Disease and Body Defence: Risk Factors, Control, and Antibiotics

This presentation provides a detailed overview of different categories of diseases, including infectious, non-infectious, deficiency, genetic, non-genetic, physiological, and autoimmune diseases, along with examples for each. It explores the role of pathogens, their transmission routes, and the worldwide significance of infectious diseases. Focusing on tuberculosis as a bacterial disease, the presentation examines the body's defense mechanisms, including immune responses. It further discusses risk factors contributing to the spread of the disease, control methods like vaccination, and the use of antibiotics as treatment, including their mode of action, advantages, and disadvantages. The presentation references relevant research to support its findings.

DISEASE
AND BODY
DEFENCE

DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF DISEASE
1. Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis, Pneumonia
and Syphilis)
2. Non-infectious Disease (Cancer, Heart disease
and Diabetes)
3. Deficiency Disease (Beri-Beri, Scurvy, Anemia)
4. Genetic disease (Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sach
Disease)
5. Non-genetic disease (Autism, ADHD, Dementia)
6. Physiological Disease (Asthma, Glaucoma)
7. Auto Immune Diseases (Addison Disease,
Systemic Lupus Erythematous) (Ma et al.
2015).

ROLE OF PATHOGEN AND
ITS TRANSMISSON
• The organism which is known to cause
disease in organism is called pathogen.
• It can be bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite or
protozoa
• The infectious disease is transferred by
the these pathogen by any form of media.
• The infectious can be spread by coming in
contact of infected person, or through air,
soil, water and even vector (Leggett et al.
2017)

TRANSMISSION
• Bacterial infection can be transmitted by sneezing, water
droplet or use of infected person’s goods and direct contact.
• Fungal disease can be transmitted by the fomites, direct
contact or aerosol.
• Virus infection is also transferred though direct contact or
vector which carries virus causing disease (Leggett et al.
2017).
• Parasite and protozoa infection often spread through
contaminated water, soil or food and action of vector.

WORLDWIDE IMPORTANCE OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious disease is becoming the major cause of
death world-wide.
It is easily transferred to one person to other be mean
of medium such as air, water, vector or direct contact.
More than 3000 infectious disease have been reported
which has given new insight towards research.
Some of the infectious disease has led to finding of
new gene and drugs.
Infectious disease have caused to find new treatment
and medication which has been proved to be effective
for other disease. Example broad spectrum antibiotic
(Johnson, De Roode and Fenton 2015).

TUBERCULOSIS: BODY DEFENCE
• Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis effecting million of people.
• The infection affects the lungs of person and attacks macrophage cell.
In response to it, interleukin a immunity protein is released and act as
first line of defence. It kills the bacteria by phagocytosis.
• It also release type 1 interferon which defend the body from other
virus infection.
• Body prepare antibody as action of humeral immunity against the
bacteria and limits its multiplication (Shaikh et al. 2015).

TUBERCULOSIS: RISK OF
SPREADING• Tuberculosis can be spread by the airborne particle carrying TB
bacteria through sneezing, coughing, air, direct contact and using
infected items.
• The factors which increase the risk of spreading are
• Low immunity of people
• Diabetes mellitus
• Low body weight
• Living around infected people
• Migration of infected persons
• People who have poor sanitation (Ogaro 2018).

TUBERCULOSIS: CONTROL
MEASUREIn order to reduce the risk of spreading
following measure can be taken:
• Giving BCG vaccination to the healthy
individual as well as infected one.
• Giving effective medication to the
infected person
• Keep the infected person in separate
isolated ward from common area.
• People coming from different
countries should show medical fitness
certificate (Khazaei et al. 2018).

ANTIBIOTIC- MEAN OF
TREATMENTMODE OF ACTION
• The antibiotic work by limiting the growth of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting
synthesis of its cell wall.
• Antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis, nucleic
acid synthesis and does not allow the cell
division (Tacconelli et al. 2018).
• It kills the bacteria therefore spreading can be
limited.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF USE OF
ANTIBIOTICADVANTAGES-
• It gives faster recovery against the infection.
• It limits the spreading of the infections.
DISADVANTAGES –
• It has many side effects like vomiting and
diarrhea
• If not taken in right amount, can lead to
emergence of resistant bacteria
• It can kills the healthy bacteria of the body
(Tacconelli et al. 2018).

REFERENCE
• Johnson, P.T., De Roode, J.C. and Fenton, A., 2015. Why infectious disease research needs community
ecology. Science, 349(6252), p.1259504.
• Khazaei, S., Nematollahi, S., Zahiri, A., Mohamadian-Hafshejani, A. and Salehiniya, H., 2018. Secondary attack
rate (SAR) of tuberculosis in Hamedan province, 2005-2013. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 13(5).
• Leggett, H.C., Cornwallis, C.K., Buckling, A. and West, S.A., 2017. Growth rate, transmission mode and
virulence in human pathogens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences, 372(1719), p.20160094.
• Ma, M., Ru, Y., Chuang, L.S., Hsu, N.Y., Shi, L.S., Hakenberg, J., Cheng, W.Y., Uzilov, A., Ding, W., Glicksberg, B.S.
and Chen, R., 2015. Disease-associated variants in different categories of disease located in distinct regulatory
elements. BMC genomics, 16(8), p.S3.
• Ogaro, T.D., 2018. Diagnosis, Strain Patterns of Drug Resistant Tuberclosis and Associated Risks Factors in
Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT).
• Shaikh, S.R., Haas, K.M., Beck, M.A. and Teague, H., 2015. The effects of diet‐induced obesity on B cell
function. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 179(1), pp.90-99.
• Tacconelli, E., Carrara, E., Savoldi, A., Harbarth, S., Mendelson, M., Monnet, D.L., Pulcini, C., Kahlmeter, G.,
Kluytmans, J., Carmeli, Y. and Ouellette, M., 2018. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the
WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(3),
pp.318-327.

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