FY028 Inquiry Project: Diabetes Among Migrants & Ethnic Groups in UK

This report explores the impact of diabetes on migrants and ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom, addressing its causes, effects, and potential strategies to minimize its impact. It begins by establishing an understanding of diabetes within these communities, noting the higher prevalence among South Asian and African Caribbean groups. The report identifies obesity and related factors as key causes, leading to cardiovascular problems and other health risks. Strategies such as weight management, the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP), dietary control, early vaccination, and regular check-ups are discussed as potential solutions. The research methodology involves a systematic search strategy using databases like CINAHL, PubMed, and Science Direct, employing Boolean operators and specific inclusion/exclusion criteria to analyze relevant literature published after 2018 in English. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address the disproportionate burden of diabetes on these vulnerable populations.

Diabetes in Migrants and
Ethnic Minority

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
Aim 1 - To develop an understanding towards the concept of Diabetes in migrants and ethnic
minority in United Kingdom.......................................................................................................3
Aim 2 - To examine the causes and effects of Diabetes in migrants as well as the ethnic
minority in UK.............................................................................................................................4
Aim 3 – To examine the ways and strategies used to minimise the impact of Diabetes in
migrants and ethnic minority in the UK......................................................................................5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes has a significant impact on migrants and different people coming from varied
ethnic backgrounds. It is a chronic disease which has a negative impact on the health of the
migrants as they have less access to healthcare and different resources which are needed for
successfully procuring this disease. Diabetes among is higher among the population which are
migrated from different parts of the world to UK ass their economic status is lower than the
native population of UK (Forouhi and Wareham, 2019). It is important to measure the impact of
this disease on the migrated population in order top find appropriate ways to resolve this issue
and provide them, with better aid. The UK government has given due consideration to the
driving forces of this condition such as their poor living standards, high consumption of fats on a
regular basis, etc. which contributes towards increasing the negative impact of this issue on the
migrated population.
Rationale:
Diabetes has a negative impact on the sustainability of the migrated and ethnic minorities in
the UK which reduces their ability to maintain their health properly. The main purpose to discuss
this topic is to evaluate different solutions for reducing the negative impact of this problem and
providing better services to the people (Guo and et.al., 2020). It will be beneficial to get a better
idea of the different ways which are helpful in improving their health conditions of these people
and provide better assistance to theme for living a secure life ahead.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Aim 1 - To develop an understanding towards the concept of Diabetes in migrants and ethnic
minority in United Kingdom
According to Cainzos-Achirica, and et.al (2019), it has been determined that diabetes is a health
condition that impacts how the body of an individual coverts food into energy. It has been
determined whatever a person consumes is broken down into sugar within the body of an
individual and release the same within the blood of a person. It has been noted that a number of
migrants and ethnic minority groups are affected with the health condition of diabetes in United
Kingdom.

As per the views of Hanif, and Susarla, (2018), it can be stated that the South Asian and
African Caribbean groups in the United Kingdom are highly affected with the Type 2 diabetes. It
has been observed that mostly people belonging to the age group of above 40 years of age
specifically suffers the type 2 diabetes, however, currently within the ethnic minorities and
migrants from other parts of the world.
As investigated by Cacciani, and et.al (2018), as per the policies of NHS, it has been
determined that not every migrant within the national boundaries of United Kingdom can access
the treatment to Diabetes within the country. The Health Care policies of United Kingdom states
that if an individual is living within a country from a long period of time and has the citizenship
of the UK, has the right to avail the required treatment with respect to their diabetes condition.
However, the migrants which have arrived within the country recently and are there only for a
short period might not have the rights to avail the health care services related to the treatment of
diabetes with in the country.
Aim 2 - To examine the causes and effects of Diabetes in migrants as well as the ethnic minority
in UK
As per the views of Giuntella, and et.al (2018), it has been noted that there are several
communities and regions across the world where the people are prone to the risk of getting the
condition of diabetes as compared to other communities and their nationalities. The people
belonging from South Asian families within the United Kingdom develops Diabetes within
themselves faster than the natives of the United Kingdom. The major cause of getting Diabetes
within the migrants and ethnic minority groups within United Kingdom is that the people
belonging to South Asian families are already suffering from obesity which directly affects
central fat distribution of an individual. This in turn leads to the development of Diabetes within
those groups in the United Kingdom.
According to Hayward, and et.al (2018), it has been identified that the effect of
generation of Diabetes within the migrants and ethnic minority groups within United Kingdom is
that many individuals belonging to this category gets affects because of diabetes and are at risk
of developing certain cardiovascular problems within themselves. The individuals suffering from
diabetes can also be easily affected by coronary artery diseases and have a risk of heart attacks,
chest pain, stroke and narrowing of arteries.

Aim 3 – To examine the ways and strategies used to minimise the impact of Diabetes in migrants
and ethnic minority in the UK
As per Tortelli, Nakamura and et.al., (2018), As diabetes is the major problem and health issue
which is affecting and impacting the migrants and ethnic minority. The major strategies which
are framed for Diabetes so that it impacts less on the migrants and ethnic minority of UK. These
strategies are – losing extra weight so that the weight is maintained and the migrants who are
facing the problem of Diabetes are able to solve this health issue appropriately. Another major
strategy is – The major strategy is that UK has established the precautions and has framed the
programme which is NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS DPP) which is helping to
create value of how the problem and issue of health is being analysed.
As per Nagar, Nápoles and et.al., (2021), The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS
DPP) helps in analysing the aspects as to how this programme is helping the migrants and ethnic
minority to lose weight. This programme is framed so that the migrants and ethnic individuals
are able to lose weight. This will help in reducing the risk of diabetes due to which the majority
of people are suffering at large scale within UK. It is also suggested to the migrants and ethnic
minorities that proper diet chart should be framed so that they are able to follow and take
controlling measures in regard to their health at large scale. This programme is framed to
effectively help and frame the structure of how there are major concerns which are related to
reducing the problem of Diabetes among migrants and ethnic minorities. This is how there are
major concern which is related to how the programme is growing and is addressing the aspects of
not having the health issue which is faced by migrants and ethnic minorities UK.
As stated by Etchi, Lilja and et.al., (2019), One of the major strategies which helps in
reducing the diabetes are – providing early vaccination so that the health issue which is diabetes
is being analysed. There should be 2 to 3 doctors who should visit the areas where the migrants
and ethnic minority are living in UK. This helps in addressing and understanding that there
should be regular check-ups which should be done of migrants and ethnic minorities. This
strategy will help in solving health issue and problem which the migrants and ethnic minorities
are facing at large scale. By framing such strategies, there should be aspects of how effectively
and in appropriate manner the reduction in the problem and issues faced due to diabetes is
analysed among the migrants and ethnic minorities. It is also recommended to the migrants and
ethnic minorities that regular exercising also helps in reducing weight which analyses the major

aspects of how effectively and in appropriate manner there are concerns which are related to
health status of migrants and ethnic minorities in UK. It is very important that these strategies are
followed effectively and efficiently within UK.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Search Strategy
For conducting the present research, a systematic search strategy has been done. This will
comprise of identifying appropriate databases and searching of the terms. Boolean operators will
be used for broadening or narrowing the research. Further, inclusion and exclusion criteria will
be framed for the research to be undertaken effectively.
Key Search Terms
Key terms are the words that are mentioned into the databases to search on the topic. For
the present research study, the following key search terms will be used.
Terms and Synonyms -
Diabetes - Insulin-dependent diabetes
Migrants - Incomer, newcomer
Ethnic minority - Racial minority
Impact - Influence, affect
Causes - Source, origin
Strategies - Plan of action
Databases
These is structured information and data are stored and it can be accessed in an electronic
form (Connelly, 2020). These have been used in the present research study as they provide an
easy access to the information on to analyse the impact of Diabetes in migrants and ethnic
minority within the UK. Use of database is also justified as it helps in saving by narrowing the
results. The following databases have been used for the present project:
Database and Description-

CINAHL – This is a database that contains literature on allied health and social care. Cinahl
contains collection of full text journals (CINAHL Database, 2021).
PubMed - It includes collection of more than 33 million citations for health and social care
literature available on Medline. This is a resource which is free and helps in retrieving literature
on biomedical topics (PubMed Overview, 2021).
Science Direct – It includes database which provides articles on medical research, scientific and
technical research. Literature on professions of nursing and health care are also available on it
(ScienceDirect, 2021).
Boolean operators
These are words which are used as conjunctions and perform the research. It leads to
having the productive rersarch. There are three Boolean operators which are - AND, OR and
NOT (). For the present research study, AND and OR Boolean operators have been used.
Boolean operator AND is used for search engine which is instructed to retrieve the results which
have all the key words. The search results are being narrowed through this. For example,
Diabetes and migrants will retrieve only those articles that contain both these search terms. In
contrast, OR Boolean operator is the search engine which retrieves all the results that contain one
search terms (Expand your search using OR, 2021). For example, using Diabetes or ethnic
minorities would retrieve all the articles that contain any of the search terms.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria are the characteristics which are expected to be in the articles for review
purpose. Exclusion criteria are the characteristics which are based on research articles which are
excluded from the review (Horejs, 2021). The following inclusion and exclusion criteria have
been used for the research study –
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria –
1.Inclusion Criteria - Studies published in English language have been included.
Exclusion Criteria - Studies published in any language other than English have been excluded.
2. Inclusion Criteria - Studies published after 2018.

Exclusion Criteria - Studies published before 2018.
3. Inclusion Criteria - Studies on impact of Diabetes in migrants and ethnic minority within the
UK have been included.
Exclusion Criteria - Studies on impact of Diabetes in migrants and ethnic minority within the
UK on any other health issue have been excluded.
CONCLUSION
From the present report, it can be concluded that the migrants and ethnic minority groups
are affected by the risk of diabetes within the United Kingdom. The present report discusses
about the concept of diabetes within the migrants and ethnic minority groups in the United
Kingdom and also aims to determine the causes which leads to the development of diabetes
within certain communities. The current report determines the impact of the diabetes on the
condition of the individuals belonging to the category of ethnic minority within the country. It
has been determined within the report that the migrants and the ethnic minorities belonging to
the regions of South Asia develops diabetes within themselves because of their lifestyle and
eating habits. Their lifestyle and eating habits affects their health and leads to the development of
obesity within these individuals. From the above report, it has been determined that due to these
causes, the people belonging to these groups are easily affected by the condition of diabetes
within themselves and are at a higher risk of developing certain conditions. The individuals
suffering from the condition of diabetes can easily be affected by chest pain, heart attacks,
coronary artery diseases and many more of such diseases which are related to the heart of an
individual. Also, it has been identified that according to the policies of NHS, only those groups
can access the treatment to such conditions within the country who are living within the nation
from a very long period of time.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Cacciani, L. and et.al 2018. Avoidable hospitalization among migrants and ethnic minorities in
developed economies. Access to Primary Care and Preventative Health
Services of Migrants, pp.67-81.
Cainzos-Achirica, M. and et.al 2019. Epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for
prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals of South Asian
ethnicity living in Europe. Atherosclerosis. 286. pp.105-113.
Connelly, L.M., 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Medsurg Nursing. 29(2). pp.125-116.
Etchi, D.T., Lilja, E. and et.al., 2019. Disparities in treatment of diabetes and hypertension
among groups of foreign origin and the general Finnish
population. European Journal of Public Health. 29(5). pp.894-899.
Forouhi, N.G. and Wareham, N.J., 2019. Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine. 47(1). pp.22-27.
Giuntella, O. and et.al 2018. Reason for immigration and immigrants' health. Public health. 158.
pp.102-109.
Guo, W. and et.al., 2020. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID‐
19. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews. 36(7). p.e3319.
Hanif, W. and Susarla, R., 2018. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk in UK South Asians: An
overview. Br. J. Cardiol. 25. pp.S8-S13.
Hayward, S., and et.al 2018. Factors influencing the higher incidence of tuberculosis among
migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK. F1000Research, 7.
Horejs, C., 2021. Integrating materials databases. Nature Reviews Materials. 6(11). pp.967-967.
Nagar, S.D., Nápoles, A.M. and et.al., 2021. Socioeconomic deprivation and genetic ancestry
interact to modify type 2 diabetes ethnic disparities in the United
Kingdom. EClinicalMedicine. 37. p.100960.
Tortelli, A., Nakamura, A. and et.al., 2018. Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic
minorities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych open. 4(6).
pp.510-518.
Online
CINAHL Database. 2021. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/cinahl-database>.
[Accessed on 24 November 2021].
Expand your search using OR. 2021. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://onesearch.library.utoronto.ca/faq/what-are-boolean-operators-
how-can-i-use-them-improve-my-searches>. [Accessed on 24 November
2021].
PubMed Overview. 2021. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/>. [Accessed on 24 November
2021].
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ScienceDirect. 2021. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/sciencedirect>. [Accessed on 24
November 2021].
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