This report provides a comprehensive overview of diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes characterized by damage to the blood vessels of the retina. It details the progression through various stages, starting with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, marked by microaneurysms and hemorrhages, leading to blurred vision. The report further explores proliferative diabetic retinopathy, where abnormal blood vessels grow, potentially causing vision loss, and finally, diabetic maculopathy, involving damage to the macula. The report discusses the underlying mechanisms, including the role of VEGF and the blood-retinal barrier, as well as the impact of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It highlights the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels and the potential complications associated with untreated diabetes, offering a detailed analysis of the disease's progression and its impact on vision.