Diabetes Mellitus: Review of Recent Scholarly Literature on Diabetes

This report provides an analysis of five scholarly resources on diabetes mellitus. The report explores the link between diabetes and increased mortality, the pathophysiology and management of type 1 diabetes (an autoimmune disease requiring insulin), and strategies for managing type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the role of exercise and lifestyle changes. It also examines the co-morbidities and complications associated with both types of diabetes in young individuals, noting that type 1 diabetes is less associated with complications compared to type 2. Additionally, the report discusses other forms of diabetes, including gestational diabetes and those resulting from genetic defects. All the studies discussed were published recently in peer-reviewed journals, adding to their validity.

Running head: DIABETES
DIABETES
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Introduction:
The paper aims for exploring five scholarly resources on the topic of diabetes
mellitus. Diabetes mellitus or diabetes is a disease condition that involves a high level of
glucose in the blood. There are various types of diabetes. The following section will be
focused on establishing diabetes as a fatal condition and discussing the reason for the type-I
diabetes to be more severe than the type-II, the requirement of daily insulin administration in
the type-I diabetic patients and finally the other forms of diabetes, which result from the
mutation in some genes.
Discussion:
The first scholarly study focused on exploring the possibility that the diabetes might
contribute for the mortality associated with other chronic disease conditions, such as cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, respiratory diseases and various others. The study
found that the diabetic individuals are more prone to developing those diseases conditions
and thus the risk of mortality is more evident in them (Li et al., 2019).
The second resource is a scholarly study that reviews the type-I diabetes disease
condition from a clinical perspective, which focuses on the pathophysiology and the
management of the disease along with the diagnosis. The study described the type-I diabetes
disease condition to be an autoimmune disease condition, which results from the destruction
of the pancreatic beta-cells by the T-cells of the immune system. The event leads to lowered
insulin production in the body as the pancreatic beta-cells are the cells that are responsible for
the insulin production in the body. The risk assessment for the type-1 diabetes is carried out
by checking the presence of the characteristic autoantibodies in an individual. The treatment
method for this disease condition involve regular insulin administration (Kahanovitz, Sluss &
Russell, 2017).

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The third scholarly resource describes disease management strategies for the patients,
who are newly diagnosed with type-II diabetes. The study recognised the exercise to be the
most important component along with proper diet and behavioural improvement for this
disease management. The type-II diabetes result from the decreased insulin sensitivity in the
body. The components mentioned above reverses the factors responsible for the decreased
insulin sensitivity and thus the disease condition can be easily managed (Kirwan, Sacks &
Nieuwoudt, 2017).
The fourth study examined the co-morbidities and complications, which were
associated with type-I and type-II diabetes in the teenagers and young adults. The study was
focused on the individuals who were diagnosed during their childhood or adolescent stage of
life. The clinical outcomes like retinopathy, neuropathy, hypertension, diabetic kidney
disease and arterial stiffness were examined in this study. The findings of this study
suggested that the type-I diabetic condition is less associated with the complications and
comorbidities compared to the type-II diabetic condition (Dabelea et al., 2017).
The fifth study focuses on discussing different types of diabetes mellitus that have
been identified. Excluding the type-I and type-II there are many other forms of diabetes, such
as Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), neonatal diabetes and Maturity Onset Diabetes of
the Young (MODY). The GDM is detected in the women during pregnancy. Both neonatal
diabetes and MODY result from some genetic defects. The defaults include mutant insulin
production, mutations at the insulin receptors, inability of the body to convert proinsulin into
insulin and various others (Solis-Herrera et al., 2018).
All the studies discussed before can be considered to be valid, since they were
published within last five years of time. The relevance of the studies can be established from
the fact that all the articles were published in the peer reviewed journals.

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Conclusion:
The first study did not focus on a specific age group and thus according to it, diabetes
can be held responsible for the increased mortality in the people.
From next two scholarly articles it can be established that the severity of the type-I
diabetes relies on the fact that it is an autoimmune disorder. The progression of this disease
condition cannot be stopped and thus the insulin supply of the body will be diminished
continuously. Type-II diabetes on the other hand result from the decreased insulin sensitivity
in the body. Thus it can be managed without supplying insulin to the body on a regular basis
unlike the type-I diabetes, where the insulin level cannot be improved by some behavioural
change.
It can be decided from the fourth scholarly study that even though the disease
management is more complicated for the type-I diabetic condition, it is less associated with
different co-morbidities and complications.
Finally, from the fifth article it can be decided that a single mutation in the gene can
have severe effects on the body, which might result into different diabetic condition.
References:
Dabelea, D., Stafford, J. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., D’Agostino, R., Dolan, L., Imperatore,
G., ... & Black, M. H. (2017). Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes
diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years
and young adulthood. Jama, 317(8), 825-835.

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Kahanovitz, L., Sluss, P. M., & Russell, S. J. (2017). Type 1 diabetes–a clinical
perspective. Point of care, 16(1), 37.
Kirwan, J. P., Sacks, J., & Nieuwoudt, S. (2017). The essential role of exercise in the
management of type 2 diabetes. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 84(7 Suppl 1),
S15.
Li, S., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Li, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Diabetes mellitus and cause-specific
mortality: a population-based study. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 43(3), 319-341.
Solis-Herrera, C., Triplitt, C., Reasner, C., DeFronzo, R. A., & Cersosimo, E. (2018).
Classification of diabetes mellitus. In Endotext [Internet]. MDText. com, Inc..