Impact of Physical Activity on Diabetes Self-Management: A Report

This report delves into the critical role of self-management in treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with a specific focus on the impact of physical activity. It highlights the higher prevalence of T2DM in Black British communities and discusses the influence of biological, lifestyle, and social factors, including racism and cultural understanding, on healthcare access. The report examines clinical trials that measure physical activity through methods like heart rate monitoring, accelerometers, and pedometers, noting their strengths and limitations. It further analyzes the effects of interventions on clinical measures, physical activity levels, and quality of life, using data from intervention and control groups, while referencing various studies to support the importance of physical activity in managing blood sugar levels and improving overall health outcomes for diabetic patients. Desklib provides a platform to access this and other solved assignments for students.

Diabetes self-
managements

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is defined as the chronic disease which is usually occur when the blood glucose
that known as blood sugar is high. The blood glucose is the main source and comes from the
food which is usually eat, the level of insulin hormone that is made by the pancreas and help to
glucose from the get food into the cell (DiPietro and et. al., 2019). The prevalence of the type 2
diabetes in Black British communities show that in 2004 the health survey of England collected
data from the 13,500 adults and they are suggested that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was
usually higher than the Black Caribbean that is 9.5 percent and 7.6 percent of women which is
recorded as general. The measurable difference which is observed in the prevalence is that they
are affected due to change in biological, lifestyle and social factor which may create situation of
diabetic assurance. In addition, in the black British communities due to the impact of racism,
they are not accessible for the good health outcome which is related with the diabetic healthcare,
health professional and their lack of cultural understanding can create the poor access for the
health. Therefore, the respect towards the cultural usually foster the situation and provide
effective aspect for the development of quality of health and improve the outcome for the longer
period (Drollette and et. al., 2018).
In the diabetic patient, the self-management play vital in T2DM treatment. In addition, there
are some of the evidence which follow to support the self-management that help to improve the
glycaemic control in the people with the fraction of type 2 diabetes with the effect of attenuating
over time. Therefore, the measurable impact which is based on the secondary outcome which
majorly include blood pressure, body mass index, profile which is related with the lipid, quality
of life, self-efficacy and self-management behaviour which is not appropriate and significant for
diabetic patient (El-Kotob, and Giangregorio, 2018). Moreover, it also analyses that for a
diabetic patient physical activity is usually matter a lot which is observed in the aspect of trail
where the different aspect is taken for clinical activity that relatable with physical activity based
trail. The physical activeness within the diabetic patient play important role in the development
of quality of health. The concept of being active in the reference with diabetic patient makes the
body more sensitive in order to insulin which is known as hormone which allow the cell in the
body to use of blood sugar on the level of energy. It is usually helpful in order to manage the
risks and other associated aspect which is based on the diabetes. The physical activity is usually
helpful in order to control the level of sugar in the body and lower the risk of heart disease and
1

nerve damage which is feasible as per the aspect of study. The common clinical method which is
used to measure the physical activity is heart rate monitoring, accelerometer and pedometer.
They have common objective which show that they record the workout and burnout of calories
during the exercise. They have strength that they promote healthy behaviour among the diabetic
patient and they show limitation regards with the effective aspect and their reliability in
excessive to less workout which is based on physical activity (Hardeman and et. al., 2019).
The large scale intervention which is based on the approach for the organising sustainable
change with the active based on the involvement of the stakeholder throughout the whole system
that is based on the community and its environment. The large scale intervention that is defined
as the process which is based on the participants that work in the small and large group. With the
context of physical activity for the diabetic patient. As per the outcome of trail, the participant
and their day to day activity are interpreted that show the relevance towards the physical activity.
In addition, the physical activity within the subject body is difficult to measure with the accurate
way but it is important factor which may play role in the development of quality of health due
the reduction in sugar level within the subject which is analyse in the physical activity based trail
on participants with the various aspect (Maselli and et. al., 2018).
DISCUSSION
While taking the contrast of the study, it is analysing that the physical activity usually plays
effective role in the development of quality of health which is related with the diabetic patient.
The baseline and the sociodemographic characteristic of the participants, stratified by group
which is usually represented in the trail which is mentioned in table named baseline
characteristic of the study that is related with the participants. They are majorly including sex,
ethnicity, age range which is usually include 40 to 71-year-old. In this, the participants were
selected from different region such as Black Caribbean, African, mixed white and Black African
and Mixed white and Black Caribbean. Therefore, the education and their employment status is
also discussed which various aspect that include primary, secondary, tertiary and some of them
participant’s education status is missing. Whereas, the employment status which is based on the
paid and self-employed, in addition, the other may include voluntary, unemployment, student,
housewife and retired. The selection of the participant is taken on the random basis for the study
where the control group and intervention is different (Milne-Ives and et. al., 2020).
2

While taking the brief discussion of the participants’ scenario, it is analysing that there are
63 participants were taken for the study and conduction of process. In addition, the participants
were divided into two group which include intervention that is 31 and control that is analyse 32.
In addition to this, 67 of the participant is female with tertiary education that is 49 percent. There
is a reason for the selection of female that show the equivalent aspect when the study is in
progress. It helps to provide useful outcome that is balance with the aspect of ratio which
indicate male and female with prompt education. The mean weight of the participants is about
21.9 percent on 93.4 and the mean HbA1C show that they have 8.0 percent with the aspect of 1.7
percent. In addition, the systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure is also measure while
taking the reference of participants which is approx. 135.2 that is 15.5 percent and they have 75.8
that is 8.1 percent with the orderable way. In addition, the mean which is self-reported which is
based on the total physical activity that counted in the aspect of minute per week that is 612.7
and mean which is based on the clinical measurement for the physical activity named was
4269.4. The mean which is associated with the Chester step that score was 5.4 (Resaland and et.
al., 2018).
Therefore, there are various of studies which is related with the aspect of physical trail state
that they the participants physical factor and the intrinsic activity is usually measurable in the
aspect to find effective report. The physical activity helpful to burnout the calories and extra fat
that act as catalyst to configure for the production of fatty acid that lead to create the condition of
obesity or overweight. It is also act as a cause for the leading cases of diabetes in the world. The
physical activity for the diabetic patient play effective role in the development of quality of
health and quality of life (Schembre and et. al., 2018).
With the contrast with the table 2, the two group are underlying for the trail that above
mentioned named intervention and control group. In addition, the control group is defined as an
experiments which is free of the intervention that is by researcher. Moreover, the group which is
taken in order to made the contrast with the aspect of intervention group or the treatment group.
In addition to this, the control group used to show the aspect where they either received no
treatment of get the standard treatment. The both group which is intervention participants and
control participants. The clinical measure that is based weight, body mass index, HbA1C that
show in the aspect of percentage. In addition, the high density lipoprotein, low density
lipoprotein, the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and the health score. Therefore,
3

the physical activity is usually measure the Chester step test, motion watch that contain various
aspect of activity which is based on the physical level that include vigorous activity, moderate
activity and low activity that is calculated in the minute per day (Sebire and et. al., 2018)(Taylor
and et. al., 2018).
In order to understand the physical activity, trail in the appropriate way, the effect of
intervention on the clinical measure, physical activity and the quality of life is majorly discussed.
The mean change in the aspect of clinical measure and physical activity and mean difference
which is also associated with the confidence interval of 95 percent. The confidence interval
indicates the assumption or probability that a parameter is usually fall between the aspect of pair
and the value around the mean. They usually measure the degree the uncertainty or certainty with
sampling method (Skrede and et. al., 2019). With this analysis, there was no any change which is
observed within the primary outcome and even there is no any change which is analyse with the
intervention group with aspect of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and health score
which have no any deviation. In addition to this, there was an observation which is associated
with the small non-significant decrease that related with weight of 0.3kg, systolic blood pressure
of 2.1 mmHg and with the diastolic blood pressure that also analyse of 3.1 mmHg with the
reference of interventional group when they are compared with control (p>0.05). the result
section also discussed about the increase which is related with the high density lipoprotein which
is show the aspect of 0.1 mmol/litre form the baseline that follow (p>0.05). With the help of
international physical activity questionnaire that help to show the aspect which is related with the
non-significant enhancement in the aspect of sitting which is denoted by the 0.5 hours that is
based on the intervention group (p>0.05) (Pudkasam and et. al., 2018).
In addition, it is also evaluated that there was no any proper change which is optimised as
per the using of device that is being measured which is accelerometer physical activity measure
which is also known as the total activity per week, sedentary hours and the total metabolism
equivalent that related with minute per week. The Chester step test score did not change which
is based on the significantly in the intervention that have group when they are compared to the
selected control group. In addition, the effect of the intervention on the change in the aspect of
quality of life. Usually, the quality of life which is suggested that the mobility, self-care
activities, depression and pain that is indicated with the aspect of association of the change in
dimension of quality of life from the baseline in order to endpoint with the randomised group.
4

Therefore, the quality of dimension usually has change in mobility, change is self-care and
change in activities, change in pain and change in depression. The overall participant with no
change is 46 (79.3) where the interventional group show 25 (89.3) and control group indicate 21
(70.0). In addition, the change in self-care with the aspect of no change show overall is 56 (96.6)
where the interventional group with 27 (96.4) and control group with the value of 29 (96.7) in
addition, there was no any significant change is observed within change in self-care which is
between interventional and control group. With this all aspect, the no change, improved and
worsened are used to analyse within the interventional group. Overall, the group which is related
with the interventional and control usually show any significant change that make create
difference among them (Groessl and et. al., 2019).
The table 4 used to represent the intraclass correlation that is coefficient for physical activity
using the international physical activity questionnaire and the use of accelerometer. In addition to
this, the total physical activity that is calibrated with minute per week that have baseline with
coefficient with 0.02 with CI of -0.05 to -0.13 at approximate P value of 0.22. The endpoint of
the coefficient shows that the 0.006 and CI is about -0.04 to -0.08 with the P value of 0.42. In
addition to this, the total MV activity that is based on the minute per week with the baseline of
0.12 with coefficient value and CI of -0.17 to -0.38 at the P value of 0.16 and the endpoint is
approx. 0.09 of coefficient with the CI of -0.17 to -0.36 at the P value of 0.21. overall when
taking the aspect of physical activity and MV activity. They are usually follow with some of
aspect which do not show any significant change with the aspect of baseline and endpoint (Van
Der Swaluw and et. al., 2018).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, the diabetes is defined as the chronic disease which is
associated with high glucose in the blood or also cause due the impact of low insulin in the body
that produces from pancreas. In addition, the physical activity is useful approach that is derive
under diabetic patient which play effective role in the development of quality of life. The
physical activity has number of approach which is performed in order to reduce the complication
that is fat disposition and many more. The research is usually associated with the trail which may
be associated with the two group for the study of physical activity. In addition, the two group are
usually interventional and control group that show their fair outcome that is discussed under the
discussion with the relevance of data. In addition to this, it is well analysed that the two are
5

group arte used to chosen with the equivalent ratio of male and female for the optimum relevant
data and information. Therefore, the different set of the table are usually prepared during the trail
which is conducted on the basis of selected participant. However, the table one used to represent
the baseline characteristic of the study that associated with the participants, the table two used to
represent the summary that is related with the change in the clinical and physical activity that
measure from the baseline to endpoint in intervention with comparison of control group
participants. The table 3 used to configure about the association of change aspect with dimension
of quality of life from the baseline to the endpoint with randomised control trail. The table
number 4 also used to represent some of the data which is related with the intraclass correlation
coefficient for the physical activity that is evaluated using the international physical activity
questionnaire and accelerometer.
6

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
DiPietro and et. al., 2019. Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: an
umbrella review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), p.1292.
Drollette and et. al., 2018. Effects of the FITKids physical activity randomized controlled trial on
conflict monitoring in youth. Psychophysiology, 55(3), p.e13017.
El-Kotob, R. and Giangregorio, L.M., 2018. Pilot and feasibility studies in exercise, physical
activity, or rehabilitation research. Pilot and feasibility studies, 4(1), pp.1-7.
Hardeman and et. al., 2019. A systematic review of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs)
to promote physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical
Activity, 16(1), pp.1-21.
Maselli and et. al., 2018. Promoting physical activity among university students: a systematic
review of controlled trials. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(7), pp.1602-1612.
Milne-Ives and et. al., 2020. Mobile apps for health behavior change in physical activity, diet,
drug and alcohol use, and mental health: Systematic review. JMIR mHealth and
uHealth, 8(3), p.e17046.
Resaland and et. al., 2018. Gender-specific effects of physical activity on children's academic
performance: the active smarter kids cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive
medicine, 106, pp.171-176.
Schembre and et. al., 2018. Just-in-time feedback in diet and physical activity interventions:
systematic review and practical design framework. Journal of medical Internet
research, 20(3), p.e8701.
Sebire and et. al., 2018. Results of a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of a peer-led
school-based intervention to increase the physical activity of adolescent girls (PLAN-
A). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15(1), pp.1-13.
Taylor and et. al., 2018. Evaluation of a pilot school-based physical activity clustered
randomised controlled trial—active schools: Skelmersdale. International journal of
environmental research and public health, 15(5), p.1011.
Van Der Swaluw and et. al., 2018. Commitment lotteries promote physical activity among
overweight adults—a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(4),
pp.342-351.
Groessl and et. al., 2019. Physical activity and performance impact long-term quality of life in
older adults at risk for major mobility disability. American journal of preventive
medicine, 56(1), pp.141-146.
Pudkasam and et. al., 2018. Physical activity and breast cancer survivors: importance of
adherence, motivational interviewing and psychological health. Maturitas, 116, pp.66-72.
Skrede and et. al., 2019. The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary
time, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: a
systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 20(1), pp.55-74.
7

8