An Analysis of Lipoproteins, Dietary Fibre, and Cardiovascular Health

This essay delves into the intricate relationship between lipoproteins, dietary fibre, and their impact on coronary heart disease (CHD). It begins by introducing lipoproteins, including IDL, LDL, and VLDL, and their role in lipid transport within the body, emphasizing the link between elevated lipoprotein levels and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The main body of the essay explores the role of dietary fibre in regulating lipoprotein metabolism and modifying plasma lipids, highlighting its importance in maintaining a balance of cholesterol and fat levels. It discusses the different types of dietary fibre, their sources, and their effects on cholesterol levels, and also examines the impact of lipoproteins on CHD, including the development of atherosclerosis and the increased risk associated with low HDL levels. Furthermore, the essay explores the impact of eating lipoprotein on blood lipids and the effects of eating on various body parts such as the liver, intestine, adipose tissue, and muscle tissue. The essay concludes by summarizing the key findings, emphasizing the importance of dietary fibre in maintaining cardiovascular health and the need for further research in this area. This assignment, contributed by a student, is available on Desklib, a platform providing AI-based study tools and resources for students, including past papers and solved assignments.

Lipoproteins

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Lipoprotein transport lipids in body. There may be rise in CVD in person due to high
lipoprotein level. Basically, there are 3 types of lipoprotein that are IDL, LDL and VLDL. The
lipoprotein level is identified by food that is eaten and way of lifestyle. Moreover, there is no
particular treatment of low lipoprotein.
This essay will describe about impact of lipoprotein on CAD. Also, dietary fibre impact on
lipoprotein.
MAIN BODY
Discuss involvement of dietary fibre in lipoprotein metabolism regulation and modification of
plasma lipids and attention of coronary heart disease risk
It is found that dietary fibre helps in regulating metabolism. Dietary fibre is intact in
plants and is composed of a complex polymer of phenylpropanoid subunits. Soluble fibre is the
edible part of the plant that is resistant to digestion but could be partially or totally fermented by
colonic bacteria to short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine. The function of fibre is to
maintain balance between cholesterol and fat level in body by producing of blood glucose. Here,
fibre is produced due to intake of grains, wheat, veggies, etc. (Wu, Chen, and Huang, 2019).
Recently, numerous animal and human clinical trials have confirmed the lipid regulatory role and
their preventive effects in metabolic disease. Oral phenolic acid reversed the increase in body
weight and improved lipid metabolism fed a high-fructose diet and the mechanism might be
associated with hormones.
Dietary fibre impact on plasma lipids as it helps in maintaining balance of cholesterol.
Having a low density lipoprotein cholesterol may harm on colonic function. There are various
types of dietary fibre which affect on plasma and cholesterol. Generally, in CHD plasma liquids
enable in maintaining of metabolism. Here, cholesterol level is balanced through fluids.
Moreover, exercise also impact on plasma lipids as it lower density of lipoproteins. The level of
blood lipids is lower with help of diet. However, in some case drug is used along with exercise.
The function of lipoprotein is that they transport cholesterol to tissues and organs that is
necessary for forming RBC and producing steroid hormones. The composition of lipoprotein is
that it have a central hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids, primarily cholesterol esters and
triglycerides.

Question 2- What is dietary fibre, what is lipoprotein metabolism? how will dietary fibre impact
lipoprotein metabolism
Dietary fibre refers with the edible parts of analogous and plants carbohydrates that are
being resistant to absorption and digestion to small intestines of humans with partial and
complete fragmentation in the intestines which are large. The terminology includes lignin,
saccharides, polysaccharides and various other substances which are being associated with it. It
is being also termed as roughage which is the portion of plant derived food that does not leads
with broking completely by digestive enzymes of individuals and humans. It is the part of plant
based food that passes by the digestive system without being digested and even breaking down
of the same ( Makki, 2018).
There are two types of dietary fibre that is
Soluble fibre- It include gums, pectins and mucilage that is found in cells.
Insoluble fibre – they are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin
Lipoprotein metabolism is being termed as degradation and synthesis of lipids in cells
which involves the breakdown and storage of fats related with energy and the synthesis of
functional and structural lipids which are involved in the construction and creation of membranes
of cell. It is being obtained from food and are being synthesized through liver. It is the process by
which hydrophobic lipids, namely cholesterol, triglycerides are being transported within the
plasma and fluid which is being interstitial. It is being often considered as absorption and
digestion process of fat dietary where there are two sources of fats used by organisms to obtain
the energy which is from stored fats and consumed dietary fats.
The dietary fats is being related as when it increases it may contribute with non
pharmacological ways to improve with metabolism that is carbohydrate. It is being known that
dietary Fibre can result in low blood lipid level where it is less certain, however, eating foods
with soluble fibre will further lower lipid when the intake of fat which is being saturated and
cholesterol which has already reduced to very low level resulting in uncertain body orders
(Soliman, 2019).
The metabolism of lipoprotein is described as below :
Exogenous lipid transport pathway - lipoproteins involved in the transport of exogenous (dietary)
lipids from the intestine to the lymphatic system into the circulation through the exogenous lipid
metabolism pathway.

Endogenous lipid transport pathway- the same process of CM, apo C and apo E are acquired
from HDL where apo C activates LPL that catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG in VLDL producing
FFA that are taken up by the muscles for energy production or stored in the adipose tissues.
Reverse cholesterol transport pathway- It involves mobilization of cholesterol from the plasma
membranes of cells along the arterial walls and the delivery of the cholesterol to the liver in the
form of cholesterol esters and reducing cholesterol levels in the periphery
Lipoprotein impact on coronary heart disease
There has been a high relationship between lipoprotein and CVD and CHD risk. It can be
found that patient having low HDL is high risk factor to control. In study it is found that risk for
CAD increases sharply as HDL levels fall progressively below 40 mg/dL in HDL, risk for CAD
increased 13%. (Simonsen,, 2017) Many clinicians believe that low HDL is associated with
increased CAD risk because it is a marker for hypertriglyceridemia and elevated remnant particle
concentrations. However, demonstrated that the increased risk associated with low HDL is
independent of serum triglyceride levels. Basically, low and high lipoprotein result in increasing
cholesterol level. Thus, it is a high risk factor in rise in level of HDL cholesterol level. This is
highly associated with rise in CAD.
It is found that lipoprotein develop atherosclerosis, forming of fatty plaques. Hence, it
results in stroke in heart due to blocking of arteries. It promote arterial inflammation and forming
of foam cells. The cells get attached to atherosclerotic plaque. It is analysed that cholesterol level
decreases due to eating of fibre. There are certain evidence in which it is found that fibre lower
level of cholesterol. Thus, it results in reducing density of lipoprotein that is cholesterol. These
are some risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The overall decrease in cholesterol is attribute in
reducing LDL cholesterol. It is because high density lipoprotein and triglycerides does not show
same effect in it.
When we eat fiber, what happens to lipoprotein?
Lipoproteins are the molecules which help in the transportation of the plasma lipids
which is why it is considered as the lipid transport molecules. There is an effect of high fibre
intake on cholesterol through estradiol. This was observed that the cholesterol level decreased.
The direct effects were more than the overall effects, which states that the estradiol intervene the
effect of fibre on the lipoprotein. This was also observed through many trials that the diet
containing high-fibre have minimized the effects among the premenopausal women. The fibre in

the diet helped in lowering the cholesterol levels along with the effect which operates through
the estradiol.
The fibre intake in the diet helps in reducing the cholesterol and the lipoprotein
cholesterol of low density which are considered as the common risk factors for the
cardiovascular diseases (Holme and et.al., 2020). This decrease in the cholesterol leads to
minimizing the LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol but similar effects were not shown
in high density lipoprotein (HDL) which is known as HDL. This was also evaluated that women
which intakes normal fibre in their diet and who meets the estimated percentage requirements of
fibre did not observe the lowered lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This is why, it is said that people
who intake high percentage of fibre levels in their diet can only lowers the lipoprotein
cholesterol levels and the people who intake average amount of protein just to fill the deficiency
do not face any reduction in the lipoprotein cholesterol levels (Bodhini and et.al., 2017). Also,
the fibre intake in the diet can help in diminishing the effects in the premenopausal women as
they have high estradiol levels. The main effects of high fibre diets are observed in the pre and
post menopausal women because they have endogenous estradiol which helps in mediating the
effects.
How will eating lipoprotein affect blood lipids.
Lipids are fats in blood cells. It join protein in blood that form lipoprotein. They make
energy for body (Boren and Nordestgaard, 2020). There are 3 types of lipoprotein that are HDL,
LDL, VLDL. There is great affect of lipoprotein on blood lipids. When eating junk and spicy
food it results in increasing cholesterol level in person. This is because it release fluid which
effect on dietary and nutrition level. It account for saturated cholesterol level in body. The
energy is transferred which result in CDV risk. The replacement of saturated fat with MUFA was
associated with decreases in TC and LDL-C. Although these effects may be of a lesser
magnitude than those associated with PUFA, they were of a similar magnitude to those
associated with carbohydrate. When eating junk food it results in rise in cholesterol level.
Besides, when low density of protein and HDLC contribute in rise in cholesterol. But when
exercise is done then it led to decrease in drug therapy and dosage. Thus, weight loss is observed
in it by which blood lipids protein dilute and it allows in maintaining balance of blood lipid. The
eating lipoprotein is being related as when it increases it may contribute with non
pharmacological ways to improve with metabolism that is carbohydrate. It is analysed that blood

lipids are found in blood due to high fat food eating. But this can be also caused by other
problem such as diabetes, kidney disease, stress, etc. The main role is of lipoprotein in blood
lipids.
How will eating impact coronary heart disease and liver , intestine , adipose and muscle tissue
There is a great impact of eating on many parts of body. This is because eating fibre
results in rising cholesterol level. So, impact of eating is as
CAD- there is impact on eating on CAD as eating more fibre will result in increasing obesity,
high BP, diabetes and high fat. This results in rise in heart disease as high level cholesterol by
which person can suffer a heart attack (Holmes, and Walters, 2018).
Liver- It is also impacted due to eating as excess easting may it hard for liver to do its job. There
be cause of scarring of liver that is known as cirrhosis. Due to it, liver lack ability to store
glycogen for energy. Hence, it leads to creating imbalance in maintaining glucose level in body.
Intestine- The intestine is affected as it makes it complicated in digestion of food. The bacteria is
produced that prevent intestine to perform its function.
Adipose- As there is limit for lipid storage in adipocytes, adipocyte hypertrophy is followed by
hyperplasia, or leakage of lipids to other tissue. So, eating impact on it as dopamine release
increases in it which damage liver.
Muscle tissue – the muscle is also impacted in negative way due to eating. So, there is need to
maintain balance between protein and calories. It means that eating lot of protein build more
muscle but eating junk food will result in gaining fat of muscle. Hence, it will be difficult to
work out with muscle (Holmes, and Walters, 2018).
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that dietary fibre function is to maintain balance between cholesterol
and fat level in body by producing of blood glucose. Also, dietary fibre refers with the edible
parts of analogous and plants carbohydrates that are being resistant to absorption and digestion to
small intestines of humans with partial and complete fragmentation in the intestines which are
large. Lipoprotein impact on CVD as having low HDL is high risk factor to control it. When
food is eaten then lipoproteins transport of plasma lipids. When eating junk and spicy food it
results in increasing cholesterol level in person. This is because it release fluid which effect on
dietary and nutrition level.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bodhini, D. and et.al., 2017. Interaction between TCF7L2 polymorphism and dietary fat intake
on high density lipoprotein cholesterol. PLoS One. 12(11). p.e0188382.
Boren, J., and Nordestgaard, B.G., 2020. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a
consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus
Panel. European heart journal, 41(24), pp.2313-2330.
Holme, S.A. and et.al., 2020. Effects of particulate matter on atherosclerosis: a link via high-
density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality?. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 17(1). pp.1-12.
Holmes, M.V. and Walters, R.G., 2018. Lipids, lipoproteins, and metabolites and risk of
myocardial infarction and stroke. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(6),
pp.620-632.
Makki, K and et.al., 2018. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and
disease. Cell host & microbe.23(6). pp.705-715.
Simonsen, J.B., 2017. What are we looking at? Extracellular vesicles, lipoproteins, or
both?. Circulation research, 121(8), pp.920-922.
Soliman, G.A., 2019. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients.11(5).
Wang, Y. and Xu, D., 2017. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids in
health and disease, 16(1), pp.1-8.
Wu, M., Chen, C. and Huang, T.J., 2019. Separating extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins via
acoustofluidics. Lab on a Chip, 19(7), pp.1174-1182.