Data Analysis and PICOT Question on Diabetes: A Research Study

This assignment presents a PICOT question focused on the effectiveness of acute exercise versus healthy diet, rurality, and neighborhood characteristics in controlling Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The student defines the PICOT components (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) and reviews relevant databases like PubMed and CINAHL. The assignment includes an analysis of two studies: a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a case-control study, both providing evidence levels. The RCT results indicate that high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) effectively reduces blood glucose levels and improves metabolic control. The case-control study highlights the significance of maternal diabetes status, healthy diets, and household income levels in diabetes prevalence. A comparison table summarizes the findings, concluding that maintaining a healthy diet, normal income, and controlling maternal diabetes are more effective than regular HIIT for diabetes management. The assignment references key research papers and provides a comprehensive overview of the topic.

PICOT QUESTION AND
DATA ANALYSIS ON
DIABETES
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

DIABETES- AN INTRODUCTION
 Diabetes has been defined as a disease which occurs
when blood glucose becomes high (Cassidy et al.,
2016).
 Glucose has been defined as a main source of energy
which has been defined as a main energy source
which comes with the food consumed by human
beings.
 Type 1 diabetes has been found to be caused by
immune system which destroys the insulin making
pancreas cells.
Fig 1: Diabetes and healthy food
Source: Cassidy et al., (2016)

PICOT QUESTION
Is acute exercise more effective than maintaining a healthy diet, rurality and good
neighborhood characteristics for controlling diabetes type I and II in the patient
population?
The above stated question is the PICOT question which will be discussed in the
following slides.
This question will further be linked to various literature sources for the analysis of
statistical data obtained from existing research papers obtained from databases.

DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS- P,I,C,O,T
The following sections will define the parts of the PICOT question-
P= The population chosen for this study is the diabetic patient population in the United
States.
I= The intervention chosen to control this disorder in the patient population is acute
exercises. Physical exercise on a regular basis has been found to help the general
population in controlling diabetes.
C= On comparison, healthy diet has been chosen as the alternative strategy to control the
disorder condition among the population.
O= The outcome will be the reduction of diabetes prevalence in the chosen population.
T= The selected time frame is 8 months to 1.5 years.

DATABASE REVIEW
A database is an organized collection of data
which is stored and accessed digitally from a
computer through internet.
The databases chosen for this study are-
PubMed and CINAHL
These two databases are well known for the
storage of articles based on medical and
clinical science.
Since the topic chosen is diabetes, which is a
topic of medicine and life sciences, these two
databases were chosen.
Fig 2: Accessing databases through internet from a
computer
Source: Elmasri & Navathe, (2017)

STUDIES WITH LEVEL I AND II EVIDENCE LEVELS
• Level I evidence according to the US
standards must include RCT (randomized
controlled trials)= Cassidy, S., Thoma, C.,
Hallsworth, K., Parikh, J., Hollingsworth, K. G.,
Taylor, R., ... & Trenell, M. I. (2016). High
intensity intermittent exercise improves
cardiac structure and function and reduces
liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: a
randomized controlled
trial. Diabetologia, 59(1), 56-66.
• Level II-2 evidence according to the US
standards must include case control study=
Liese, A. D., Lamichhane, A. P., Garzia, S. C.,
Puett, R. C., Porter, D. E., Dabelea, D., ... &
Liu, L. (2018). Neighborhood characteristics,
food deserts, rurality, and type 2 diabetes in
youth: findings from a case-control
study. Health & place, 50, 81-88.
Fig 3: Hierarchy of evidence triangle
Source: Lake, (2017)

RESULTS OF THE STUDIES
Study 1: Randomized controlled trial

RESULTS CONTINUED
Study 2: Case control study

Interpretation of the results of RCT:
From the second table on the right hand side, it can be observed that overall
body weight, blood glucose and metabolic control has shown a p-value less
than 0.05.
For example, it has been observed that 2h glucose level monitoring after acute
HIIT exercises showed a p value of 0. 02. Thus, it can be interpreted that
regular HIIT exercises were successful in the reduction of blood glucose levels
in turn reducing the chances of diabetes (Cassidy et al., 2016).
Other factors as stated above showed a p value lower than 0.05. All those
factors as stated in the first point were reduced after the introduction of HIIT.
Thus, it can be stated that this RCT correctly justified the fact that exercise
burns energy produced from glucose breakdown in turn controlling diabetes.
INTERPRETETION OF THE RESULTS- I

Interpretation of the results of case control study:
Maternal diabetes status has been found to be much significant as the cause
of diabetes in youths (p value less than 0.05). Controlling the same is
effective in the reduction of diabetes prevalence among youths.
 Controlling food desserts and taking wholesome food helps in the
prevention of diabetes. This condition has been found to be evident from the
results showing the p value of food desert above 0.50 or higher than 0.05
(Liese et al., 2018).
Moderate levels of house hold incomes has a great significance on the cause
of diabetes thus lowering the same or increasing the same will lead to
diabetes control among the selected population.
INTERPRETETION OF THE RESULTS- II

Comparison between acute exercising and the other factors including healthy
diet in controlling diabetes:
INTERPRETETION OF THE RESULTS- III
Fig 4: Comparison table
Source: Created by the author

CONCLUSION
After going through the comparison table on the previous slide, it can be said
that maintaining a healthy diet, maintaining a normal income rate and
controlling maternal diabetes was more effective in controlling diabetes than
regular HIIT.
All these interpretations have been done considering the p-values from the
result tables.