Essential Factors for Implementing Driverless Cars in Singapore

This essay critically analyzes the factors to consider when implementing driverless automobiles in Singapore. It begins by introducing driverless cars and their technology, including GPS, radar, and laser light. The discussion explores the potential benefits, such as reduced accidents, decreased costs, and improved mobility for various demographics. The essay also addresses challenges, including job losses, privacy concerns, hacking risks, and ethical dilemmas related to accidents and moral decision-making by autonomous systems. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for driverless technology to transform Singapore's transportation framework, provided the vision of the Land Transport Authority is realized, while acknowledging the need to address the discussed challenges. The essay references multiple sources, including government reports and academic papers, to support its arguments.

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INTRODUCTION
A driverless car, which is also known as ‘self-driving car’ or ‘robotic car’ or an
‘automated car’, is one highly intelligent automobile, which has the capacity of perceiving
nearby settings and moving devoid of human intervention (Goodall, 2014). These automobiles
utilize techniques, such as GPS, radar and laser light to detect its surroundings (Price et al.,
2017). Moreover, these automobiles use sensory data to avoid hurdles and trace proper
navigation paths. The following essay aims at critically analyzing the probable factors that must
be taken into account while implementing driverless automobiles on the tracks of Singapore.
DISCUSSION
Car accidents (and resultant casualties and expenses), caused by human follies, such as,
prolonged reaction time, and variegated distractions during driving are supposed to be
significantly lessened (Petit & Shladover, 2015). Automated cars are capable of decreasing work
costs; relieve travelers from driving and route errands, subsequently providing more time for
recreation or work; and furthermore would provide more seats, messaging while at the same time
driving could be availed. Automatic vehicles could give improved mobility for the youthful, the
elderly, handicapped individuals, and low-wage nationals. The evacuation of the steering wheel
—alongside the rest of the driver boundary and the necessity for any passenger to accept a front
aligned posture—would render the inner side of the automobile more prominent ergonomic
adaptability. Extra advantages include greater velocity limits; comfortable rides; and stretched
thoroughfare capability; and negligible traffic snarls, owing to reduced requisite for security gaps
and greater speed ("Driverless vehicles: A vision for Singapore’s transport | Ministry of
Transport, Singapore", 2018). These augmentations in expressway capability is likely to have a

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noteworthy effect in traffic clog, especially in metropolitan spheres, and also successfully end
main road blockage in certain spaces. The capacity of establishments to administer traffic is
likely to rise, provided the additional information and steering conduct predictability, coalesced
with fewer requirements for traffic police and also road signs. Greater protected driving is
anticipated to minimize the costs of car indemnity. Minimal amount of movement blockage and
smoother traffic flow, owing to broad utilization of self driving automobiles will likewise give
rise to better fuel efficiency.
By decreasing the expense of portability as a service, self driving automobiles are likely
to lower the number of automobiles that are individually possessed, by supplanting cab and
supplementary automobile sharing services. This is likely to considerably diminish the
prerequisite for parking spot, providing additional space for different employments. This is likely
to significantly compress the car generation industry, alongwith ecological and monetary impacts
(YONG, 2018). Moreover, effective automated car movement can free space for variegated
uses, for instance, enhanced aid for people on foot and cycles. The vehicles' stretched out
awareness is likely to aid the law upkeepers by giving an account of unlawful conduct of
traveler, while indulging in different violations, for instance, purposely crashing another
automobile or an individual on foot.
One pressing effect of limitless reception of automatic cars is the loss of driving
associated occupations. A resistance from proficient drivers and unions who can probably be
debilitated by work losses, is likely to surface. Similarly, there could be loss of jobs, in the public
travel services and automobile renovation shops. The car insurance business may bear losses as
the advances makes several parts of this activity invalid ("Infocom Media Development
Authority", 2018). Privacy could be an alarming problem while comprising the vehicle's sphere

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and location incorporated into an interface which can be accessed by other individuals.
Furthermore, there exists the danger of hacking cars through data sharing, in the course of V2V
(‘Vehicle to Vehicle’) and V2I (‘Vehicle to Infrastructure’) protocols. Additionally the danger of
terrorist assaults exists. Robotic automobiles could possibly be filled with explosives and made
to work as grenades.
The lack of laborious steering, more beneficial time amidst the outing, and the
prospective reserve funds in progression time and expense are likely act as an impetus to reside
away from urban areas [where space is cheap] and toil in city's center, subsequently expanding
travel expanse and actuating additional urban extension, more use of fuel and increasing
pollution. Ethical thinking comes into question when designing the product that determines what
act the automobile indulges into, in an inevitable collision; whether the self-ruling car will crash
a transport, slaying individuals within; or veer off someplace else, murdering its own
passengers or several passer-by. The morals of self-driving vehicles is still under observation and
might even lead to controversy.
CONCLUSION
Autonomous vehicles possess the capability to improve street limit by moving in a
programmed way. They can likewise provide noteworthy availability to long distance travel.
Operational trials for shared self-governing vehicles are likely to start soon and hit the roads by
the year 2020. Driverless innovation might then turn into the backbone of Singapore's open
transport framework, provided the vision of Land Transport Authority's (LTA) turn into reality.

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REFERENCES
Driverless vehicles: A vision for Singapore’s transport | Ministry of Transport, Singapore.
(2018). Mot.gov.sg. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from https://www.mot.gov.sg/Transport-
Matters/Motoring/Driverless-vehicles--A-vision-for-Singapore-s-transport
Goodall, N. J. (2014). Machine ethics and automated vehicles. In Road vehicle automation (pp.
93-102). Springer, Cham.
Infocom Media Development Authority. (2018). Imda.gov.sg. Retrieved 29 January 2018, from
https://www.imda.gov.sg/infocomm-and-media-news/whats-trending/2017/2/driverless-
cars-picking-up-speed-in-singapore
Petit, J., & Shladover, S. E. (2015). Potential cyberattacks on automated vehicles. IEEE
Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 16(2), 546-556.
Price, M., Lee, J., Dinparastdjadid, A., Toyoda, H., & Domeyer, J. (2017). EFFECT OF
VEHICLE CONTROL ALGORITHMS ON EYE BEHAVIOR IN HIGHLY
AUTOMATED VEHICLES.
YONG, J. (2018). Can driverless cars survive Singaporean road users?. The Straits Times.
Retrieved 29 January 2018, from http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/can-driverless-
cars-survive-singaporean-road-users