University Dissertation Progress Report: Rolling Machine Lubrication

This dissertation progress report focuses on the critical issue of lubrication in high-temperature rolling machines. The report begins by defining the problem: the extreme wear, tear, and frictional erosion experienced by rolling machines, particularly in the context of solid-state and semi-solid-state metal and non-metal reshaping processes. It highlights the challenges associated with conventional lubricants, including their limited distribution and the resulting inefficiencies, as well as the impact of high temperatures on machine performance and material quality. The research aims to identify the most efficient lubricant components, analyzing oil, water emulsions, and titanium oxide-based emulsions to enhance production quality and machine durability. Objectives include understanding the physical and chemical properties of each lubricant type and determining the best combinations to reduce wear, friction, and improve surface finish. The scope encompasses literature review and real-time data analysis, focusing on vertical and horizontal rolling systems, with a focus on cost-effectiveness and operational efficiency. The report also includes an extensive literature review that explores the causes of friction, the structure of the roller surface, and the limitations of existing lubrication methods. The ultimate goal is to improve the efficiency and longevity of rolling machines through innovative lubrication solutions.

Running head: DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
Dissertation Progress Report
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Clear problem definition
Rolling machine is widely used equipment in modern industry where solid state as
well as semi solid state metals and non-metals are forcefully reshaped. Therefore on the
exterior surface of the rolling machine receives the maximum pressure both from counterpart
and the rolled materials (Armstrong-Helouvry 2012). Therefore the layer of friction usually
works in two separate segments namely upper roll and rolling material, rolling material and
lower roll. Both of this friction plane the resultant wear, tear and frictional erosion usually
happens in extreme level. Apart from that, in high temperature rolling machine this friction
causes additional heat and temperature increase that also regulates the operational efficiency
and durability of the production material. Similarly, the material quality of rolling machine is
also decreased along with its sustainability of exterior surface tension. Therefore, it causes
several cracks and microscopic holes in the rollers (Graney and Starry 2012). Rolling
machines are usually made with non-elastic alloy to increase its survival capacity and
durability in continuous and extreme fluctuation of surface temperature. However, this
material has specific maximum capacity for having sustainable expansion and contraction.
After crossing that specific threshold limit the roller material usually gains extreme tear and
wear and even visible cracks on the exterior surface.
In this situation the effective utilisation of lubricant materials is highly beneficial for
the machine as well as for the product components. Throughout the decade many lubricants
are usually used to decrease the frictional erosion on the exterior surface of the rolling
machine (Zhu et al. 2013). However, all of these lubrication are highly elastic will having
lower ability to be distributed over the operational surface. Therefore to increase the
efficiency it requires additional maintenance and repeated oiling in the operating rollers and
internal gears. This repeated oiling process increases the cauterisation process of this

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lubricant. The cauterisation causes non-homogeneous distribution of emulsion and frictional
misbalance. Therefore, the functionality and the produced material quality are decreased
significantly. In order to solve this current problem the conventional lubrication methods
have to be analysed (Neto, Pimenta and Wriggers 2014). Along with that, the optimum
requirement for more cost effective lubrication process has to be identified. At the same time
the production and maintenance efficiency are also highly dependent on the expense for the
lubrication process in any mechanical industry. The thermodynamical disadvantage causes
additional power loss that also increases the operational cost of this rolling machine.
The lubrication problem is more noticeable in the vertical roller or rolling machines.
These types of rolling machines are mainly used in a paper production, metal sheet
production industry. In this mechanical process the major disadvantage is gravitational pull
that increase the lubricant concentration in the lower edge of the roller. On the other hand, the
upper end of this vertical roller easily releases the lubrication material from the outer surface
due to gravitational pull. This unequal distribution also causes operational anomaly. The
rolling material usually puss through the lower part of the roll more easily than the upper part
of the rolling machine (Rovira et al. 2012). This operational dilemma affects the overall
productivity of the machine significantly. Therefore, besides the ineffective frictional issue an
ideal lubricant should also have the efficient Ven Der Walls force to remain attached with the
initial surface of distribution.
Refined aims, objectives and scope
Aims
The aim of this research is to identify the most efficient components as a lubricant
material for high temperature rolling machine. Rolling machine needs this lubricant to

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improve the production quality and expanded durability. The aim of this research is to
analyse the conventional lubricants involving oil, water and other emulsions. Through this
examination the most potential way of developing effective lubrication elements can be
determined. Apart from that the research is also aimed to determine the most suitable
application field as well as the further evaluation procedure. The fact is, the more effective
the lubricant can be, the less amount of power the machine will take. Therefore, finding out
the thermodynamical benefits of the identified lubricant material or process is another
essential aim of this research.
Objectives
Keeping the aims of this research in mind, this research has several objectives as well. These
objectives will help to reach the potential success of the research work that helps to achieve
the research aims and goals. Aligned with the research goals the following objectives has
been made to be followed:
 To learn the physical chemical properties of Oil as a lubricant: It allows studying the
working principle of oil when it is used as lubricant in mechanical implementation.
Learning the physical and molecular mechanics of oil can help the research to gain
additional knowledge that can open new opportunity to achieve the aim f this project.
 To learn the physical chemical properties of water emulsion as lubricant: It helps to
study the physical and molecular mechanics of water molecule that helps to decrease the
friction and even the lower temperature. Understanding the mechanical and
thermodynamical advantage of water molecule in an emulsion can help to achieve the
goal of this project
 To learn the physical chemical properties of Titanium Oxide based emulsion as
lubricant: It allows studying the working principle of Titanium Oxide or TiO2 when it is

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used as lubricant in mechanical implementation. Learning the physical and nano-particles
mechanics of Titanium Oxide Nano-particles can help the research to gain additional
knowledge that can open new opportunity to achieve the aim f this project.
 To obtain the best lubricants that can reduce resultant wear and tear, friction and
also provides good surface finish for the hot rolling machines: After analysing the
physical and molecular mechanical properties of the core substances the working
principles that is needed for acting as a lubricant to resist tear and friction of the metallic
surface can be identified. It will also help to identify the most effective and cost efficient
process of lubrication in industrialised mechanical usage.
 To obtain the best combination of lubricants for Lubrication of Hot Rolling
Machine: Identifying the combinational properties of oil, water and Titanium Oxide as a
part of emulsion lubricant can help to analyse its thermodynamical efficiency as well. The
heated Rolling Machine needs a effective lubricant that can also help to release the heat
from the outer surface.
Scope
In this research both real time data analysis an literature review has been planned to
be conducted. The literature review has been done by analysing several critical research
journals where the work performance of lubricant in hot rolling machine has been measured.
The research process also ensured that the selected journals and research papers are not older
than 10 years. It allows the research process to be more valid and feasible in current
technological infrastructure of various industries. The purpose of this literature review is to
analyse the current dilemma in hot rolling machine usage that have been already identified in
various authentic research analysis.

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On the other hand the primary research allows the study to develop new updated
information collected from real time operational environment. It also helps to finding more
realistic and tangible date for this particular study of lubrication. The machine has been
selected as per their mechanical operation and operational structure. All of the selected
machines in this research either use the vertical rolling system or use horizontal rolling. It has
been also helped to analyse the impact of external force on the effectiveness of lubricants.
The measurement of cost and operational efficiency has been also enlisted as the major
parameters of the research outcomes.
However, this research has been limited to only on the lubrication system of the rolling
mechanics. The research data and secondary information do not project all the basic
utilisations of the lubrications especially in internal mechanical engineering. Similar to the
external surface of the rolling machine the internal gears and other revolving mechanical
parts also need effective lubrication procedure that also has huge impact on overall
operational const and productivity of the machine. For any further research the utilisation and
potential improvement of lubrication process and materials in internal mechanics of a
machine can be considered as the major focus of the research.
Literature Review
Introduction:
Literature review is one of the most essential part of a research work that holds the
importance and the values of the research work. In this literature review the documented data
and information have been analysed where the conventional use of lubrication and its
potential improvement has been analysed. Apart from that the scientific evidence from

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various industrial researches have been incorporated that reflects the solid states materials
and their chemical properties. The utilisation of this material as lubricant has been also
examined with appropriate data and findings. The chemical components and molecular
structure of oil, water and Titanium Oxide have been analysed in order to identify their utility
as lubricant. The research process also ensured that the selected journals and research papers
are not older than 10 years. The purpose of this secondary data collection is to analyse the
current dilemma in hot rolling machine usage that have been already identified in various
authentic research analysis.
Structure of the roller surface and the cause of extreme friction
In industrial work rolling machine is used mainly for the making the oil paint mixture,
metal and paper sheet. Apart from that in plastic industry the rolling machine is also a widely
used equipment that allow the workers to generate huge amount of pressure over both of the
flat side of the metal, paper or plastic plate. After analysing the industrial equipment usage
throughout the decades it can be said that Rolling Machine is widely used equipment in
modern industry where solid state as well as semi solid state metals and non-metals are
forcefully reshaped (Poll and Wang 2012). The basic working principle of the rolling
machine depends on the double sided forces that are generated by two cylindrical roller. Most
of this time this cylindrical rollers are made by special metallic alloy with higher density with
high pressure resisting capacity. The electric motor is used to generate enough power to
create a angular motion in these two cylinder around their own axis. When the metallic sheet
or the solid material are dragged through these two revolving cylinder the amount of pressure
produced in that machine creates enormous pressure to make the material flat and thin
(Sebald et al. 2014). Therefore, on the exterior surface of the rolling machine receives the
maximum pressure both from counterpart and the rolled materials.

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Therefore the layer of friction usually works in two separate segments namely upper
roll and rolling material, rolling material and lower roll. As a result both of this friction plane
the resultant wear, tear and frictional erosion usually happens in extreme level. Apart from
that, in high temperature rolling machine this friction causes 5 to 18% additional heat and
unstable temperature that also regulates the operational efficiency and durability of the
production material. Similarly, the material quality of rolling machine is also decreased along
with its sustainability of exterior surface tension (De Laurentis et al. 2016). Therefore, it
causes several cracks and microscopic holes in the rollers. Rolling machines are usually made
with non-elastic alloy to increase its survival capacity and durability in continuous and
extreme fluctuation of surface temperature. However, this material has specific maximum
capacity for having sustainable expansion and contraction. After crossing that specific
threshold limit the roller material usually gains extreme tear and wear and even visible cracks
on the exterior surface.
On the other hand, the lubricant material is used to reduce the molecular scattered
structure of the operational surface. The molecules of the lubricant material perfectly
distributes throughout the outer surface of the roller and its molecular gaps. Therefore, the
effective utilisation of lubricant materials is highly beneficial for the machine as well as for
the product components. Throughout the decade many lubricants are usually used to decrease
the frictional erosion on the exterior surface of the rolling machine (Askeland 2013).
However, all of these lubrication are highly elastic will having lower ability to be distributed
over the operational surface. Therefore to increase the efficiency it requires additional
maintenance and repeated oiling in the operating rollers and internal gears. This repeated
oiling process increases the cauterisation process of this lubricant. The cauterisation causes
non-homogeneous distribution of emulsion and frictional misbalance. Therefore, the
functionality and the produced material quality are decreased significantly.

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Conventional use of lubricant
In conventional industrial use mainly grease, mixture of oil and water, concentrated
fossil fuels and other low friction material are used. When the water based lubricant emulsion
is used, the exterior surface of roller loses heat 10 to 12 % more quickly than the other
lubricant (Biresaw 2016.). However, the major problem in the conventional utilisation of
lubricant is that generally lubricant produces more heat. Therefore in this current situation the
excessive heat generation can be considered as a major problem in conventional lubrication
procedure. Effective lubrication should need the friction reducing properties as well as the
heat releasing properties. It has been analysed that the overall performance of the Rolling
machine is significantly reduced when the conventional process of lubrication is implemented
(Lugt 2012). On the other hand, as per the thermodynamic phenomenon of the lubricant
material and The Rolling machine, this excess heat is generated by collecting additional
power supply from the main power source. Therefore the resultant power requirement to
execute The Rolling process usually increases significantly. the power required for this
additional Energy requirement is near about 5 to 10% of the actual power needs (Hashmi
2015). Similarly the excessive heat and the increased power requirement reduce the
operational efficiency of the conventional lubricant.
From the above discussion it is clear that the need of appropriate lubricant in
industrial use is significantly noticeable. The Molecules of conventional lubricant have the
properties to fill the intermolecular gap in the exterior surface material of the revolving roller.
Apart from that, the conventional lubrication procedure is efficient enough to reduce
operational corrosion, wiring and tiring. However the major advantage of this conventional
lubricant is these components can improve the productivity of the rolling machine by
eliminating the frictional anomaly of the exterior surface of the rolling cylinder (Martin
2014). Large number of alternative lubrications has been used to identify the most effective

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lubrication procedure for the machines of industrial usage. In spite of all these alternative
uses of lubricant emulsion and mixture the effective lubricant has not been identified or
developed that has both an anti-frictional property as well as quick temperature releasing
quality. Along with that, the optimum requirement for more cost effective lubrication process
has to be identified. At the same time the production and maintenance efficiency are also
highly dependent on the expense for the lubrication process in any mechanical industry. The
thermodynamical disadvantage causes additional power loss that also increases the
operational cost of this rolling machine (Stachowiak, 2015). Ordinary oils assume a vital part
in cutting grease and rigging oil. Be that as it may, this sort of added substances is unsuitable
in business application because of their impactful smell, poor warm dependability, and
extraordinary erosion. This has prompted the need of growing new sort of added substances
that can be utilized as a substitute.
Oil based lubricants and its working principles and usage
In the hot rolling machines, a blend oil and water is utilized as the effective lubricant,
fire retardant, and the coolant. The measure of oil presented in the rolling area is influenced
by its plate-out property which is the spreading of oil on the strips and moves, its emulsion
security, and wet capacity properties on metallic surfaces. The nano-particles can be all
around scattered in the base oil which shows no huge negative impacts on the counter
oxidation property. Sulfur mixture, nitrogen heterocycles and graphene subsidiaries were
integrated and utilized as added substances in this lubrication procedure (Wright 2011). The
tribological properties and consumption opposition of the bearing steel friction, couple in oil-
based lubricants are comparatively high. In view of the consequences of tribological tests and
the investigation of friction surfaces, different tribochemical instruments regulate the friction
forms, and the arrangement of a limit greasing up film.

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Usually, in these lubricant, the graphene oxide (GO) experienced asymmetrical
synthetic alteration with myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) to get adjusted
graphene oxide (MGO) (Ghalme, Mankar and Bhalerao 2013). This MGO was utilized as an
emulsifier and added substance in oil-in-water emulsion. The MGO extraordinarily enhanced
the soundness of base emulsion and diminished its bead estimate. Tribological test comes
about demonstrated that under the limit lubrication condition with MGO emulsion, the
friction coefficient (COF) and the wear rate of the steel ball diminished by around 18% and
48% individually in correlation with base emulsion lubrication (Rudnick 2017). The
tribological instruments of MGO emulsion use to be clarified by the solid film-framing
capacity on the metal surface, the high lubricity of its little beads, and the shaped adsorption
film, exchange film and tribofilm between the contact surfaces.
The graphene oxide (GO) was single and twofold sided changed with octadecylamine
(ODA) to get MGO1 and MGO2 separately. MGO1 and MGO2 were fused into the O/W
base emulsion to change the organization of the interface and the oil stage. It was discovered
that the tribological properties of MGO1-containing emulsion were superior to those of
MGO2-containing emulsion (Shahnazar, Bagheri and Hamid 2016). Synthetic structure
investigation of the well used surfaces proposes that MGO1 nanosheets may adsorb all the
more effortlessly onto the metal surface and respond better with metal surfaces to deliver C-
N-O-Fe-containing mixes than do MGO2 nanosheets, which implies MGO1 nanosheets are
all the more effectively engaged with the shear procedure that happens in the contact region.
Nanoindentation showed that there was a non-uniform gentler MGO1 tribofilm exhibit on the
metal substrate (Poll and Wang 2012). For O/W emulsion lubrication, if the beads can be
immediately adsorbed onto metal surface, shaping a sleek layer between the rubbing surfaces,
the COF will be decreased. On the off chance that combined with the arrangement of a
compelling adsorption film and tribofilm by added substances, the COF will be additionally

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decreased. For water-glycol lubrication, the distinctions in the tribological exhibitions are
expected essentially to the distinctions of the framed adsorption film and the tribofilm on the
rubbing surface, including the shaping speed, quality and thickness and the piece (Ahmadi et
al. 2013). These change with the added substances as well as with the working conditions.
Water based Lubricants and its working principles and usage
With respect to, the likelihood of presenting new ones, which are less unfavorable
towards condition, is contemplated in lab scale. This is improved the situation cold rolling ,
both of an Al-composite and a low carbon steel. The lubrication execution of such recently
created – water-based – synthetic lubricants is contrasted and at present utilized mineral oils
and emulsions. By utilizing the exploratory technique for "forward slip" estimations joined
with piece strategy figurings and FE-reenactments, friction coefficients are assessed for
various single pass diminishments (Zolfaghari et al. 2016). Lubricants bearing limit and the
item surface unpleasantness are additionally assessed. The outcomes are empowering. the
impact of the water stage on lubrication execution of O/W emulsion was looked into. For
that, two nitrogen-containing water-dissolvable added substances are incorporated and
utilized as an added substance in O/W emulsion. The friction tests comes about demonstrated
that the two water-dissolvable added substances may be more quickly adsorbed to the metal
surface than the emulsion beads could be "plated out" on the metal surface, along these lines
changing the friction-lessening and against wear execution of base emulsion (Mao et al.
2012). Likewise, it was discovered that the tribological properties of these two added
substances were connected to nitrogen content as well as to the useful gatherings shaped by
the nitrogen molecules.
The impacts of sulfur component and connected load on the tribological execution of
water-glycol liquid were considered. For that, two triazine subordinates, STB and STC were

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integrated and utilized as added substances in water-glycol base liquid (mass proportion 1:1)
(Cao et al. 2015). Water dissolvability tests demonstrated that STB and STC met the
solvency essential for a water-solvent added substance. The tribological tests utilizing a four-
ball tribometer demonstrated that STB and STC both enhanced incredibly the PB esteem,
hostile to wear and friction-lessening limits of the base liquid. In view of friction test results
and wear scar investigation, it was inferred that the distinctions in tribological exhibitions of
STB and STC tests were expected basically to the distinctions of the sulfur content and the
sulfur action in added substances. XPS found that STB-tribofilm primarily contained sulfate,
however STC tribofilm contained sulfide also (Dai et al. 2016).
A synthetic water-based ointment, utilized as a part of the cool rolling of an Al-
amalgam, demonstrated great lubrication capacity, superior to the mineral oil however more
terrible than the emulsion. The moved Al-strip complete was observed to be finest for the
synthetic ointment took after by the mineral oil and the emulsion. Comparable outcomes were
acquired from the steel rolling. Here four synthetic lubricants were contrasted and two
mineral oils and one emulsion (Carou, Rubio and Davim 2015). The best ointment was
observed to be one of the water-based synthetics, demonstrating the least estimation of the
friction coefficient and a smooth item surface. Most emulsions are made out of intrinsically
immiscible water (W) and oil (O), and they are grouped into two sorts: the O/W (oil in water
composes, in which oil beads are scattered in a constant water stage) and the W/O (water in
oil) (Wang et al. 2013). For instance, drain is an O/W write emulsion in which oil fat beads
(margarine) are scattered in water with the guide of casein (a kind of protein) emulsifier. It
creates the impression that drain and cream (an O/W write emulsion with moderately high oil
content) have for some time been utilized as lubricants. Normal dairy animals' drain was once
utilized as a cutting answer for the machining of Ti and other hard to-cut materials and as the
grease for some uncommon plastic working procedures. Be that as it may, common bovine's

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drain contains undesired constituents, making optional washing and waste arrangement
preparing essential. Hence common drain lubricants have now been supplanted by synthetic
emulsion lubricants (Clauss 2012). Indeed, even today, butterfat and other characteristic
organic oils are generally utilized as base oils for emulsions, while synthetic surface
activators are ordinarily utilized as emulsifier.
The impact of sub-atomic chain length, added substance fixation and sliding speed on
the tribological execution of water-glycol liquid was researched. For that, three novel
xanthate-containing water-solvent triazine subsidiaries, EXT, BXT and HXT, were combined
and utilized as added substances in water-glycol base liquid. It was discovered that the added
substance containing tests had no destructive impact on the cast iron and copper surface
inside 2.5 wt.% added substance (Ilie and Covaliu 2016). The tribological test comes about
utilizing a four-ball tribometer demonstrated that the three added substances incredibly
enhanced the PB esteem, friction-decreasing and against wear exhibitions of water-glycol.
XPS comes about demonstrated that the added substances had responded with the contact
metal surfaces and framed complex tribofilms made out of iron oxide, press sulfide and iron
sulfate, which may add to the lessening of friction coefficient and wear rate of the friction
framework (Ooi, Sayuti and Sarhan 2015).
Titanium Oxide Nano-particles as lubricant and usage
Vrious nano-particles are efficient for this cooling process, titanium dioxide been one
of them. In opposition to the regular strong state lubricants, additivities with nano-particles
ensures that particles will connect in brisk pace into the surface contact zone making a
defensive layer particularly when utilizing parts with less harshness, and not just stable
suspension creation. Nano-TiO2 has anti-wear, friction-diminishing and cooling properties
which can lessen the coefficient of rolling and friction constrain amid the hot rolling

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procedure (Quinchia et al. 2012). TiO2 has potential application in the steel rolling procedure
and machine cutting procedure.
The coefficient of execution of a refrigeration framework can be enhanced if a
lessening in crafted by pressure can be accomplished by an appropriate system, for a
predefined warm evacuation rate. The impact of scattering a low centralization of TiO2
nanoparticles in the mineral oil based grease can be differ on its consistency and lubrication
qualities, and also varies on the general execution of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration
System utilizing R12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) as the working liquid (Borugadda and Goud
2014). An upgrade in the COP of the refrigeration framework has been watched and the
presence of an ideal volume part saw, with low convergences of nanoparticles suspended in
the mineral oil. The material science engaged with the association of nanoparticles with the
base liquid has been additionally explained by evaluating the Optical Roughness Index
utilizing a Speckle Interferometer, by performing estimations on the stick surface after tests
with a Pin-on-Disk analyzer. The added substance utilized as a part of the mineral oil based
ointment was TiO2 in the nanoparticle shape. The normal size of the nanoparticles had a
scope of 30e40 nm and was provided by Sigma Aldrich Limited USA (Mang 2014). Mineral
oil e-TiO2 nanofluid tests with various volume divisions of TiO2 nanoparticles were readied
utilizing ultrasonic fomentation for accomplishing great scattering of the particles in the base
liquid. The required weight of the TiO2 nanoparticles comparing to the volume part was
precisely estimated utilizing a high exactness electronic adjust.
To enhance the oil-solvency of nanoparticles, another innovation is utilized to set up a
sort of oil containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The microstructures of the
arranged nanoparticles can be portrayed by means of transmission electron magnifying
instrument (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) (Zhu et al. 2013). Tribological properties of
TiO2nanoparticles are utilized as an added substance in base oil by utilizing four-ball

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tribometer and ball-on-plate tribometer. Also, the well used surface of the steel ball was
researched by means of spellbound microscopy (PM) and X-beam photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). The TiO2 nanoparticles can be totally all around scattered in the base oil
under another procedure (NP), which has no fundamentally negative impact on the counter
oxidation property. The consequences of the tribological tests demonstrate that TiO2
nanoparticles under the NP demonstrate a superior hostile to wear property and friction-
diminishing property in base oil contrasted with TiO2 nanoparticles under the convention
procedure (TP) (Pirro, Webster and Daschner 2016). This technique was first used to plan
grease containing TiO2 nanoparticles and after that utilized as added substances in motor oil,
outfit oil, and other modern lubricants. In the meantime, tribological properties of TiO2
nanoparticles in base oil as a greasing up added substance were additionally contemplated.
Description of the methodology being used
Research philosophy selection and justification:
Every research needs to follow a particular philosophy that shows the most
appropriate way of conducting research and analysing data as well as building the conceptual
model from the study. The research philosophy allows finding out the research aspect,
approach and mode of data collection dor the research project. In this context, to find out the
practical implementation of lubrication process in hot rolling machine the research
philosophy should be selected as a guide of realistic operational analysis (Greenfield 2016).
There are three optional research philosophies that are mostly used in any kind of research
namely Realism Philosophy, Positivism Philosophy and Interpretivism Philosophy. Each of
these philosophies has unique perception and guidelines to conduct a particular research. This
research needs both realistic real time data collection with secondary interventions from

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literature reviews. Therefore in order to analyse the mechanical as well as frictional activities
of conventional lubricants and to find out the most cost effective way of lubrication this
research has followed positivism philosophy.
Research design selection and justification:
Research design is the basic foundation of a research project that helps to design the
activities and their sequence in order to achieve the aim and objectives of the research. On the
other hand the research design also helps to determine the collection process and usable tools
for the research. There are three types of research designs that are used to develop the
research conduction process and the sequence of activities namely Explanatory Design,
Exploratory Design and Descriptive Design. In this context, the research needs to identify the
most appropriate lubrication process where there is no previously delivered Hypothesis of
concept that is going to be justified to proven (Shahrom, Yahya and Yusoff, 2013).
Therefore, in order to identify the most effective lubricant for the hot rolling machine the
research requires analysing the working principles of different conventional lubricant with
the descriptive research design. The descriptive research design allows the researcher to
explore the context with the help of data collection and analysis that can find out the target
answer of this research that are ‘What’ and ‘How’.
Research approach selection and justification:
The research approach is one of the most important regulatory factors of a research
that determines the implementation of the research strategies and the selected tools for the
study. The research approach also implies the mode of research conduction and the process
of handling the collected data during the execution of the research method. There are two
types of research approach namely Inductive Approach and Deductive Approach to develop
the correct approach for a particular research project. In this context, the research needs to

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identify the most appropriate lubrication process where there is no previously delivered
Hypothesis of concept that is going to be justified to proven. Therefore, in order to identify
the most effective lubricant for the hot rolling machine the research requires analysing the
working principles of different conventional lubricant with inductive research approach (Lim,
Baeand Kim 2014). Therefore in order to analyse the mechanical as well as frictional
activities of conventional lubricants and to find out the most cost effective way of lubrication
this research has followed Inductive research approach.
Research tools:
The research tools are selected to measure the physical properties of the various
emulsions as well as the resultant frictional force in the rolling machine. This experiment has
been targeted to analyse the regulatory capabilities of various emulsion of Oil, water and
Titanium Oxide nano-particles. To conduct this experiment an advance Experimental Rolling
Mill has been arranged through which the frictional efficiency of lubricants are being tested.
This Experimental Rolling Mill has an inbuilt torque sensor mounted on the both rollers.
Apart from that a display system of operational force shows the exact applied force on the
rolling metal sheet. Despite that, the optional mounting system of thickness measuring gauge
also situated just behind the two rollers. An Infrared Thermometer is being used to monitor
the temperature fluctuation during the rolling process as well as the initial and final
temperature of the rolling machine and the metal sheet. Coulter LS 230 Leisure Diffraction
tool is used to determine the molecular level distribution of lubricant. The LS230 Leisure
Diffraction tool is able to measure the angular diffraction for nano particles of 0.4 to 2000
μm. The Droples size distribution is being measured through this leisure diffraction tool.
EHD Ultra thin sheet Measurement System has been selected as the thickness measurement
tools for metal film. This EHD system has been mounted internally within the Rolling

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machine. The research will be conducted on the Low Carbon Sheet Metal sheet with higher
resistance and hardiness than other metals of industrial use.
Data collection:
Data collection is the major activity of the research that defines the research
outcomes. However, the data collection procedure is divided into two parts namely primary
data collection and secondary data collection. In this research both Primary and Secondary
data collection has been used. In Secondary data collection the analysing several critical
research journals has been done where the work performance of lubricant in hot rolling
machine has been measured (Flick, 2015). The research process also ensured that the selected
journals and research papers are not older than 10 years. The purpose of this secondary data
collection is to analyse the current dilemma in hot rolling machine usage that have been
already identified in various authentic research analysis. The primary data collection has been
done with the help of various scientific physical properties measurement tools. In primary
data collection the efficiency of lubricant has been identified by using measuring metal shit
thickness deference between before and after the rolling process with the help of EHD Ultra
Thin sheet measurement system. Apart from that, the droplet size distributions of Oil
emulsion, Water emulsion and Titanium Oxide emulsion has been measured with the help of
Leisure Diffraction tool.
Data analysis:
Data analysis is the fundamental process within research project that is used to find
out the research outcomes by analysing the collected data and information logically. Two
types of data analysis processes are used in research project namely Qualitative analysis and
quantitative analysis. In this research, the qualitative data analysis has been done on the
collected data from secondary data collection. For qualitative analysis various researches

19DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
conducted on the selected topic have been analysed. In the quantitative analysis the changes
in film thickness, the distribution area of droplet has been measured mathematically. The
graphical representation of collected data has been projected as per the quantitative
interpretation (Panneerselvam, 2014). In this research the lubrication efficiency has been
measured under a constant vertical force while changing the temperature of the lubricant
substance from 60degree to 200 degree Celsius. In thickness calculation there will be to
variables namely the speed of the rolling machine and the resultant thickness of output
material. These two variables have been regulated as per the secondary parameter. The
temperature of the lubricant has been considered as the secondary parameter of these
variables.
Ethical consideration:
Ethical consideration is highly important for ensuring the credibility and
authentication of the research. In the ethical consideration of this study many moral and
ethical factors within the execution of the research methods have been kept in mind. The
research method has been designed under the regulation of work health and safety act. The
method of this research has ensured that the process of this research does not cause any
physical harm to the researchers as well as the supportive workforce. The participation of this
mechanical experimental procedure is not a forceful factor. All the participants and even
fellow researchers are free leave the laboratory premise. All of the equipments and chemicals
that are used to conduct this experiment are completely authorised by the local government
with valid reasoning. For safety and security measure the first aid system has been arranged
within the laboratory premises to treat the unexpected injury initially.

20DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
Results obtained to date
Droplet size distribution of water based emulsion:
Droplet Volume in percentage Diameter of Distribution (μm)
0.01 0
0.02 1
0.04 3
0.06 6
0.08 12
0.1 24
0.12 12
0.14 6
0.16 3
0.18 1
0.2 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Diameter of Distribution (μm)
Diameter of Distribution (μm)

21DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
Droplet size distribution of Oil based emulsion:
Droplet Volume in percentage Diameter of Distribution (μm)
0.01 0
0.02 1
0.04 5
0.06 3
0.08 10
0.1 8
0.12 12
0.14 7
0.16 3
0.18 2
0.2 1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Diameter of Distribution (μm)
Diameter of Distribution (μm)
Droplet size distribution of Titanium Oxide based emulsion:
Droplet Volume in percentage Diameter of Distribution (μm)
0.01 0

22DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
0.02 1
0.04 6
0.06 3
0.08 10
0.1 18
0.12 12
0.14 5
0.16 8
0.18 2
0.2 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Diameter of Distribution (μm)
Diameter of Distribution (μm)
Film thickness vs rolling speed measurement for water based emulsion:
Speed (m/s) Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
0.1 0
0.25 4
0.5 10
0.75 15
1 19

23DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
1.25 21
1.5 22
1.75 22
2 22
2.25 21
2.5 19
2.75 19
3 18
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
Change in thickness of metal
sheet (nm)
Film thickness vs rolling speed measurement for Titanium Oxide based emulsion:
Speed (m/s) Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
0.1 0
0.25 5
0.5 8
0.75 10
1 12
1.25 13
1.5 14
1.75 15

24DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
2 16
2.25 16
2.5 17
2.75 17
3 17
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
Change in thickness of metal
sheet (nm)
Film thickness vs rolling speed measurement for Titanium Oxide based emulsion:
Speed (m/s) Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
0.1 0
0.25 2
0.5 5
0.75 10
1 12
1.25 13
1.5 13
1.75 13
2 15
2.25 18
2.5 18

25DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
2.75 18
3 19
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Change in thickness of metal sheet (nm)
Change in thickness of metal
sheet (nm)
Updated work plan
Due Activity:
As per the initial research design and timeline there were 3 regulatory variable that
have to be analysed namely the type of lubricant, the impact on the rolling process and the
temperature. However, two of these three variables has been utilised to find out the
effectiveness of the lubricants namely water emulsion, oil emulsion and Titanium Oxide
Nano-perticles. The limitation in this conducted research is throughout the research the
temperature of the lubricant material was constant that is 60 degree Celsius. However,
according to the natural thermodynamical phenomena of these liquids, the physical nature f
these lubricants can differ due to change in operational temperature. Therefore investigating

26DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
and examining the change in frictional nature of these lubricants have to be identified while
varying the temperature as secondary parameters or variable. On the other hand the secondary
research has not been analysed yet.
Updated Work plan:
Currently, this research outcomes show all the necessary information about lubricant
efficiency in a certain temperature. In further work plan the temperature variable has to be
incorporated within the experimental activities. On the other hand, the secondary data
collection has to be conduct for developing the data required in qualitative data analysis. As
mentioned in the research proposal the SAP or saponification identification does not need to
be analysed. However, the next updated work plan the research work will only include the
Secondary data collection, Primary data collection in variable temperature, qualitative data
analysis and quantitative data analysis. There will be no change in the evaluation process.
Timeline:
Activities 1st to
3rd
4th to
7th
8th to
11th
12th to
15th
16th to
19st
20nd to
23rd
24th to
27th
28th to
31th
32nd to
35th
36th to
39th
40th to
43rd
Selection of
the topic 
Develop the
research design 
Literature
Review  
Selection of
research
method 
Primary Data
collection  
Quantitative
Data analysis
 

27DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
and
interpretation
Secondary
Data
collection  
Qualitative
analysis and
interpretation  
Summarise
the Findings 
Conclusion of
the Study 
Submission of
final work 

28DISSERTATION PROGRESS REPORT
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