Analyzing the Impact of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination on Children

This report delves into the significant impact of racial and ethnic discrimination on the development of children from minority groups. It begins by outlining the general background of the study, rationale, research questions, and problem statement, emphasizing the significance of the research and the organization of the proposal. A comprehensive literature review explores previous research, identifies gaps, and compares past and present studies, particularly focusing on the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child health. The methodology section details the research onion, philosophy, design, approach, data collection, sampling, and analysis techniques, along with ethical considerations, limitations, and a timeline. Anticipated findings are presented, highlighting the expected outcomes and implications of the research. The report emphasizes the importance of addressing racial discrimination to promote healthy development and well-being among minority children, with smoking during pregnancy identified as a critical factor contributing to health disparities and obesity. The research aims to inform interventions and policies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of discrimination and improving the lives of children from marginalized communities.

IMPACT OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION ON
DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN OF MINORITY GROUPS

Table of Contents
1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
1.1 General background of the study...............................................................................................4
1.2 Rationale of the Research..........................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Questions....................................................................................................................5
1.4 Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................6
1.5 Significance of the research.......................................................................................................6
1.6 Organization of the proposal form.............................................................................................6
Summary..........................................................................................................................................6
2: Literature Review........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Previous research work..............................................................................................................7
2.3 Gaps in previous research work.................................................................................................7
2.4 Comparison between previous and present research work........................................................7
2.5 Reasons for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy........................................9
2.6 Ill effects from smoking towards the child’s health during pregnancy...................................11
2.7 The prevention measures of smoking......................................................................................12
2.8 The roles of the parents for the protection of their child's health............................................13
2.9 When and how the smoking has created impact on the children.............................................14
2.10 The willing processes for stopping the smoke habit during the pregnancy period...............16
2.11 Conceptual Framework..........................................................................................................17
2.12 Summary................................................................................................................................17
3: Methodology..............................................................................................................................18
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................18
3.2 research onion..........................................................................................................................18
3.3 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................19
3.4 Research Design......................................................................................................................19
3.5 Research Approach..................................................................................................................20
3.6 Data Collection Methods.........................................................................................................20
3.7 Sampling Techniques...............................................................................................................21
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques.......................................................................................................22

3.9 Ethical Considerations.............................................................................................................22
3.10 Research Limitations.............................................................................................................22
3.11 Research Timeline.................................................................................................................23
3.12 Summary................................................................................................................................24
4: Anticipated Findings..................................................................................................................24
Reference list.................................................................................................................................25

1: Introduction
There is racial discrimination which does persist and affect the changing life along with
the daily life that is for minorities of race within the various regions of the world. Along with the
persistence of the racial discrimination, there are developments of various racial aspects in the
world. The racial and ethnic discriminations are very early days and decades which are not
granted by the people who are major in the various regions of the world. The minorities do not
enjoy most of the facility and are considered to be the ill-treated people of the world. The various
country has different minority group which is continuously fighting to receive the every kind of
rights which would not differentiate them from all other common people in their country. The
discrimination among the race is creating the impact on the children who are from the minority
group. Their complete developments are not established and they do not enjoy every kind of
facility and are treated as the backward people within the general people group.
In addition to this, it can be said that discrimination is considered as one of key issue
which might affect the overall outcome. By having an application of key measures the
government authorities are looking forward to control the discrimination. It has been noticed in
previous studies that the development of discrimination activities must be controlled from the
initial level so it is significant for UK authorities to ensure that children’s are also well aware of
such values. Current study also provides an information about the fact that the inequalities which
do exist in the globe are in the ethnic patterning of the health of the children and their
development within the various outcomes of minority group ethics.
Recent research has indicated of the fact that the inequalities which do exist in the globe
are in the ethnic patterning of the health of the children and their development within the various
outcomes of minority group ethics. Smoking is an ill effect creating elements for the women
especially to those women who smoke during their pregnancies. Tobacco smoking not only
creates cancer to lungs however also create various health hazards which comprise of heart
disease and miscarriage to the child for the pregnant women. The child also gets suffer from the
smoking while they are in the mother's womb with the toxic substance of tobacco. The child may
get birth with certain dysfunction or disorder or even come out to earth in dead condition. Hence
the study would help the elaborated knowledge on these facts and the preventive measures are to
discuss in the later portion of it. There are various responsibilities of the parents for the

protection of child’s health and the right of child’s equality must be accessed by them. The study
would be helpful to gain the prevention measures for such smoking practice done by the women
along with various family responsibility towards the child who is about to take birth.
1.1 General background of the study
The racism is one of the curses in the present and modern world. Every human being must get
the full support and enjoy equality and must not be treated as the minors. They must get the right
to act and get every service which all other people in the country are enjoying. The children are
not able to establish themselves as well as they are not getting full and better development. Even
there are certain faults from the family member who are belonging to the minority group. The
family members of the minority group are practicing certain things which are observed by their
children and they are on the way to tend the act which their elders are performing. There are
various things which the minority group people perform in from of their children such as
smoking and drinking alcohols. The first and foremost thing they practice is the smoking. The
mothers are also involved in such practice even at the time of pregnancy. The young mothers or
the women who are pregnant are likely to smoke very much according to some research in the
past. Every six pregnant women out often do smoke in their pregnancies and the results are very
harsh. Despite the fact that the smokings are dangerous for them and the upcoming child they are
prone to have to smoke in their life.
1.2 Rationale of the Research
Research Aim
The aim of the research is to detect the reason for which the young women and mothers in their
pregnancies smoke. The effect from this would be the obesity to the health of their children from
their birth. Young mothers at the last stage of pregnancy also smoke and the effect is very bad.
This is to analyze the reason and the effect of it towards the children must be shown to the
people of the world so that there would be the reduction in the practice and the health of the
children as well as the mother be safe. The obesity to the children is increasing every year and is
likely to be around 70 percent in the year 2020. The main reason for the children obesity is due
to the smoking by their mothers during their pregnancy times.

1.3 Research Questions
1) Why interested in this research?
2) What is the issue?
3) What is the reason for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy?
4) What are the prevention measures?
5) What are the roles for the parents for the protection of their child’s health?
6) When and how the smoking has created the impact on the children?
7) What are the willing processes for stopping the smoke habit during the pregnancy period?
1.4 Problem Statement
The smoking causes the health hazard and the same are the children who are about to take birth.
The children whose mothers are in the habit of smoking during their pregnancy are prone to have
obesity.
1.5 Significance of the research
The research would help to know about the ill effect of smoking on the children health and
society. The prevention measures of the issue are may be identified. The role of their family
member, as well as the parents, are can be detected from the research which would allow
preventing smoking at the pregnancy time and protecting the health of their children.
1.6 Organization of the proposal form
1: INTRODUCTION
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
3: METHODOLOGY
4: ANTICIPATED FINDINGS

Figure 1: Proposal Structure
(Source: Made by Self)
Summary
The whole research would be helpful to gain the access to the ill effect of smoking over the
children due to smoking by their mother at the stage of pregnancy. The prevention measure can
be obtained from the research and the role of parents can be identified with it.
2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The whole literature review would be helpful for the readers and the people from all over the
world about the ill effect of smoking. The effect of smoking are can be discussed due to which
the young mothers are prone to have smoking practice in their life. According to Greenfield and
Cocking (2014), the minority people are discriminated and they are not having complete right to
have safe and protected health life. They are not enjoying the similar health protection as the
common people are enjoying. The young mothers at the pregnancy do smoke and the effects are
over their children which cause obesity. The study would help the people to understand the ill
effect from such practice and the prevention measures of it. The discrimination of race is the
offenses which are overlooked by the law of various countries such as the United Kingdom.
2.2 Previous research work
There are various research made on the similar topic and are quite successful in detecting the
problems and the prevention measures. However, till now, the complete awareness is not
generated from those previous works hence the current research work would likely to helpful for
further knowledge (Priest et al. 2014). This would be better for the people who are discriminated
due to their race. As there were certain gaps in the previous research works on the topic the
current research would be essential for the government and the society to not create
discrimination for the minorities and would help the minorities to receive their every right which
would be better for their health safety and social life.

2.3 Gaps in previous research work
Previous research works are able to create awareness of the fact on this topic however they are
failed to create complete impact over the common people who are the responsible for the
discrimination against the minorities. The mothers are still not aware of the ill effect of smoking
and the same has failed to create the effect on them by the previous research works.
2.4 Comparison between previous and present research work
Early studies on the topic are good however, they lack to some information which would be
effective for the young mothers as well as the children. The early study could not create impact
over the parents who are close to their children and are responsible for the health and society for
their children. Hence the present study are to be done which can create the impact that would
create the positive impact over the mind of the parents as well as the government who can take
care of the every right that should be enjoyed by the minority group people and can betterment to
the children health as well as the society. The present study would be helpful to generate the
knowledge about the responsibility of the parents towards their children who are supposed to
have the better health condition (Umaña‐Taylor et al. 2014). The present study would be able to
create awareness to the government as well as various health care organization and health care
society to work after the fact and can help to sort out the issues which are creating impact over
the health of children. The reasons for obesity due to mother’s smoking habit at the pregnancy
stage are the ill effect creating matter and this should be understood by the health care
organization and to the mothers along with the parents. The present research work on the topic
would make understand the adverse effect of discrimination among the race and the rights to
equality for the minority people. The children are affected with the reason of discrimination due
to an indirect effect of discrimination from the society. According to Schmitt et al. (2014), this
fact is to be checked by the government as well as the health care organization so that the
children can enjoy the equal right and gain better health from the society as well as from the
parents. The parents are to play the important role for their children's health and equal right.
Children must also have health in better condition. Obesity is the problem creating matter for the
children at the initial stages of their life and hence the present study on this topic would be
helpful to gain better access to the children health and would make sure to provide them with
better society and the health at the same time without any kind of discrimination. Discrimination

does not allow to access every kind of right since the society does not allow the discriminated
people to have every right in equal state and hence various things are missed by the
discriminated people which were supposed to enjoy and can provide their children with better
lifestyles (Brittian et al. 2015). The present research would be able to provide the information on
why the young mothers tend to smoke during their pregnancies. This would also provide the fact
about the prevention measures of the mothers smoking at this stage of pregnancy. When as well
as why the children are affected due to the mother’s smoking are also elaborated in this present
study. The various roles of parents towards the protection of their child’s health are to be
discussed in this particular study. This study finally elaborates the willing procedures for the
prevention of the smoking habit during the period of pregnancy. Hence as a whole, the present
study would help every people to detect the discrimination and its effect on the health and
society for the minority people which was not possible in the previous studies done on the
similar kind of topics (Rivas‐Drake et al. 2014).
2.5 Reasons for which the mothers are smoking during their pregnancy
Most of the people do know the smoking do cause cancer and heart disease along with certain
major issues in health. However, this practice during the pregnancy does cause some additional
health problems. These additional problem are consists of premature birth, defective birth to the
babies as well as the death of the infant.
Young women have various practices which include alcoholic drinking and smoking tobacco
(Simpson and Yinger, 2013). They are in this practice due to their social aspects however certain
kind of women do this due to some anxiety and requirement of some habits. The higher class
women get this habit from their lifestyles in the higher society from their friends. Various
women are prone to smoke for their fantasies. However many women smoke to remove stress
according to some smokers who smoke a lot in their daily life. Smoking has many adverse
effects on the heath as well society. Despite this fact many smoke the tobacco knowing the ill
effect of smoking. They are not able to stop this practice and make this a habit with greater
intention to make this a requirement in life. Seaton et al. (2014) stated that various awareness
programs are there to stop the smoking practice, however, the people are able to stop this activity
from their daily life.

The discrimination for the minorities is one of the main issues for which the people are not able
to stop this habit. Discrimination creates difference among the various people. This may be due
to caste, creed, and race. The people with minority are also within the discrimination and they
think are the different people living in the same place, however, are not able to enjoy every kind
of rights and equality from the government as well as the society.
In the United Kingdom, the smoking tobacco is in certain limitation of government permission.
In early days the age limit from which any person can consume tobacco is at the age of sixteen
years however this has been changed to eighteen years (Bostwick et al. 2014). This can be done
not in any public place where various kinds of people gather. There are laws to provide
punishment to the people who sells the tobacco to the under aged people either the same are
bought for personal use or for others. There are fine for such offense for the seller who sells the
tobacco to any minor people. There is National Health Service who is looking into this fact and
continuously working on this to prevent smoking by the people of United Kingdom. They are in
the way to make various awareness programs which indicate the ill effect of smoking and the
slogan to stop this practice.
The minority people are more prone to smoke due to their nature of society and work in daily
life. Seaton and Douglass, 2014 stated that the women also get influence from their society and
the people around them. They are in actual habit to smoke which are not discouraged by their
family members as well. Mostly young women start smoking due to social influence and for their
fantasies. Later these fantasies become the habit which is not easily stopped by the smokers. This
causes various ill effects on their personal health as well as the people around them. The young
woman with smoking habit does smoke tobacco during their period of pregnancy as well. This is
only due to their personal habits which cannot be easily stopped. There are various health
societies who are continuously working on this matter to stop however the people of the minority
group are not able to access the same due to certain discrimination (Rivas‐Drake et al. 2014).
The discriminated people are not able to access various rights for their welfare and the same also
for the smoking habits. The people are not in safe feeling to have the rights of every kind which
are enjoyed by the common people of the country. Hence the awareness programs are not
attended by the discriminated people.

The women of the minority group are under the influence of their surroundings which provoke
them to smoke and no one does stop their practice of smoking and does not make them aware of
the ill effects from this practice. Smoking not only causes cancer however it also causes heart
disease along with very bad effect for the women. The smoking of tobacco can make the women
experience the adverse effect for giving birth to their own babies. Spencer (2013) stated that the
babies also get affected from their mother's smoking habit from within the womb of the mother.
The toxic substance present within tobacco does create the adverse effect on the health of an
infant. The child can bear with certain health disorder and also can bear dead from the effect of
tobacco which was consumed by their mother while the child was in the womb. There is also the
risk of getting miscarriage of the child who had the habit of smoking tobacco. The minority
women do not participate the various activities which are done with the common people. Hence
they are the lack of awareness programs which were conducted by the government as well as the
healthcare societies. The activities done within the minorities are also not detected by the
government and hence the practices done among them are not prevented. Most of the tobacco
sellers’ are prone to make their business without the concern on the fact of the ill effect of
tobacco (Suizzo et al. 2014). They sell tobacco to every customer who does visit them to have
them. Hence the tobaccos are easily reached to the minority women and are consumed by them
easily without any barrier. The family member also does not prevent the women from smoking
nor do they make any awareness to the women who are pregnant. Around ten percent of pregnant
women had stated that they smoke during their last three months of pregnancy. Among the
women who used to smoke during the last three months of pregnancy, fifty-five percent does quit
the same during pregnancy and again stars the same after six months of child’s birth (Hughes et
al. 2015). Hence most of the women who are under influence of society where the practice of
smoking takes place and the women of the minority who are discriminated are more prone to
smoke tobacco.
2.6 Ill effects from smoking towards the child’s health during pregnancy
Most people do know that smoking cause cancer, various health problems, and heart disease.
However, the smoking also creates the certain health issue for the women as well the child when
practiced such thing during pregnancies. According to Bagci et al. (2014), there may be the
miscarriage of the baby, premature birth of the child, various birth defects as well as death to the

child. Smoking creates this harder to get pregnant for any women who are in this ill practice.
Smoking does create the problem with placenta which is the only source of baby’s foods as well
oxygen during pregnancy. The placenta may be separated from the women’s womb at early
stages of pregnancy which are the bleeding factors and are dangerous for both baby and the
mother. Smoking also creates risk factors which are sudden death syndrome for the infant. The
children who are born from the smoking women are with certain defects such as cleft palate and
cleft lip. Hence there should be the prevention to the practice of tobacco smoking by the women
as well as the people with certain habits. Another ill effect of tobacco smoking by parent or
mother is, the children would get learn to smoke from them and would practice them in secret
which is very dangerous with choking hazard and the get affected from tobacco at the early stage
of life (Tran, 2014). The learning of smoking would be curious at the start, however, this would
get the habit to them and smoke the tobacco on the regular basis.
The prevention of smoking would make the baby obtain more oxygen from the placenta which
is only one day after quitting smoking. There would be less risk to get the early birth of the
babies. There would be the reduction of the sudden death of the babies and the baby would come
to home from the hospital after birth. There would be less cancer disease, heart-related disease,
lung cancer, stroke and chronic lung cancer. This would be helpful to lead the life without such
disease for the longer time and enjoy every kind of enjoyment from life. According to Romero et
al. (2014), there would be less lung related issues which might be caused by tobacco smoking.
The people would live longer and know the grandchildren. People would breathe better with ease
and feel more energetic and perform daily activities easily with less physical effort. Heart disease
would not there. Food would taste better. The foul smell of tobacco smoke would not be there in
clothes and homes. Money can be saved and spent on other required expenses. This would make
feel better and happy as this is done for self and for the child as well. The cigarette is legal and is
the poison that not only damages the health of the mother, however, the unborn child as well.
During the pregnancy, the smoking does increase the risks of cardiovascular disease,
hypertension and disease of kidney, pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disease, BMI as well as
obesity, alteration in the neurology and psychological behavior and addiction towards the
smoking.