Analyzing Drug Dispenser Roles: A Comparative Study of UK and India

This report presents a comparative study analyzing the role of drug dispensers within the healthcare systems of the United Kingdom and India. The study explores the concept of drug dispensing, examining its significance in both countries, and identifies the challenges faced by each. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a literature review to develop key themes and a methodology section to outline the research methods. The report investigates the impact of drug dispensing on healthcare providers and patients, assessing both positive and negative outcomes. It highlights the differences in practices, technologies, and regulations between the two countries, ultimately aiming to provide insights into improving healthcare delivery and patient satisfaction. The report covers the significance of drug dispensers, challenges faced by the countries, and suggests ways to overcome them.

Comparative study of a role of a drug
dispenser in UK and India

Abstract
Drug dispenser is all about to preparing and selling the drugs to the people and every
country have their own experts and policies which assist to protect their individual’s life in
order to get positive impact upon their health. Also, the study shed a light upon importance of
drug dispenser within two different countries i.e. India and UK. These two countries have
their own define laws and policies which assist to meet the define aim and objectives. The
study is based upon qualitative study and for that specific research methods are applied which
in turn leads to provide the range of information in order to meet the define aim. Also, within
literature review, different themes are developed by complying objectives in order to meet the
define aim and also determine the challenges which needs to be overcome so that they
provide best outcome and leads to patient satisfaction as well. Lastly, with the help of impact,
researcher wants to understand the positive as well as negative impact of conducting the
research upon the country and health care providers.

Table of Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................5
Theme 1: Concept of drug dispenser.....................................................................................5
Theme 2: Significance of drug dispenser within UK and India.............................................6
Theme 3: Challenges face by country during drug dispenser................................................9
Methodology............................................................................................................................10
Feasibility study.......................................................................................................................15
Impact.......................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................19

Topic: Comparative study of a role of a drug dispenser in UK and India
INTRODUCTION
In health and care, UK is consider one of the most developed country that have
enough financial and technical support for drug dispenser. In the same way, current study will
shed a light on the drug dispenser within two different country such that UK which is a
developed country and India which is a developing country. Both countries have their own
pharmacy and apothecary who provide drug to the patients and improve the quality of life as
well. Hence, there are many drug dispenser in every country who keep making their own
efforts in order to improve the life of patients and provide them best medicine so that they
live a comfortable life.
Further, the study is based upon secondary study and with the help of literature review
section, scholar conduct in-depth analysis of a topic and generate the best outcome as well.
Moreover, with the help of research methodology section, scholar also select the best method
through which research aim and objectives are met and conduct the study in more precise
manner.
Aim and Objectives
Aim:The aim of the study is “To analyze the role of drug dispenser within health care: A
comparative study of India and UK”
Objectives:
 To understand the concept of drug dispenser
 To examine the significance of drug dispenser within UK and India
 To analyze the challenges face by county during drug dispenser.
 To suggest the ways through which the challenges are overcome.
Research Question:
 What do you understand by the concept of Drug dispenser?
 What is the significance of drug dispenser within UK and India?
 What are the challenges did India and UK face while dispenser the drug?
 What are the ways through which the issues are minimized up to some level?
Rationale

The rationale for choosing the specific topic is such that investigator have their own
interest in health care project and that is why, with the help of the study, scholar gain
knowledge related to drug dispenser. As there are range of pharmaceutical products that they
have been designed to combat. That is why, through the study, scholar learn new things that
will assist to improve the life of patients. Moreover, the study compare two countries and
their own ways through which the drug dispense and there are different challenges which
countries face. So with by conducting the study, scholar provide many ways through which
countries own position regarding the drug dispenser.
Another reason for conducting the study with selected topic is such that people faces
issue related to their own health and that is why, countries and pharmacy trying to develop
different drug through which the issue are minimize and provide a better life to their citizen
as well.
Literature Review
Theme 1: Concept of drug dispenser
According to Eshkalak and et.al., (2020) drug dispenser is the in-office preparation
and delivery of prescription drugs to the patients in physician practice as well as other clinical
settings. In this modern era, there are lot of technologies are introduced which help to manage
inventory and dosing, but drug dispensing at the point of a care has become a safe as well as
efficient way that help the patients in order to manage their treatment plans. Thus, it build a
strong barrier against the medication error by combining the best judgment from the
pharmacist as well. Annarumma, Cavallone and Palumbo (2017) stated that a newly drug
dispenser makes a life easy because manual work becomes more superfluous due to
intelligent automated storage as well as distribution system. So, this is an innovation which
made possible by the use of powerful space saving micro-motor that are used as a part of
distribution mechanism.
Dispensing means as the procedure for preparing and providing the medicine to the
person who is named based on preparation. It includes accurate information of pre-scriber
wishes and adequate formulation along with the labeling of the medicine for the use of a
patient. The range of the pharmaceutical goods is seen as diverse as illness that they might be
designed for combat. Every individual’s drug prescription that is been issued by the doctor
need to be dispensed to the customer in a précised way as provided. This type of demanding
& time consuming work needs hands-on involvement of highly and well qualified employees

under pharmacy. The newly developed dispenser of drug make the life much easier as with
the help of this manual work becomes as superfluous because of intelligent automating
storage, dispensing and distribution system. This type of system facilitates ready-picked
baskets of shopping according to the prescription limit.
This kind of innovation made it possible by using powerful yet the space occupying
micro-motors that are been used as a part of distribution mechanism. This technology gives
the patient a better and suitable access to the key oral & self-inject therapies at the time of
opening new potential sales stream for practices of doctors. It tends to be seen as an in-office
framing & delivery of the prescriptive drugs to the patients in the practice of physician and
other types of clinical settings (Reddy, 2018). Through this new technology which manages
an inventory & dosing, dispensing of drug at the point of the care becomes as safe, cost-
effective & efficient by way of helping the patients in managing their plans for treatment.
Thus, drug dispensing is deemed as the major technology which is been used by the doctors
and other type of clinicians for the purpose of maintaining proper medication schedule and
details of a patient so that they could be treated in an efficient manner with early recovery.
Theme 2: Significance of drug dispenser within UK and India
As per the view of Moses, Flegg and Dimaras (2020) Drug dispenser helps physician
practice and other clinical setting that extend the safe dispensing to many patients and
provide them proper care so that they will easily improve the quality of life. In UK, there are
range of innovative drug dispenser are available because it has a well settled pharmacist and
employees who are ready to made drug dispenser. So, the significance of using this drug
dispenser in UK is such that it helps to minimize the administrative burden which in turn
leads to meet the define aim of the pharmacy and hospitals. Author also share their views and
stated that it provide a point of care automation solutions that assist to make a treatment plan
for the patients in order to provide them a better life. On contrary, in India, Aryal, Dahal and
Shrestha (2020) stated that drug dispenser improve the medication adherence for patients
with a complex treatments. Such that patients are undergoing with difficult therapies such
that cancer treatment and they have to travel longer to get prescription which can be
exhausting. Thus, with the help of drug dispenser, patients and pharmacy did not face lot of
difficulties because it minimize the drug waste with true split fills. So, in order to remove the
medication error, proper drug dispensing is performed especially in developing country so
that they promote the better health care to all the patients.

On the other side, Latif and Alghazo (2018) also stated that in both UK and India,
machines are plays a vital role in order to dispensing a drugs which help to reduce medication
error and improve efficiency in distribution. It is largely followed in UK as compared to
India, such that Robot pharmacists is also used in UK which help to stored, identified and
automatically loaded and picked by robots that helps to reduce the risk of picking error.
While in India, technology are developed that helps to breast cancer tool that uses machine
learning algorithm after followed by other developed country. So, Matin and et.al., (2020)
shared their views and stated that with the help of drug dispenser, countries tried to improve
the life of people and also provide best medication facilities so that it do not takes long time.
Drug dispensing system plays an important role in helping the physician practices &
other clinical settings extends safe dispensing as more patients as it is possible at point of the
care. It builds the strong barrier against the medication errors by way of combining sound
pharmacists judgment with attributes of checking medication dose, quantity of dispensing,
clinical scoring, NDC numbers and screening for LASA prescriptive pair of drugs. Further,
medicating system of dispenser helps in improving the patient care as through adding care
point pharmacy or the dispensary gives the patient a full range of the treatment options at one
point from the health professional team that they trust & know (Kroll and et.al., 2016).
Through this, clinic staff could easily help the patients with respect to the concerns regarding
the coverage, cost and side effects along with proper injection of the medications.
Moreover, Venkataraman and et.al., (2020) share their opinion and stated that
medication dispenser lets the physician tap into the revenue streams at the time of freeing the
time for focusing on the patient care. With any kind of new business organization, starting
from the care point dispenser program needs an investment on resources required for
succeeding. On the other side, this type of additional revenue areas open up with the
opportunities for an exclusive group buying firm that is been pricing on many of the self-
administered pharmaceutical goods. An automated medicated dispensing system offers the
revenue managing tool which helps the clinics in streamlining the pricing, simply
reimbursing and managing billing workflow easily. It also improves mediation adherence for
the patients with that of complex treatments who are undergoing with the difficult therapies
like cancer, traveling for getting prescription could be exhaustive. This system offer solution
which benefits patients as well as physicians in terms of determining insurance coverage of
patients, finding co-pay help for the expensive prescriptive drugs. An actual delivery of the

drug could be coordinated with the other components of patient’s regimen for further
improving medication adherence.
Dispenser also helps in minimizing wastage of drugs with the accurate split-fills as it
provides for dispensing portion that coincides with office visits of patients, ensuring patient
returns to office for the follow-up care and adjusting prescription as required through
reducing waste. By offering the drug dispensing at a point, physician practices assist in
advance integrated societal care with the clinical and the business supported capabilities.
Automated drug dispensing system frees up the physician time and the resources of staff,
letting the local clinicians emphasizing on the peer and research collaboration.
Onsite dispenser capitalizes on movement from an infusion to the oral chemotherapy
medicine, supporting with the higher quality and efficient oral caring therapy. It also enables
the country in keeping the health records updated as in the case where treatment of patient
happens in same location; electronic health related record documentation seems as
straightforward and simple (Kaur, Chalia and Manchanda, 2019). This leads to accurate, real
documentation and physicians have visibility for making an informed care decisions which
helps in coordinating with that of other aspects of patient’s treatment and tracking overall
healthcare cost of the patient that is useful in the value-based models of reimbursements. In
addition to this, drug dispenser services offers large number of the automated options that
involves point of care in respect of automation solutions, receiving & ordering automation
solutions, packaging & formulation of automatic solutions, bar-code drug dispensing,
pharmacy robots and medicated dispenser carts & nursing stations.
Delicate, Ayers and McMullen (2020) stated that in India dispensing of drug
manufacturing, transportation, distribution are licensed and regulated under the drug and
cosmetic act, 1940 as well as Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. Also, new e-pharmacist
have to be register with Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, thus they have to take
only one license in any state and then sell the drug to all over the country without any
problem. So, registered pharmacist can easily provide the medicine but a person who did not
register cannot sell the medicine and that is why, it is analyzed that every country have their
own rules and policies for drug dispensing. On contrary, Butterworth and et.al., (2017) stated
that in UK, it is just opposite such that in rural areas General practitioners are permitted to
dispense medication, if there is not a pharmacy within a mile. Once the survey conducted
within 2015, it is realize that 1290 dispensing practices are held across UK and among them

all serving more than 8.8 million patients, among them many of them are members of
Dispensing doctors Association. It is also realized that there are around many policies made
by the government for drug dispensing and have an advance technology that assist people to
serve and prepare medicine as per the demand of people.
Theme 3: Challenges face by country during drug dispenser
According to Eshkalak and et.al., (2020) lack of infrastructure is consider one of the
most common challenge which a country face during drug dispenser such that it include the
management system for drug storage and also inadequate training and monitoring facilities
offered by the employees so that they make best treatment plan for the patients. Hence, it can
be stated that due to not having professional expertise related to drug dispenser countries do
not make their effort for drug dispensing. In addition to this, if country do not have proper
flow of distribution, then it affect the results which leads to affect the patient’s life. While on
the other side, Yezliand and et.al., (2020) stated that not having a proper knowledge related to
medicine and drug dispenser is also consider another challenge that affect the life. Such that
in India, the percentage of expertise is low as compared to UK and even the country is
developed and that is why, this is consider an issue that affect the life of people in opposite
manner. Further, wide range of the factors involves difficulty for ensuring consistent
availability of important drugs, limited amount of finance for the health care & shortages of
the trained personnel. The other types of challenges includes shortage of an enforcement of
the regulations, higher prevalence of the counterfeit products, an access to the objective
information relating to drug, costs to an individual for buying the drugs, health beliefs &
cultural traditions relating to their use. The absence & weakness of the national drug related
policies seems as an important obstacle for executing interventions for making improvements
in the use of drugs. On the other state, drug dispensing can only be seen as effective in case
the mechanism of execution are present in the place like monitoring of the national drug
rules, good system of distribution, routine supervision and an appropriate storage facility.
El-Gamal and et.al., (2020) critically evaluated that every country have their own
policies and laws to formulating the drug and prepare the drug but if country is not
economically viable then it do not perform the task in better manner. Such that colleges of
pharmacy around a world should properly revamp their curriculum in order to prepare a new
generation of practitioners so that they carry out their task in effective manner. But it require

enough revenue to invest into it so that it generate the best outcome as well. Hence, there is a
need to overcome from these challenge otherwise, country could not grow and provide the
best treatment plan to their patients. It has also been revealed that any kind of delay in terms
of visiting the community pharmacy on hospital discharge which could result to
discontinuation of treatment. Minocha and et.al., (2020) stated that the country also faces
some medication errors in terms of the omission of the anticoagulants like heparin for the
period of 3-4 days after the discharge from hospital which is been counted to be as the serious
& major event of drug. Such type of treatment of the discontinuations because of the behavior
of patients which suggest that they might not been informed fully about the risk attached with
misuse of the prescribed drugs. Therefore, the patients must be facilitated with an increased
counseling on their discharge of hospital. Thus, these were the major challenges that have
been faced by the country while making use of the drug dispensing for the sake of patients &
clinicians.
Ghonda Sr (2020) stated that there are issue related to having low knowledge of the
system and with a small error in the business will leads to consider as a challenge that will
affect the results in negative manner. In addition to this, during drug dispenser, most of the
people faces issue of supply and that is why, they did not invest their business in this activity.
On the other side, due to not having an enough knowledge related to available product
information, they get confused what medicine should be produced and this in turn affect the
overall performance. Sritharan (2020) reflected their views and stated that there are many
factor that influence dispensing time and also, due to lack of communication skills, most of
the customers are affected and this is consider as a challenge for the firm. Sometimes a
dispenser did not diagnose the people and as a result, they provide wrong medicine which
consider negative impact upon the health care and that is why, there is a need to have proper
medication facilities to their patients with a reasonable price and this in turn leads to improve
the results as well.
Methodology
Study design: The two main types of the design include qualitative & quantitative
method. Quantitative study is been defined as proper investigation of the phenomena through
gathering quantifiable data & in performing the statistical, computational and mathematical
tools. This type of study gathers information from an existing or potential customer by
making use of sampling techniques and conducting out the online survey, digital polls and

questionnaire. The result of which could be depicted in form of the numerical facts and
figures. On the other side, qualitative method referred as market research technique that
focuses on gathering the data by making use of open ended & conversational communication.
The present study is based upon the qualitative study in which scholar perform in-
depth research which help to meet the define aim. Through this strategy, investigator also
determine the views of other scholar by selecting the best resources and this in turn leads to
meet the define aim and generate the new concept as well as theories (Clark,Jennings and
Carter, 2020). So, with the help of the qualitative study, scholar able to meet the define aim
and also answer the research question in the specific deadline.
Study population:In the present research, scholar also uses exclusion and inclusion
criteria that minimize the cost and also ensure that primary end point of the study are reached.
Further, as per the exclusion criteria, different articles are selected as per the topic but out of
them 5 articles are chosen that are appropriately valid for the results and assist to generate the
best outcome as well. Hence, it is stated that the selection of articles are done on the basis of
randomization such that with the help of keywords, these articles and books and selected
which published within last 5 years in order to make valid results and conclude the reliable
results as well (Keung and et.al., 2020). Moreover, it is also analyzed that with the help of
these selection criteria, scholar perform the valid results that assist to meet the define aim and
answer the research question as well.
Data Collection: It is the method through which scholar gather information for the
study and there are two types of data collection method i.e. primary and secondary. Primary
sources of gathering data mean the method of collecting fresh data directly from participant
or respondents through the use of online survey, interview and structuring questionnaire.
Among all, secondary data collection methods are used by the scholar in which relevant
books and articles are used that assist to collect information. In this, all secondary sources are
selected which are published within last 5 years because trend of drug dispenser within a
country is keep changing and that is why, if information is collected through old data, then it
will affect the results and not able to meet the define aim (Moses, Flegg and Dimaras, 2020).
Hence, with the help of this source, scholar conclude the valid outcome and this in turn leads
to meet the define aim as well. As under these secondary sources has been used, this helps the
researcher in obtaining the data without any errors and bias because it provides for making
use of the already published journal, articles, internet, books and publications. This makes it

easy for the scholar to get detailed information in relation to the use of drug dispenser by
different countries for maintaining the details regarding the medicines for the benefit of the
patients.
Also, the data collected through secondary resources should be stored only for 3 years
and the research should be protected from copyright so that no other should use the data in
wrong manner and as a result, ethical principle are also complied. The entire study will help
to meet the define aim and through selection of relevant resources, scholar is also able to
generate the best outcome and also compare the actual performance with regards to drug
dispenser. Important data are also analyzed through the study which in turn leads to generate
the best outcome and determine importance of drug dispenser in every country which in turn
leads to manage the data and conduct the results in better manner. All the data gather must be
latest published so that exact information is provided related to the study and this will turn
leads to accomplish the define aim and objectives in a specific manner.
Data Analysis: It is the method through which cleaning and transforming the data in
order to discover the useful information so that decisions are taken in appropriate manner.
Further, there are two ways through which the data are analyzed & thematic assessment.
SPSS referred as the software programs which are been combined together within the single
package. A basic application of such program is to assess the scientific data relating with
social science. This kind of data could be used for the market research, data mining and
survey. With help of obtained statistical information, scholar could understand demand for
the product in market and could change their respective strategy in an appropriate manner.
This software organizes and storing provided data, thereafter it compiles dataset in producing
the suitable output. Such software is been designed in such manner that it could handle larger
series of the variable data formats.
On other side, thematic analysis means as the method of assessing the qualitative data
which is usually been applied to the set of texts like interview transcript. The scholar closely
examines data for determining the common themes in form of topic, patterns & ideas of the
meaning which comes up in a repeated manner. This method of analyzing data helps the
scholar in analyzing the large set of the qualitative data set.
In this report scholar uses thematic data analysis method in which themes are define
in which diagrams and relevant information are selected that assist to accomplish he define
aim and answer the research questions as well.