of the society, diversified languages, race, caste system, and the role of bureaucracy and decentralization. The analysis provides a holistic view of the healthcare landscape and the challenges faced in India.