Dissertation on the Effect of Gender on Smoking and Epidemiology

This dissertation investigates the effect of gender on smoking, focusing on the epidemiology of smoking and its health impacts on women. The research begins with an introduction outlining the research aim, objectives, and research gap, followed by a literature review exploring the roles of epidemiology, benefits of smoking cessation, and ways to minimize the negative effects of smoking on women. The methodology includes the use of questionnaires for primary data collection from medical staff. Data analysis employs frequency distribution analysis and MS-Excel for graphical representation. The dissertation concludes with a summary of findings, recommendations, and reflections, addressing the role of epidemiology in mitigating smoking's adverse health effects and promoting cessation strategies. The study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge base and promote awareness regarding the adverse health effects of smoking on women.

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Dissertation
(THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON THE
EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH EFFECTS
AND CESSATION OF SMOKING)
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ABSTRACT
Main purpose of preparing this dissertation is to identify role of epidemiology in
eliminating of negative effects of smoking on women. In order to attain this
purpose, number of activities or chapters was done by researcher effectively.
Introduction is a first activity of dissertation that was completed by developing
research aim and objectives and also identifying research gap. Literature review is
another part that was ended by researcher by fulfilling research gaps through
research questions. With the help of this section, researcher easily gathered
secondary data from journals, books etc. that results in achieving of research
objectivities. Research methodology is also important and significant part of
dissertation that was ended by investigator by using number of research methods,
techniques, strategies etc. Questionnaire was done by receiving primary data
about the role of epidemiology. Data analysis is another activity that was ended
with the use of frequency distribution analysis as an analytical technique. Ms-Excel
software was also followed by making graphs according to the each question
present in frequency table or questionnaire. Conclusion and recommendation are
last part of the dissertation that was ended by explaining and describing entire data
of report in clear and short manner. This chapter will help in achievement of
research objectives and doing of further study.
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Contents
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................5
Overview of the research title ................................................................................5
Rationale of research ...........................................................................................5
Research question.................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives...............................................................................................6
Research gap.........................................................................................................6
Structure of the dissertation .................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................8
What are the roles of epidemiology in improving human health? .........................8
What are the benefits of smoking cessation on health of women? ......................9
What are the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on women
health can be minimised? ...................................................................................11
What are the impacts of epidemiology in minimising negative health effects of
smoking on women? ...........................................................................................12
Conclusion of literature ........................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................15
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS/RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................19
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................32
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................32
Recommendations ..............................................................................................32
REFLECTION .........................................................................................................35
................................................................................................................................36
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................37
Appendix..................................................................................................................40
Questionnaire ......................................................................................................40
................................................................................................................................41
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge each and every person who played an important
role in completion of my dissertation over the topic of the role of epidemiology in
terminating negative health effects of smoking on women.
I would like to thank my seniors by providing me an effective chance for doing
dissertation on interesting and valuable topic. I also express thanks to my parents,
by providing me an accurate guidance that helped me in completion of this
dissertation.
I would also thank my friends and juniors for their best support and
encouragement in executing the dissertation work.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of the research title
Epidemiology is a branch of medical science that basically deals with the
incidence and control of disease within a population (What is Epidemiology? 2020).
In addition, it is the sum of the factors that helps in controlling of absence or
presence of a pathogen or disease. There are number of effects of smoking on the
users such as cancer, lung diseases, asthma attacks etc. Smoking also has bad or
negative effects on women in different ways such as have more irregular or painful
periods, risk of heart disease, increased risk of cervical cancer, higher risk of being
born too early, higher risk of serious birth defects and many others. All these are
major issues of smoking for women who use on daily basis. In order to overcome
this effect on women, Epidemiology plays an important role by studding about the
diseases in population.
Background of epidemiology
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the patterns, causes, and
effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations (Sanders
and Fink, 2016). This is known as the way by which different aspects like
public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine
are identified within disease context. The study by Epidemiologists helps
with study design, collection and statistical analysis of data, and
interpretation and dissemination of results. The Greek physician
Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine, and was the first
epidemiologist. Hippocrates sought a logic to sickness. He is the first
person known to have examined the relationships between the
occurrence of disease and environmental influences. Hippocrates
believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of
the four Humors (air, fire, water and earth “atoms”). The cure to the
sickness was to remove or add the humor in question to balance the
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body. This belief led to the application of bloodletting and dieting in
medicine
Rationale of research
Main reason behind doing this research is to analyse the effectiveness of
epidemiology in reduction of bad or negative effects of smoking on women. This
topic is important at academic as well as personal level. At academic level, this
topic will help students by increasing their knowledge regarding the Epidemiology
and its usefulness in eliminating of smoking’s bad effects on the women. If this
dissertation is published in market that will also support societies, organisations or
an individual by increasing their awareness regarding the bad effects of smoking
on women and also importance of Epidemiology in preventing such effects on
women. At personal level, this topic or research will also support researcher by
enhancing its research skills that will support them in doing dissertation effectively
and systematically (Khongji and Lalremruata, 2019).
Research question
 What are the roles of epidemiology in improving human health?
 What are the benefits of smoking cessation on health of women?
 What are the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on
women health can be minimised?
 What are the impacts of epidemiology in minimising negative health effects
of smoking on women?
Aims and Objectives
Aim:
Main aim of this dissertation is “To investigate the role of epidemiology in
terminating negative health effects of smoking on women”.
Objectives:
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 To identify the role of epidemiology for improving human health.
 To analysis the advantages of smoking cessation on health of women.
 To investigate the several ways through which negative effect of smoking on
women health can be minimised.
 To determine the impact of epidemiology in minimising negative health
effects of smoking on women.
Research gap
A research gap is defined as an area or topic for which insufficient or missing
information and data limits the capability to arrive at conclusion for a question.
Within current dissertation, main gap is the role of epidemiology in terminating
negative health effects of smoking on women. In previous studies, there was data
available about the epidemiology role in terminating of negative health effects of
smoking on human but there was lack of information regarding the effectiveness of
epidemiology in reducing bad effects of smoking on women. In order to overcome
this gap, research questions have been applied by researcher in literature review
section (Nordenstam, 2019).
Structure of the dissertation
This is an important and essential part of dissertation because it helps reader
in identification chapters required for completing full project. There are some main
chapters that will be needed by researcher while completing entire dissertation in
systematic manner. These chapters are:
Chapter1: Introduction: This refers as a firs activity and part of dissertation
that includes necessary information about the topic such as overview of the
research, research gap, aim and objectives, research questions, rationale of the
study etc. All these are important and key aspects that will be needed by
researcher for completing introduction chapter (El‐Serag, 2020).
Chapter 2: Literature review: This chapter is based on secondary data that
will be collected from books, articles, publication research, journals etc. These
sources will support researcher in collecting of information about the role of
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epidemiology in terminating negative health effects of smoking on women. Main
purpose of this part of study is to fulfil research gaps which are indentified in
introduction chapter. For fulfilling research gap, research questions will be used
because it helps in accomplishing of research aim and objectives effectively.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology: This refers as a main chapter of
preparing dissertation because it helps in collecting and analysing of accurate data
about the topic. In order to complete this section, there will be requirement of
different methods, approaches, tools and techniques. Questionnaire will be used
for collecting primary data from 30 medical staff including doctors and nurses
(Tanaka and et. al., 2019). Main purpose of research methodology is to facilitate
researcher in gathering and evaluating of reliable data about the topic.
Chapter 4: Data analysis/results and discussion: This is another chapter
that will help researcher in analysing of gathered data effectively by effective tool.
Current research is based on quantitative data and for gathering such type of
information, frequency distribution analysis as a useful analytical tool will be used.
Along with this, Ms-Excel will also applied by investigator for making effective
graphs on each questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: It is a last part of dissertation
that will be done by explaining entire information of dissertation in short and
precise way. Main purpose of this section is to helps reader by providing
information about the achievement of research aim and objectives.
Recommendation will be completed for providing justification and
recommendations about the fulfilling of issues identified in data analysis (Yaya and
Bishwajit, 2019).
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review introduces to the systematic process of data collection and
comprehensive summary of previous study. In addition, it is comprehensive review
of the literature exist for any given research questions. It is an effective summary,
evaluation and analysis of the literature as well as an explanation of what
investigation has already been performed or executed for a research area.
Literature review is completely based on secondary data that will be gathered from
secondary sources such as articles, magazines, books etc. These sources will help
researcher in collecting of secondary information about the epidemiology and its
effectiveness in reduction of negative effects on women smokers (West, 2017).
The review should describe, enumerate, summarise, objectively clarify and
evaluate this previous research. Main purpose of literature review is to helps
investigator in identification of research gap within previous or past studies. In
introduction section, researcher was finding out research gap which is the role of
epidemiology in eliminating bad health effects of smoking on women smokers. In
order to fulfil research gap, research questions will be followed by investigator. This
will support researcher in achievement of research aim and objectives as well as
fulfilment of research gap systematically. There are different ways by which the
epidemiology can be explained within the context of this research. It is seen that
this research will help in analysing the concept of disease transmission in a more
detailed manner. In context of smoking, it is seen that it harms individuals and can
lead to death of individuals. Research questions of current dissertation have been
explained as below:
What are the roles of epidemiology in improving human health?
According to the Bartlett and Judge (2020), the study of disease transmission
is the strategy that fundamentally used to recognize the explanations for explicit
wellbeing results alongside maladies in populaces. In the idea of the study of
disease transmission, patients are considered as network and further people are
seen as all things considered. Based on definition, the study of disease
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transmission is about the investigation of the perspectives like conveyance and
determinants of wellbeing related states and occasions inside indicated populaces.
This additionally incorporates the examination about the measures and strategy
that will assist with controlling the infection in populace. This implies this
incorporates the general investigation from the recognizable proof of cause to its
correction for the fortune of powerful answer for overall population. At the end of
the day, this likewise understands as the way toward recognizing dispersion
identified with illnesses, factors that essential source and cause and techniques for
their further control. In such a manner, it is expected to have understanding about
the political, logical and social elements crossing point comparable to decline the
danger of infection that constructs the investigation of the study of disease
transmission a one of a kind science.
According to the West (2017), in basic words, the study of disease
transmission is the investigation of ailment among populaces. Clinical experts and
veterinarians engaged with the business related to improvement of preventive
medication alongside the utilization of epidemiological techniques in regard to the
reconnaissance of ailment, examination comparable to flare-up and observational
investigations to recognize dangers factors related with such specific sort of
malady for the two people and creatures. The information on these hazard factors
is further significant toward discovering examination with respect to ID of control
measures. In such cases, even the utilization of danger examination basic control
point (HACCP) frameworks extraordinarily depending over the data gave by the
epidemiological investigations. The fundamental explanation for the utilization of
epidemiological techniques is to do the reconnaissance in regard of infection for
additional ID that which risk if of the significant nature. The epidemiological likewise
help in recognizable proof of dangers that help in assurance of basic control
focuses in regard to the all sicknesses alongside improvement of successful food
creation frameworks.
As per the view presented by Tanaka and et. al., (2019), it is clearly getting
from the above depiction that there is enormous positive effect of the study of
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disease transmission in improving the health of humans. This so in light of the fact
that the study of disease transmission gives the data and information and help to
realize that how awful the propensity is and can be overwhelmed with the guide of
measures. This angle has beneficial outcome where all including ladies attempting
to dispose of same and carry on with sound life from where ready to construct
viable character.
What are the benefits of smoking cessation on health of women?
According to the Warner and Mendez, (2019), Smoking is the dangerous
activity that resultant into numerous amount of negative impacts over the health of
consumer. The impact of this habit has more negative impact over the health of
women due to the existing difference between metabolism of male and female. In
overall manner, this lowers down the stamina and develops lungs related diseases.
The daily level of smoking further creates breathing issues and in future resultant
into occurrence of many chronic diseases like cancer and asthma. This habit
decreases the life expectancy rate of persons in comparison to those who does not
smoking. It clearly depicts that there is hue need regarding all to understand about
the negative health impacts of smoking and quite the same from immediate effects.
The exercise of quitting help to gain large number of health related benefits.
Specially, women get the higher as compared to men. So, all the different benefits
that can be received by women from the quitting of smoking are presented below;
Improved lung functioning: After leaving smoking, the functioning of lung
improves straight away. Lungs have tiny hairs known as cilia. After quitting, then
gain their ability to start the work clearing of mucus and other debris ( Halpern and
et. al., 2018). This is one of the immediate effects that will be ascertained over
lung. Whereas, in long term impact, after quitting of 4 months many positive
changes will be visible in body like reduction of coughing, improved breathing and
wheezing. This also provides benefit in form of reducing the risk of respiratory
infection like bronchitis. This also create urge of exercise that resultant into overall
development of body along with regaining of stamina that help to perform functions
regularly.
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