Report: Diabetes Type 2 - Introduction, Diagnosis, Treatment Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of Type 2 Diabetes, a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide. It begins with an introduction to the disease, its prevalence, and associated ethical factors, followed by a discussion of its symptoms, including excessive thirst, fatigue, and vision problems. The report then delves into the mechanisms of the disease, including the role of calcium signaling pathways and the impact on nerve function. The diagnosis and treatment sections detail methods such as the A1C test and random blood sugar tests, along with lifestyle and dietary recommendations, including healthy cooking oils, low-fat meals, and the importance of physical activity. The report also discusses the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and treatment options. The report references several scientific articles and journals to support its findings and analysis.

Diabetes Type 2

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a type of chronic disease. As it can make an individual weak and fragile. As
per recent studies estimated data represent that there are 85-90 percent of people who suffers
with this chronic disease. As it is responsible for secretion of insulin hormone in a blood,
glucose is then absorbed with in blood streams through lining to main organ small intestine.
According to studies, glucose absorbed into the blood stream, insulin causes each cells whole
body to absorb each component of sugar and process it in a energy in the form of ATP, insulin
helps to balance blood glucose level in a body(Trikkalinou, Papazafiropoulou and Melidonis,
2017) .
According to WHO, There are about 422 million of people worldwide, that majorly
affect due to chronic symptoms of diabetes type 2, which are mainly living in low and middle
financial sources and data also represent 1.6 million people have been subjected to rate of
mortality. In addition the data entrepreneur by 2025, there are globally acceptable fact tagrget to
reduce or halt the rise in diabetes and obesity cases. In order to decrees the rate WHO announces
the global diabetes compact in 2020.
ethical factors of diabetes
A complex multidisciplinary construct reflectioning the numerous of biological factors as
well as geographical origins, economic, political and others. There is vital description in diabetes
which may varies in the term implement to demonstrate specific race or ethnic groups that is
non Hispanic black and white by NHS. It is been public health burden. In US 8.3 percent of the
population have diabetes. Psychosocial orders refers to as the break down of tissues which is not
caused by any disease causing organism (pathogens) or through mechanical damage of a body. It
is due to chaos in internal health of an individual. As they can originate and develop in a
appropriate response to an adverse environment.
According to studies, physiological disorders are originated when a body unable to take
whole amount nutrition while growth and development. As per studies, people who generally
affected do debits symptoms either minor or major. he diabetes type 2 can represent symptoms at
early or later it depends on type of body and minor an major stage of diabetes 2. most of people
with type 2 diabetes are most likely to display no symptoms in exceptional case.

Mechanism
as per studies it has been stated that diabetes is progressive condition, body organ tend to
become unavailable to produce a great amount of hormone insulin, due to unhealthy diet
routines, genetic, due to family history it can detected. The leaf like structure is directly
responsible for balance of blood sugar level in a body. Type 2 diabetes also occur genetic as well
as family risk factors. There major elements whi8ch can be considered as factors in these type of
chronic disease.
Calcium signalling pathways
The calcium is suppose to be essential second messenger in the process of signal
transduction pathways to regulate a wide variations of method, which also evolve gene
expression, protein synthesis, contraction of muscles, secretion, metablosism and apoptosis. As
per studies, the management fo calcium homoeostasis is of crucial and important in the functions
of cells. The body organ Endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the storage of calcium in a
body.
Signs and symptoms
diabetes is common on global bases. In some case4s it can display no symptoms but in some
cases as it can able represent number of symptoms and its time of maturity it can impact
numerous sings and symptoms that are excessive thirst, secretion of more urine than usual,
feeling tired and lethargic, being hungry, healing power of a body become slow, itching and
skin infection, problems in vision, the body weight gradually get increased , number of mood
swings, headache, dizziness, cramps in legs usually. excretion of more urine than usual, feeling
tired and lethargic, being hungry, healing power of a body become slow, itching and skin
infection, problems in vision, the body weight gradually get increased , number of mood swings,
headache, dizziness, cramps in legs usually. well as family related risk factor(Sharma, Nazareth
and Petersen,2016)
Diagnosis and treatment
The Diagnosis and treatment are performed in a such a pattern through health
professionals. Type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed by the help of gyrated haemoglobin (A1C). As
the blood test indicates average blood sugar level of an individuals body for the past two three
months or four months highly depend on the frequency reagents which are used to accomplish

the test. As the blood test can be interpreted as below 5 percent -5.7 percent is normal. Pre
diabetes criteria can be stated as for patients who debits their blood sugar level as 5.7 percent to
6.4 percent. Including patients those have blood sugar 6.5 percent or more than are on two
septate test indicates diabetes.
Most commonly the consultant apply some test in order to diagnosis can begin with
Random Blood Sugar test. The blood sugar values are expressed and obtain in unit of milligrams
of sugar as per decilitre (mg/dL) or milimoles. In special cases, if the signs and symptoms are
externally present that can be extreme thirst and frequent urine a level of blood sugar that can
represent as 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)(Trikkalinou, Papazafiropoulou and Melidonis, 2017) .
as it has been concluded that before the test of diabetes fast9ing is must as it can make a
huge difference in the level of blood sugar.
ACTION POTENTIAL PROPAGATION OF HEALTHY NERVES
There are pathophysiology of MS that may involve number of components such as redox,
inflammatory, vascular as well as neurodegenerative. As the management can occur the exact
mechanisms of initiation its development and progression are termed to be more elusive. It is a
inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
DIFFERENT TO THE FUNCTIONS OF NERVES INVOLVED IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
The associated symptoms of MS are changes in sensation, visual problems, depression,
difficulties in coordination and speech, serve fatigue etc. it can consider to be multiple scars on
the myelin sheaths.
Treatment
as the management and balance of these complex disease is generally depend on lifestyle
and the food which have to be taken. Due to this lifestyle, number of people mainly compromise
with their it or prefer not to eat healthy substituting it by junk food. Consumption of junk have
enough potential yo affect the calories of a body. The major treatment of these complex disease
can be suggested by eliminating the sugary element from the daily diets. The dealing exposure of
physical activities is mandatory to control and prevent the disease. Exercise can make a heart
healthy and can control blood sugar level (Neeland, Salahuddin and McGuire,2016)

The patients are strictly guided to do daily blood sugar monitoring. As these precautions
should be followed and should considered to significant in order to balance the blood sugar
level. Health diets can conclude healthy cooking oils, low fat meals and fishes, more high fibre
foods such as fruits, whole grains etc. an individual can follow the plan well balance diet and
nutritional meals. Developing new habits such as undergoing in aerobic exercises, resistance
exercise etc. should be followed. Most common medications those are suggested to diabetic
patients are metformin,sulfonamides, glides etc. (Hanipah aREFERENCES nd Schauer, 2017)

REFERENCES
book and journals
Brunton, S., 2016. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: the evolution of our understanding. J
Fam Pract, 65(4 Suppl), p.supp_az_0416.
Edelman, S.V. and Polonsky, W.H., 2017. Type 2 diabetes in the real world: the elusive nature
of glycemic control. Diabetes care, 40(11), pp.1425-1432.
Hajek, T., McIntyre, R. and Alda, M., 2016. Bipolar disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the
brain. Current opinion in psychiatry, 29(1), pp.1-6.
Hanipah, Z.N. and Schauer, P.R., 2017. Surgical treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics, 27(2), pp.191-211.
Neeland, I.J., Salahuddin, U. and McGuire, D.K., 2016. A safety evaluation of empagliflozin for
the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert opinion on drug safety, 15(3), pp.393-402.
Paul, S.K., Shaw, J.E., Montvida, O. and Klein, K., 2016. Weight gain in insulin‐treated patients
by body mass index catTreatment egory at treatment initiation: n ew evidence from
real‐world data in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism,
18(12), pp.1244-1252.
Sharma, M., Nazareth, I. and Petersen, I., 2016. Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing
in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective
cohort study. BMJ open, 6(1).
Trikkalinou, A., Papazafiropoulou, A.K. and Melidonis, A., 2017. Type 2 diabetes and quality
of life. World journal of diabetes, 8(4), p.120.