Comprehensive Report on Diabetes Education and Support in the UK

This report provides a detailed overview of the educational provisions available for people with diabetes in the UK. It explores the significance of diabetes education and its impact on patient outcomes. The report highlights various educational programs, including Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) and Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE), detailing their structures, goals, and benefits. It discusses the importance of DSME's internal structure, external output, access, program coordination, instructional staff, and curriculum. Furthermore, the report examines the role of educators, healthcare providers, and the government in promoting diabetes awareness and providing support. It also delves into the standards and models of provision, emphasizing the importance of patient-centered approaches, ongoing support, and quality improvement within these programs. The report emphasizes the significance of integrating DSME and DSMS into routine care and the need for effective communication to ensure patients are well-informed and engaged in their care. The report also discusses the diabetes-based algorithm and the importance of enhancing skills and behavior to establish self-management habits and goals.

Educational provision
available for people with
diabetes

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION:..........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION:...............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES:...............................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION:
There are many people who termed diabetes as the 'touch of sugar' or 'borderline
diabetes’, these suggests that someone doesn't have any serious issue of diabetes (Tong,
Vethakkan and Ng, 2015). but on the other hand it is non-negligible fact that every case of
diabetes is very serious because it effects the hormones that build energy for the effective
working of body. Diabetes can be cured by applying several methods and plans. People who
are suffering from diabetes are given training. For this there are many education programs that
are operated by health professionals in UK. Therefore, by gaining some knowledge diabetes
can be prevented and cured. The main aim of this report is to highlight on provisions that are
available to people who are suffering from diabetes.
MAIN BODY
Aneurin Bevan is an organization in South Wales whose headquarter is in Caerleon.
There are many people who do not consider Diabetes as a serious disease. There are lots of
restriction that are need to be regulate upon the patient of the Diabetes, in order to conduct
their effective treatment (Theng and Foo, 2015). The symptoms and the effects of Diabetes
depends upon the elevated blood sugar level of the patients. There is various type of initial
symptoms that show the sign of the Diabetes in human body.
It is sub divided into 2 parts that is type 1 and type 2 Diabetes. There are many people
who born with the features of type 1 Diabetes within them. In many cases and conditions, type
1 Diabetes is not preventable and curable. Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease which
tends to destroy the cells of pancreas. The symptoms of this disease can be prominently seen
during childhood or adult hood of the individual While, on the other hand, type 2 Diabetes is a
lifelong disease. In United Kingdom, there are around 28 million people who suffer from this
disease. As per the research and study of scientist, they have been found that there are various
bits of DNA that lay emphasis upon the body of the human being (Seclen, Rosas and Medina,
2015) Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the diabetes which can be easily seen in
number of individuals in United Kingdom.
Diabetes is a major problem that is commonly found in adults and old age people. It
can highly affect an individual quality of life and physical health. It is very essential to make

people aware about symptoms and diagnoses of diabetes. This can be done by staring an
educational program. An educational program is a program that is developed by ministry that
helps in providing education to people. It contains various stages through which primary and
secondary education is provided to people. This program can be organised on various subjects.
It overall helps people in gaining knowledge. Basically, these programs are organised for
specific cause.
There are various institutions and educational centres that provides education to people
who are suffering from diabetes. It helps them to learn and gain knowledge about what
precautions can be taken, what are the symptoms, etc. the main purpose of these educations
provision is to provide training to people to improve their lifestyle. Also, it supports these
people to in critical situations (Peek, Ferguson and Chin, 2014). Moreover, educators,
professionals and health care providers work together to educate patients. It helps in
integration of activities so that effective treatment can be given. Apart from this, these
educational institutions follow certain standards to ensure patients well being. UK runs
programs for diabetes people. It offers training to people as well as professionals. An effective
coordination is needed between education programs to ensure quality and support is delivered
through a systematic process. In DSME coordinator plays a vital role in this. For continuation
of program a feasibility study is conducted. This helps in making changes in health care
system.
There are various educational programmes in UK that are offered to patients and
professionals. It helps them to provide knowledge on how care can be taken while suffering
from diabetes. Government has taken initiative in making aware people about educational
programs. A research was conducted in which it was found that many diabetes people have
been diagnosed with the help these programs. Also, type 1 and type 2 people are given care
according to their needs. Moreover, it has changed the behaviour of people as plans are
modified as per their needs.
It is estimated that almost 18.8 million people in UK are diagnosed with diabetes. For
this they have taken the help of diabetes self management educational (DSME). It is an

educational program that help in reducing the risk for developing diabetes (Canedo, Miller
and Sanderson, 2018). It consists of several elements that helps an individual to put some
efforts to prevent diabetes. This program is being designed by National standards that support
and assist diabetes educators. They educate other people by providing evidence based
education and self management support to them. The standards set in this are applicable to
educators for practising their work. Besides this, there are many models of provision in
diabetes education and support. In this a task force was established that reviewed the
performance of those programs. There are many standards in DSME. These are as follows :-
Internal structure – It states that DSME must contain an internal structure mission and gaols.
The organisation must provide support and quality in diabetes care. It helps in effective
provision of educational programs. In this policies are developed by experts. It also helps in
maintaining support and commitment to patients (Lee and Wong, 2015)
External output- this means that by interacting with stakeholders the program will be
promoted. It helps in increasing knowledge and participation of local communities. Also, it
helps in improving the living standard of society. It enhances the quality of DSME programs
and providing effective results.
Access- It determines which people should be served and how practices will be used for this.
Also, resources are decided in this so that people can learn knowledge. With this it becomes
easy to implement plan and achieve goals of DSME.
Program coordination- An effective coordination is needed between education programs to
ensure quality and support is delivered through a systematic process (Dorresteijn and Valk,
2014) In DSME coordinator plays a vital role in this. For continuation of program a feasibility
study is conducted.
Instructional staff- They are responsible for planning and designing of DSME programs.
They can be registered staff, nurse, etc. they supervise and support people in training. These
people are main providers of education. Moreover, curriculum is designed that helps in
delivering better quality care to diabetes patient.

Curriculum- This is a document that reflects on current evidence. It contains guidelines
regarding practices that have to be followed. It serves as framework for DSME. Furthermore,
curriculum depends on the needs of patient. It must be flexible so that it can be changed. A
curriculum is set of courses and experiences of persons from specific field. For diabetes
different topics must be covered in this (Carolan, Holman and Ferrari, 2015). They are as
follows :-
 Describing diabetes disease process
 Treatment options available
 Preventing, detecting, and treating acute complications
 Preventing, detecting, and treating chronic complications
Individualisation – Educator must access each individual needs by doing self management. It
will help in developing an effective plan. This will help in changing the behaviour of
individual. Diabetes education must be given according to needs of individual.
Ongoing support- It refers to following up the plan that is been developed by educator and
participate. Then goals are communicated to other members of health care team.
Patient progress- It is the duty of educator to monitor whether patients are achieving goals
and objectives or not. It helps in taking effective measures and making changes in plans. The
goals are then divided into short and long term.
Quality improvement- In this DSME program effectiveness is measured to find out any gap
between delivering service. For this a systematic process is followed. It helps in improving the
quality of education program.
Along with there are many educational provisions available for people with diabetes.
One of them is DAFNE (Pousinho, Morgado and Alves, 2016). It stands for Dose adjustment
for normal eating. This program is designed for patients with type 1 diabetes. It helps those
patients to live a normal life by controlling sugar levels in their body. It provides a five day
training course to people. Patients learn knowledge and skills on how to control insulin by
taking proper amount of food. Generally, it is given in group. In this only patients above the

age of 17 years are allowed to participate. Besides this, patient have to check their insulin five
times a day. This program is evidence based. In 2002 a feasibility analysis was done to find out
the effectiveness of DAFNE. It was found that 169 patients was having a poor insulin. Also,
people who were involved in this received training 6 months later.
Another provision is diabetes self management education (DSME). It is a process in
which knowledge, skill, etc. are provided to patients (de Almeida-Pititto, Franco and
Eliaschewitz, 2015) It includes diabetes self management support that refers to support
required to implement skills. For this health care providers and professionals helps in
implementing skills. It is important to have sufficient resources for applying this process. Also,
in this patient with type 2 diabetes can receive both DSME and DSMS provision. The DSME
is given by professionals and DSMS is implemented on the basis on own. Basically, these two
programs are related to identify needs of people. The needs can be related to health, culture,
family support, etc. The benefit of using these programs is they are very cost effective. Also, it
helps in reducing risk of diabetes. DSME improves haemoglobin for type 2 people. It has a
positive impact on behaviour, clinical aspect of diabetes. Moreover, it helps in improving
quality of life by giving them a healthy diet plan, increasing their life expectancy, to reduce
depression, etc. furthermore, the outcomes given by educators while implementing this are
positive (Menke and Cowie, 2015). The main goal of educator is to provide better
understanding of process so that DSME and DSMS can be integrated into routine care. With
this patient will be more engaged. This will guarantee that patient with type 2 diabetes have
received services. Eh r she is having adequate resources to implement self management care.
Apart from this, it is very essential to use DSME programs in educating people.
Regardless of this communicating and providing effective information to people helps in
making them aware about diabetes. It gives primary care to patients in their day to day
activities. An educator must be clear about goals so that progress can be made. This will help
in identifying the current and future needs of patients and diagnosing quickly (Chung and
Chan, 2014) Furthermore, a patient centred approach should be followed. It will be useful to
cope with them. The present DSME will help patients to remove barriers so that the course of
treatment can be changed. There are several standards that is set ins DSME. First is a patient

must be eligible for DSME program. Besides this, this program must be recognised by CMS
designated organisation.
Diabetes based algorithm-
It provides an evidence based depiction to identify individual with type 2 diabetes.
This algorithm consists of four segments so that care can be given accordingly. It can be used
by staff , professionals, individual, etc. to diagnose. These segments are assess, provide and
adjust. It is generally used for type 2 diabetes patients (Kerr, Rayman and Jeffcoate, 2014)
Usually, it is necessary to enhance skills and behaviour to form habits and goals of self
management. It includes diabetes self management support that refers to support required to
implement skills. For this health care providers and professionals helps in implementing skills.
It is important to have sufficient resources for applying this process.
There together exists a DESMOND program which is specially created for diabetic
people to educate them about managing their condition with some self-management
techniques. It basically stands for diabetes education and self-management for ongoing or
newly diagnosed. It is basically to adopt a good and healthy start for people suffering from
diabetics and make healthy choices. For which, this program is composed of total 6 self-
management instruction modules for people having distinct diabetic concerns and 2 toolkits
(What is the DESMOND Programme?, 2008). However, one has to fill some forms to
participate in this program and one session generally consists of 10 people suffering from type
2 form of diabetes (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2017). It basically reflects a group
activity with an opportunity to share one’s own experiences with others, find more information
about type 2 diabetes and manage resources to cope up with a deteriorate state of diabetes and
get out of it. It together offers training programs with assured quality of the healthcare
professionals to deliver pertinent instructions to the participants in an effective manner
(Sapkota, Greenfield and Aslani, 2015).
These two educational provision will help in training patients who are suffering from
diabetes. Educators will develop plan that can be followed by people. Also, it will help in
improving quality of life and behaviour. Also, by getting effective outcomes more people will

be attracted in taking part in educational program. However, it will rise living standard of
society. People will get more aware about these programs. Furthermore, this enables patient to
follow a specific healthy diet while taking precautions.
CONCLUSION:
From the above report it can be concluded that proper education regarding the occurrence
of the diseases and the health to the patients is also important so that they can generate the
desired knowledge about the issues they are suffering from. One of them is DAFNE. It stands
for Dose adjustment for normal eating. This program is designed for patients with type 1
diabetes. Another provision is diabetes self management education (DSME). It is a process in
which knowledge, skill, etc. are provided to patients. DESMOND program which is specially
created for diabetic people to educate them about managing their condition with some self-
management techniques.

REFERENCES:
Books and Journals :
Canedo, J.R., Miller, S.T. and Sanderson, M., 2018. Racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes
quality of care: the role of healthcare access and socioeconomic status. Journal of racial
and ethnic health disparities, 5(1), pp.7-14.
Carolan, M., Holman, J. and Ferrari, M., 2015. Experiences of diabetes self‐management: a
focus group study among Australians with type 2 diabetes. Journal of clinical
nursing, 24(7-8), pp.1011-1023.
Chung, W.W. and Chan, S.P., 2014. Effects of a pharmaceutical care model on medication
adherence and glycemic control of people with type 2 diabetes. Patient preference and
adherence, 8, p.1185.
de Almeida-Pititto, B., Franco, D.R. and Eliaschewitz, F.G., 2015. Type 2 diabetes in Brazil:
epidemiology and management. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and
therapy, 8, p.17.
Dorresteijn, J.A., and Valk, G.D., 2014. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot
ulceration. The Cochrane Library.
Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2017. Health Promotion Throughout the Life
Span-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Kerr, M., Rayman, G. and Jeffcoate, W.J., 2014. Cost of diabetic foot disease to the National
Health Service in England. Diabetic Medicine, 31(12), pp.1498-1504.
Lee, J.Y. and Wong, C.P., 2015. Diabetes telemonitoring reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia
during Ramadan: a pilot randomized controlled study. Diabetic Medicine, 32(12),
pp.1658-1661.
Menke, A.. and Cowie, C.C., 2015. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the
United States, 1988-2012. Jama, 314(10), pp.1021-1029.

Pousinho, S., Morgado, M. and Alves, G., 2016. Pharmacist interventions in the management
of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of
managed care & specialty pharmacy, 22(5), pp.493-515.
Sapkota, S., Greenfield, J.R. and Aslani, P., 2015. A systematic review of interventions
addressing adherence to anti-diabetic medications in patients with type 2 diabetes—
components of interventions. PLoS One, 10(6), p.e0128581.
Seclen, S.N., Rosas, M.E.. and Medina, C.A., 2015. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired
fasting glucose in Peru: report from PERUDIAB, a national urban population-based
longitudinal study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 3(1), p.e000110.
Theng, Y.L. and Foo, S.S., 2015. The use of videogames, gamification, and virtual
environments in the self-management of diabetes: a systematic review of
evidence. Games for health journal, 4(5), pp.352-361.
Tong, W.T., Vethakkan, S.R. and Ng, C.J., 2015. Why do some people with type 2 diabetes
who are using insulin have poor glycaemic control? A qualitative study. BMJ open, 5(1),
p.e006407.