Evaluating NHS NDPP for Diabetes Prevention in Tower Hamlets, UK

This report provides an executive summary and detailed analysis of diabetes in Tower Hamlets, UK. It highlights the prevalence of type II diabetes and the rationale for choosing the NHS NDPP (National Diabetes Prevention Program) to address the issue. The report includes a literature review that ex...Read More

Written Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Diabetes is major long-term illness. In this, the serious complications can specifically
happen if the diabetes as well as the other risk elements are poorly controlled. The conditions can
specifically enhances the risk of having a cardiovascular illness, blindness, stroke, kidney failure
and amputation as well. Within Tower Hamlet, the prevalence of type II diabetes can partly due
to the huge community who are generally more susceptible to this illness. It is based on the
recent population that can estimates suggest that the type II diabetes is generally set to enhance
specifically within Tower Hamlet in the coming years.

Table of Content.
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
RATIONALE FOR CHOSEN PROGRAMME..............................................................................1
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
CRITICAL EVALUATION............................................................................................................3
JUSTIFICATION............................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
Public health is all about enhancing the well-being of the population whether it is
encouraging good sexual well-being or can offer encouragement for the smokers who are trying
to quit. The report is initially developed to aware about the public well-being for Tower Hamlets,
generally set out the findings of the local healthy lifestyles surveys as well as concentrate on
diabetes type I and II, a priority key area in a view of particularly the poor local results. In this,
the use of observational information is crucial to the well-being care service provision as well as
the well-being research and has progressively the huge amount of routinely gathered clinical
information are becoming available. The specific techniques can effectively evaluate the
characteristics of the population, determining the risk component as well as enable for the
development of the predictive models associating to the clinical results. Across global, having an
estimation about 380 million adults can involve diabetes mellitus. In this, majority of them have
type II diabetes mellitus and the number of people having the illness are going to enhance
because of the longer lifespan as well as the increasing levels of obesity among them. In this
report, it will cover the discussion about the chosen programme such as NHS NDPP (National
Diabetes Prevention Program) in order to effectively reduce the causes and effects of both type I
and II diabetes among people in Tower Hamlet and across UK. In addition to this, there is also a
discussion about how both type I and II diabetes can significantly impact over a person’s well-
being, lifestyle and multiple other factors (Robinson, Lane-Martin & Corvo, 2021).
RATIONALE FOR CHOSEN PROGRAMME
The rationale for the chosen programme is well articulated and given with the context of
both personal and professional development. The research is mainly conducted to aware the
public about diabetes and its impacts. In this, the impact of diabetes is more common among the
middle as well as low-income families. The diabetes illness as well as its complications can
specifically impose a considerable well-being and an economic burden on a person, their families
as well as the well-being care systems. In this, there is generally need to aware the public about
the causes and impacts of diabetes type I and II among public so that people can effectively
minimize the causes and impacts of type I and II diabetes mellitus among people. The program
which has been chosen to reduce the impact and causes of diabetes among public is NHS
national diabetes prevention program. It is mainly a part of the national programme that is
expected to furnish support to the 100,000 people every year. It is given that the people can
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effectively receive support to alter the lifestyle in a friendly as well as a supportive group
environment, mainly eased by the specialist staff more specifically trained in the altered
behaviours as well as the diabetes prevention and is recruited from the local community.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review can specifically introduce the main and a systematic process of
collecting the secondary evidences more corresponding to the provided topic. There are multiple
resources like Articles, Journals, Books as well as the publication research that is quite
associated with the topic. In this, the main aim of developing the literature review is to
effectively analyse the research gaps within the earlier studies. In addition to this, within the
recent research, the main gap in this is how the causes and effects of type I and II diabetes
mellitus among people can be effectively overcome in Tower Hamlet across UK. In this, in the
past studies, there were lots of information corresponding to the impacts of type I and II diabetes
mellitus but there were lack the information about the reduction strategies that can aid people to
reduce the impacts of diabetes in Tower Hamlet across UK. It is specifically the main research
gap and to overcome this, there are some of the effective interventions as well as strategies that is
effectively presented to reduce the effects of type I and II diabetes mellitus among people in
Tower Hamlet across UK.
As per the view of Diego F Cuadros, Jingjing Li, Godfrey Musuka and Susanne F Awad
(2021), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is generally a growing epidemic with the global
proportions and it can continue to be a specific global well-being challenge as well as to continue
to grow substantially in the next coming years, that would have a critical implication for the
well-being care expenditures, mainly within the developing countries. Therefore, the new
conceptual as well as methodological approaches to effectively tackle the illness are long
overdue. In this, there is an epidemiology which has been a successful approach to effectively
control the infectious illness epidemics such as human immunodeficiency virus and malaria. The
implementation of this approach has been expanded to involve the study of the non-
communicable illness like diabetes, cardiovascular illness and so on. In the study, the author has
used spatial methods that are used to understand the spatial structure of the illness as well as
effectively determine the potential geographical drivers of the spatial dispersion of diabetes
mellitus. The author discussed the use of spatial epidemiology on the design as well as
implementation of the geographically targeted prevention as well as care treatment intervention
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against the both type I and II diabetes mellitus. It is mainly triggered by an incapacity of the
insulin mainly produced by pancreas to transfer the glucose into the cells through transporter
recruitment, generally leading to an uncontrolled hyperglycaemia. In this, the common
classification of the diabetes mellitus is the polygenic forms type I as well as the type II. The
type I diabetes mellitus is generally defined by the absence of insulin production produced by an
autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, whereas the type II diabetes mellitus is an
acquired illness in which the pancreas either becomes insulin deficient or the sufficient insulin is
generated but the cells of the body cannot respond to the insulin, labelled insulin resistance. It is
identified that most of the 90% of all the diabetes mellitus are mainly diagnosed are type II
diabetes mellitus. In this, the other types of diabetes mellitus can involve gestational diabetes
mellitus, monogenic diabetes mellitus syndromes as well as the drug or chemical induced
diabetes mellitus among other. The diabetes mellitus can enhance the risk of improving various
comorbidities as well as various other well-being complications consisting the cerebrovascular
accidents, the hypertension, ocular illness, retinopathy, nephropathy, the cardiovascular illness,
the mental well-being conditions, the skin infections as well as the lower-limb compromise
among others. There are multiple genetic components which can effectively trigger the
improvements of diabetes mellitus. In addition to this, the behavioural, well-being linked as well
as environmental risk elements are also associated to enhanced risk of the diabetes mellitus
consisting obesity, the physical inactivity, pollution, having history of gestational diabetes
mellitus, obesogenic environment, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension among others (Spatial
epidemiology of diabetes: Methods and insights, 2021).
In this, the evolution of the diabetes mellitus across globe can be specifically attributed
to a well-documented facilitators like the enhancing number of the older people as well as
enhancing the levels of lack of physical activities and obesity as well. therefore, the concerns
generally have been enhanced among the number of people who are under the age of 60 age
years since greater than one-third of the diabetes mellitus associated deaths are occurring in this
particular age group. In addition to this, an enhanced intake of the unhealthy or junk food as well
as the sedentary living lifestyle can encouraging an obesogenic environment that have been
determined as a potential facilitator of these such growing trends. Similarly, an enhanced risk
elements linked with the diabetes mellitus has significantly linked to multiple other socio-
demographic as well as the economic key elements consisting sex, age, education, ethnicity,
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employment security, the well-being care services, as well as having access to the nutritious
food. Such that, it is been originated that within the areas having enhanced wealth, the rates of
the diabetes mellitus generally enhance among two or four times in a person with having low
socio-economic status, more potentially associated with the reduced access to a healthy food as
well as having enough well-being care. The people living in poverty or belongs to low income
families are quite less likely to be identified as well as to get the care treatment early enough,
outcomes in an earlier more adverse outcomes. In addition to this, these such socio-economic
determinants can also boost the progression as well as improvement of diabetes mellitus via the
pathways of physiological, psychological as well as the behavioural responses like the
enhancement of the psychological well-being conditions and the chronic stress as well. in this,
despite the specific investments within study, the public well-being interventions as well as the
clinical care, the slackening of the increased rates of diabetes mellitus has been rather modest.
This outbreak of illness will include an urgent as well as steady commitments which are aiming
to implement a confident solution at both local as well as national levels with the public well-
being funding oriented to the public policies as well as economic boosting for the local
communities to effectively start the prevention programs of diabetes mellitus. However,
recognize the worldwide burden of diabetes mellitus to develop for modern-day needs, and to tell
the layout and implementation of cost-powerful interventions (Dibley et. al., 2020).
In this, the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques as well as the spatial
epidemiology standards are quite critical equipment for particularly spotting the spatial as well as
temporal dynamics of the epidemic. While understanding the necessary geographical traits of the
type I and II diabetes mellitus, the epidemic will offer valuable evidence to become more aware
of the capability environmental, demographic, and socio-monetary facilitators of the epidemic in
addition to the geographic areas wherein the most vulnerable populations are positioned, and
wherein interventions are specifically need to be executed. In this, the spatial epidemiology has
been more often than not used for researching about the communicable illnesses, though its
utility has presently been enhanced to the examiner of non-communicable illnesses like type I
and II diabetes mellitus. In addition to this, an effective quantitative strategy within the spatial
epidemiology for approximating the overall contribution of geographical hotspots (regions
experiencing an excessively massive burden of the ailment) and the ailment burden determinants
on the ecological and individual-degree can also additionally enable the layout and
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implementation of manage measures. A spatial method to illness evaluation is more applicable to
any of the non-communicable illness mainly linked to the capability environmental as well as the
socio-monetary facilitators heterogeneously expended in space. This particular method is
significantly applicable for both type I and II diabetes mellitus as latest studies has recognized
capability institutions among the spatial dispersion of type I and II diabetes mellitus incidence
and geographical as well as the environmental elements consisting extended fast-meals
availability, inexperienced space, car-ruled transport, walk-ability and decreased areas for
exercise (Cohort profile: the East London Health and Care Partnership Data Repository, 2020).
There has been implemented the National Diabetes Prevention Programs across the UK
public that can be used to carefully treat people because type II diabetes is generally a major ,
chronic well-being conditions which can lead to various other well-being issues like
cardiovascular illness, blindness, stroke and kidney failure as well. if a person can effectively
prevent or can delay the developing risk of getting type II diabetes, a person can efficiently
reduce the risk developing for all the other conditions as well. the primary goal of a National
Diabetes Prevention Program is simply to make it easier for the people with having a pre-
diabetes to effectively participate in affordable, the high-quality lifestyle alteration program to
effectively overcome the developing risk of type II diabetes as well as can enhance their well-
being.
CRITICAL EVALUATION
The National Diabetes prevention program is mainly a partnership of the public as well as
the private organization who is mainly working to effectively prevent or can interruption the
chances of having type II diabetes among people. It is evaluated that the particular analysis was
mainly created by the National Cardiovascular Intelligence Network (NCVIN) as well as and
encourage the National Health Service Diabetes Prevention Programme more specifically
initiated by the Public Health England, the NHS England and Diabetes UK. In addition to this,
the impaired regulation of glucose is mainly defined to increase the blood sugar levels, but not in
a range of having diabetes. It is identified that the people who do not have diabetes
hyperglycaemia are at greater risk of having type II diabetes mellitus. The people are also at
enhanced rates of the cardiovascular illness conditions. As per the NICE public well-being
guidance, mainly preventing the type II diabetes risk can specifically recommends a two-stage
approach to effectively determine the people who are at greater risk of developing diabetes. This
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can be using a validated risk assessment score to effectively determine the people at an elevated
risk of improving the diabetes. In addition to this, a blood test for those can be determined at an
elevated risk to effectively assess more accurately their future risk of diabetes. The risk
assessment tool utilises the routinely available the patient level information as well as can offer a
non-invasive pathway of determining those who are at an elevated risk of having diabetes
mellitus. From the critical evaluation, there are generally the four basic type of risk assessment
tools which are available within the United Kingdom and which can be used to effectively
determine the people who are at an elevated risk of developing diabetes, such as the Cambridge
risk score, the Leicester Risk Assessment score, the Leicester practice risk score as well as
QDiabetes. In addition to this, The NICE does not advice using any specific risk assessment tool.
It is identified that the possible risk factors for developing the type II diabetes are well known
and can involve people aged over 40, male, a family history of diabetes, socio-economic
deprivation, an enhanced BMI and waist circumference and many more. These such factors were
mainly used to examine the features of people with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, with having
exception of the family history of having diabetes that is not included in the HSE dataset. The
body mass index, age as well as waist circumference were mainly grouped into the categorial
data. The analysis of the risk elements for the non-diabetic hyperglycaemia were mainly
calculated using the weight data. In addition to this, the statistical significances among the risk
factors variables as well as the non-diabetic hyperglycaemia were assessed by simply using a
chi-squared test with a p-value generally less than 0.005 to depict a statistically specific outcome
(Angel et. al., 2021).
JUSTIFICATION
It is analysed by the study that the diabetes is a serious illness that can impact a major public
in Tower Hamlet across UK. In this, when the diabetes is controlled, the health of a person is
more likely to be well maintained. Therefore, conversely if the diabetes is not effectively
controlled as well as can remains uncontrolled then it can cause a major or critical impact over
the health and well-being of a person and can lead to a range of chronic well-being conditions
which are highlighted below:
The heart-associated illness is generally a major reason of death as well as disability within
people having diabetes, mainly accounting for about 52% within people with the diabetes type II.
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Those people who are having type II diabetes usually have a 2-fold enhanced risk of stroke
within the first 5 years of diagnosis as compared with the normal population.
In this, the illness of kidney is more common among public and in those who are suffering
from type I and II diabetes as well as hypertension. It is identified that one in every three people
are having diabetes type II and can improves the overt kidney illness. Having diabetes as an
illness is generally a single common cause of end stages renal illness as well as can accounts for
about 21% of deaths with type I diabetes and nearly about 11% deaths with type II diabetes. In
addition to this, the people suffering from diabetes can also have depression as a common mental
well-being condition and the prevalence of having depression linked with diabetes is being 2
times as high as the normal population. While talking about the diagnosis, the improvement of
the complications, the side effects of the medications, or can dealing with the regular
responsibility of self-managing the diabetes can effectively take their toll on the emotional health
and the depression, it can significantly lead to the eating disorders, anxiety and phobias and
many more.
These all the impacts can be effectively overcome by implementing certain strategies. The
strategies used in preventing both type I and II diabetes among young and older adults is quite
beneficial for them. Such as providing education awareness about healthy eating and a healthy
lifestyle and many more. There is also a programme named NHS National Diabetes Prevention
Programme which can help the people to efficiently participate in activities and can acquire a
healthy living by reducing the causes and effects of diabetes more appropriately (Bignell et. al.,
2020).
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REFERENCES
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Angel, R., Rea Ángeles, P., & Montes-de-Oca Zavala, V. (2021). Mental Health and Aging in
Mexico and the United States: The New Urban Reality. In Understanding the Context of
Cognitive Aging (pp. 185-203). Springer, Cham.
Bignell, L., Moosai, K., & Nikhil Patel, P. (2020). How to interpret echocardiogram
reports. InnovAiT, 13(10), 589-596.
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(2018). The effects of the London 2012 Olympics and related urban regeneration on
physical and mental health: the ORiEL mixed-methods evaluation of a natural
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(2020). Evaluation of a package of behaviour change interventions (Baduta Program) to
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Macdonald, L., Olsen, J. R., Shortt, N. K., & Ellaway, A. (2018). Do ‘environmental bads’ such
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Cellular and molecular reactions to dental implants. In Dental Implants and Bone
Grafts (pp. 183-205). Woodhead Publishing.
Rizal, Y. (2018). Public response to the implementation of clean and healthy living behavior
(PHBS) in coastal community in Rokan Hilir Regency. Journal of Global
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Robinson, S., Lane-Martin, A., & Corvo, E. (2021). Inequalities in health. In Priorities for
Health Promotion and Public Health: Explaining the Evidence for Disease Prevention
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Cohort profile: the East London Health and Care Partnership Data Repository, 2020 [Online]
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