COVID-19 Pandemic and Public Health: A Sociological Examination

This essay delves into the COVID-19 pandemic and public health crises, analyzing them through the sociological frameworks of Durkheim and Weber. It begins by defining public health and its role in addressing global health threats, specifically focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic's rapid spread ...Read More

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH
Name of the student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Introduction:
This paper aims to discuss pandemic and public health crisis under the light of
Durkheimian and Weberian sociological theory tradition. Public Health refers to the health of the
population as a whole as a branch of government Revolution and support. It is defined as the
science and art of developing prevention of disease. This problem is life and improve quality of
life through informed choices in the society by organisations both public and private individuals
communities and there organised efforts. It is a branch of medicine that deals with public health
relating to hygiene disease prevention and epidemiology. In this paper an example of global
pandemic named Covid 19 taking the world through a transition period, killing thousands people
worldwide. The main problem of this pandemic is its easy spread and unavailability of any
medicine. In addition to this, the information about the virus named Novel Corona is not much
available and the scientists of different pats of the world has been finding various features of this
virus so that the death toll can be prevented (Everett et al., 2020). Public Health can be related to
the initiative taken by the government in the time of health crisis where initiative is taken to
inform and educate people about the current health issues. This mobilizers community
partnership and take actions to identify as well as solve the health problems. This develop the
policies and plans which support both the individuals as well as community health efforts. This is
the reason why the people are being instructed ti take some very important measures and stay at
their home to be This enforces the laws and regulations which protect health as well as ensure
safety.
Corona virus disease of Covid 19 is an infectious disease that mainly attacks the
respiratory system of human beings and has become a global threat since December 2019. This
virus has been discovered affecting the people in Wuhan province of China and gradually has
spread in more than 10 countries of the world. This disease initially had been spread as epidemic
as it had spread to many people and communities at the same time. Now the situation has
become so grave that this virus has become a global phenomenon (Ahima et al. 2020). World
Health Organisation has disclosed its concern as the alarming levels of the corona virus spread,
inaction and severity. In the expectation of the number of cases, affected countries and deaths
can continue to increase. Now the report of the UN most of the people infected with this virus
are experiencing mild and moderate respiratory illness will be recovering without much

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exclusive treatment but the older people, children with low immunity capacity and those with
medical problems like cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes and
other issues can develop serious illness. This issues have convinced people around the world
mainly the scientists that because of this disease is transmitted easily to the others, therefore
prevention is the best policy to be applied in this situation (Givi et al. 2020). Due to this
pandemic, UN has suggested the administration of all the countries to take proper initiative to
prevent this disease to be transmitted socially.
There are proper guidelines and rules set for keeping social distancing and most of the
countries are following the path of locking down the states and provinces as China to stop people
carrying this virus to different parts of the world. In spite of having great medical systems and
best physicians to take care of, people are dying in huge number. The developed countries like
Japan, Italy, Spain, America, UK are being curbed with this disease as their population is being
hit by this pandemic. The understanding of social distancing is being pressurised through
government systems and people in some places are being threatened for breaking this chain of
transmission. The main barrier of this pandemic is the awareness of people about this disease and
how this problem can be solved without much harassment and economic slowdown (Givi et al.
2020). The lock down process and soicla distancg tp fight this pandemic are two major steps that
can be analysed through the sociological theories of both Durkheim as well as Weber.
Durkheimian sociological theory
The public health researchers around the world have utilised a huge number of concepts
which they derived from the works of Durkheim. This can be social capital and anomie. In
addition to this the factors of religion and science that develop cult of humanity the religion in
the society is organised around the organic solitary. World of humanity is there we characterize
to have humanity the centre of worship of religion and combine elements from Science and
religion. Complementary therapies along with medicine are identified to be possible candidate to
fulfil the responsibilities of kind of humanity (Rosenberg, 2016). The Institution of Public Health
therefore seems to be particularly an appropriate candidate which provides insight to academic
functions of Public Health and dual advocacy. The tension between the individual choices and
constant along with buffering role of the public health relating to other social institution can be
connected here.

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Durkheim has adopted and approach in which he has considered the society to be
developing from a traditional state to a modern society through perfect understanding as well as
expansion of the divisions of labour this particular theorist as compared society as an organism
which has different parts functioning to ensure perfect and orderly operation as well as evolution
of society he has been associated with the idea of structural functionalism in which he has
regarded society to be a compost structure that functions together (Swedberg, 2018). He has
distinguished function and structure of the society and considered it to be a composition of
individual’s constant influence and a huge number of individuals connected through norms. In
his theory Durkheim has pointed out that all of these factors are developed from earlier as well as
current human actions and their stand apart from any individual to form themselves into
particular structures or Institutions to affect the individual.
Durkheim has special concerned with the issue of the social order and how the modern
society has hold together composing in individuals in it. each of the individuals are acting in an
autonomous manner with separate and different interests he has focused on the problem of
reconciling freedom and the morality and social Cohesion in the modern society. he has
explained various social issues and answer them with the concept of social solidarity systems of
common mobility forms of law and common consciousness. according to this theory the forces
and structure of the society are not always effective to produce as well as social order there is a
continuous social change because the reason of society and Labour develop where disruption can
take place leading to common consciousness (Fish, 2017). He has connected this with forced
division of labour and to the periods of ruthlessness which he has called anomie. Durkheim has
mentioned and aim to be leading the individuals towards suicide through which he has explored
the causes of various suicide rate at different spaces and times in Europe to explain why they
differ.
The sociological theory of Durkheim, has distinguished sociology from Psychology
economic philosophy and other Social Sciences by argue that the society is itself and identity. He
has pointed out that there are some particular features of the collective life in the in the society
which is embedded with social facts and connection of the individuals. He has considered the
beliefs consciousness and practices of the collective groups to be coercive on the individual
actors in the society. In this respect he has a structuralism approach where social structures are

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considered to be exerting a strong influence on the social actions it is however individuals who
actually make movements but they do not act on the purely individual basis. These individuals
have their own obligations and duties. Which make them act in ways to strongly influence the
structure of which they are living. Sociology according to this theory is consisted of social
morality, solidarity and Systems of religion. The theoretical analysis of Durkheim has helps to
provide a basis for conservative structural function of the society. In his model the theorist has
advocated for the development of occupational and professional groups which refers to the
interest of a special groups to be promoted as well as for the furthered. This can promote more
than the interest of the individuals in a society but relates to the general interest of the society as
a whole. This creates solidarity in the society to develop Complex division of labour. In order to
understand this the theories has come closer towards some version of pluralism.
According to Durkheim, there are two types of social solidarity that includes how the
societies hold together a d what tie the individuals together that connect the individuals with the
society. These two types of mechanical solidarities that feature earlier as well as traditional
societies that mark the limitation of division of labour is seen. The types of social solidarity in
the modern societies with highly devoted division of labour can be referred as the organic
solidarity. The division of labour itself creates organic solidarity because of mutual needs of the
individuals in the modern society. Indigo type societies individuals for most of the parts in
developed with their obligations to the others as well as an integrated part of it in doing so each
of the persons receive some recognition on his rights as well as country would be gained the
society collectively. The social mobility in this condition can be said to be strictly necessary for
the solidarity between the people to occur. This is stated that without morality no society can
exist.
The main substantive problem for Durkheim is developed from the apparent moral
ambiguity concerning the relationship between individual and the society on contemporary
world. Similarly, with the specialization as well as highly developed divisions of labour. Here
the individuals develop their individual consciousness but are influenced in this specialization.
There are also moral ideas influencing people to be perfectly rounded of the service to the
society as a whole. This two features seem to be contradictory and concerned with the finding of

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sociology and historical roots of every of these two contradictory guidelines to be reconciled in
the modern society.
Mechanical solidarity refers to the small scale and localised rural areas where there was a
small division of labour was present depending upon their age and gender. In this type of society,
the people were quite similar to one another for which Durkheim has mentioned it to be
mechanical solidarity with through likeness. In this type of society, the members share same
values and carry out similar types of tasks. These societies are featured by likeness where the
members share the same life situations and same experience. In these societies the legal quotes
and system of law where repressive and penal laws. In case there is a crime in this society then it
seems to be an offence against all because this is an offence against all the common morality
values and shared system. The people in this type of society feel this crime regardless of how
serious it was and ask for severe punishment. Here the theorist has pointed out that anything
which orphans the common conscience can threat the solidarity which is the main existence of
the society. A crime if you left on punished it can us can social Unity. Punishment there service
to be an important function to restore and reconstitute social unity.
Durkheim in this theory has also mentioned about the organic solidarity which is
connected to the modern world. According to this author the development of division labour and
collective consciousness in the modern societies have started to clean. Each of the individuals
have started to have their separate set of tasks in which they are skilled at. This different
situations has led to experience different condition by different individuals in one society. the set
of experiences lead them towards personal consciousness replacing collective consciousness that
emphasizes on the individual distinctiveness situation that created common collective
consciousness is previously is disturbed and the individual student have common experiences
now these great variety of social setting every individual is experiencing unconsciousness. As the
development of division of labour as a collective consciousness in the modern societies this can
also create new form of solidarity. This is organic solidarity which is characterized by the river
Indians of individuals on one another within the direction of and with a certain forms of
cooperation.
In this type of society the functional interdependence in the vision of labour has led to
organic solidarity and presupposes difference of the individuals according to their actions and

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believes. With the growth of organic solidarity and its expansion of division of labour are
associated with increasing individualism. However despite the fact that differences of
experiences and tasks become expected in the modern society but commonly shared values still
persist in a more generalized form. These are not dependent on the utility of communication and
experiences of the individuals in a daily manner but instead of specifying actions and common
values these are seem to have more general understanding for the social practices. This sense
division of labour is seen to be a moral phenomenon by the theorist. Durkheim has argue that
there are individuals and probably a group where differences are recorded but at the same time
there is a new type of social solidarity.
The ideology of Durkheim has been associated with the public health by the researchers
as these are associated with the societies having both the traditional as well as modern outlook.
The people associated with the understanding of the responses of the people in the societies
regarding public health crisis. The concept of mechanical and organic solidarity are connected
with the public health crisis where the researchers have pointed out the inequalities present in the
society and the other sections of growth are creating stage for the spread of this crisis. The health
inequalities depending upon different demographic aspects like age, gender and economic
capacities are the people truly connect the mechanical solidarity as well as organic one.
Mechanical solidarity connects the age and sex of the people in the societies whereas the organic
solidarity refers to the economic inequalities leading to have a varied experience of the members
in the society.
Now this social theory of Durkheim can be connected with the Foucauldian analysis of
bio politics. This focuses on the biological process like birth health morality longevity and every
other conditions which cause these factors to very these biological processes are regulated
through series of interventions as well as regulatory controls from the part of the government for
the head of the society. The object is to provide welfare to the population by taking care of their
health for which the state is strengthened. The rise of surveillance medicine as rise in after 20th
century which is based on the problem addition of normal situation. It brings everyone within the
network of visibility and creates a notion of precarious normality.
This resource that people are truly healthy and comes under the surveillance in terms of
health security. This includes can calculation of intervention and risk main focus has remained

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on the relationship between practices and discourses where Public Health becomes one
disciplinary technique which inveigles into lives and identities of the people. This regulates the
bodies and render people docile. The theory of Durkheim has focuses on the collective and
individual responses towards Public Health policies when they state that under certain
imperatives of personal, individual and public welfare regarding health can be mitigated. From
this particular point of view the disciplines of psychology no longer offer oppositional stands
where it can focus on the social causes of diseases. This is an aspect of medicalization itself. The
function of Public Health position in institutions have a negative effect and demanding resistance
is to overcome social inequality and lay claim to authenticity. In the case of preventing Covid 19
pandemic affecting the global societies, connecting incapability of economy, politics and
medical science to prevent from being spread (Ahima et al. 2020). Only awareness about the
prevention process and maintaining the positive outlook to keep individuals away from social
mixing is being overlooked. The psychology of people of abiding instructions for their own good
is not being seen which may meet the demand and supply of medical support available in the
country. For the developed countries where the investments in the medical facilities are high may
meet the demands of the patients but in the developing and under developed nations the medical
kits are not available to even judge the patients. This connects with the social inequality
mentioned previously in this Durkheimian theory.
Durkheim is presented as having connection with functionalism but it is more concerned
with the structure which lie behind the observable phenomena rather than focusing on the
explanation of relationships between observable paths of social systems it is realistic and details
for contradictory model forces in the society. It is described that society has being constructed
upon altruism fatalism anomie and egoism. Altruism is commitment to the higher authority
outside the self, egoism is the individuality, fatalism is associated with inescapable limit to the
human actions and anomie is the uncertainty or changes. Now modernist society as Durkheim
has mentioned is characterized as one of the high levels of egoism as well as anomie. Without
any social mechanisms that constrain anomie and egoism, pathological consequences will follow
therefore altruism and fatalism are to be promoted. There are certain sources which constraint
anomie and egoism such as social grouping and another is religion.

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To Durkheim, public health is effective which people share in common in a society and
cannot be measured only individualist but spread through collective effort. According to this
author health inequalities develop due to social inequalities that is a source of political
embarrassment from the part of the governments. The recent social epidemiology report has
pointed out new liberal construction in is widening the health gap between different groups in a
society. This is the reason why the threat of endemic diseases and Public Health crisis is
growing. The exercise of unregulated capitalism social differentiation, performing and important
function as individualism are all the causes of questioning Healthcare policies of the government.
Public Health crisis is the result of failure in attaining the goals of public health policies
in different part of the world. Now due to globalisation one country is connected with another
through trade and many other factors that is increasing social connection and rid of diseases
more violently. The concept of healthy public policy is marked by the inclusion of promotion of
Health campaigns like obesity epidemic, AIDS, cancer and other age related health crisis
(Malczewski, 2019). Most recently, the spread of Covid 19 virus killing a large population
within few times can be related with this crisis. Without having proper infrastructure relating to
health in the countries, fighting with these epidemic is not possible.
In addition to this, the egoism and anomie mentioned by Durkheim are creating barrier to
the development of awareness among the people in the society. This is increasing the threat for
the growth of crisis in terms of public health. The excesses of individual behaviour and capitalist
Enterprises are targeting for public health advocating process along with the government but
convincing public is really difficult. Health impact assessment however develops precautions for
public health policies that ensure positive impact on health in the society.
Weberian sociological theory:
According to Kimmel (2007), the discipline of sociology has great connection with the
classical and political theory which manipulates the policies regarding health crisis around the
world. Weberian theory of social stratification, has connection with the spread of pandemic
diseases and increasing public health crisis in the world. This theory allows understanding of the
social strata and how the poor section of the society is suffering from the treat more than the
higher strata. There are multidimensional approach to understand social differences in our
society. This theory is developed depending upon social stratification which reflects and

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interplay among the prestige power and wealth of the persons. It is a system by which the
societies rank category of people in the hierarchy. In many developed countries is perfectly clear
that some of the groups have greater status wealth and power than the other groups. The social
stratification theory by Max Weber is strongly influenced by the idea of Karl Marx but it rejects
the possibility of effective communism because it can recover a greater level of detrimental
control as well as bureaucratism than the capitalist society.
He has developed a three component theory of stratification as well as the concept of life
chance if there are more class division in a society then Karl Marx had suggested. He has taken
different concepts from both the Marxist as well as functional is theories for creating his own
system. Max Weber has emphasized the differences between status, power and class of people
which is treated separately but relating sources of power. According to this theory based every of
these factors have different effects on the social actions. Stratification of society is based on the
simple ownership of capital where the theorist has examined the members of the aristocracy in
the modern situation have more political power then economic wealth (Joosse, 2017). Some of
the wealthy families now days have economic wealth but lack Prestige as well as power.
Therefore Weber has introduced three dependent factors that formed his theory of stratification
Hierarchy like class, status and power.
Class is the economic position of a person in the society depending upon his birth as well
as individual achievements. Weberian theory notes how the corporate executive can control the
firms who they themselves do not possess. However they put pressure on the employees of the
company cancel their labour instead of owning any capital. Status is the prestige and social
owner of a person that determines how popular the person is in that society. According to this
theory political power is the most important power in modern society which is not rooted in the
capital value solely but also in the individual status. Now power is the ability to engage social
changes. The individuals due to their position of service may gain power. Social power here is
the existence of the social groups show themselves in the form of endogamy or restricted pattern
of social intercourse share food and other benefits within the groups and show status conventions
or the traditions.
Epidemiology is the process of understanding the pattern and determinants of the health
and diseases in a society (Rosenberg, 2016). It is a branch of social epidemiology which

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addresses the social determinants of health that include poverty, income inequality and social
stratification. The Social Sciences explore Association between the social factors as well as
health along with their analytical approaches which differ from those of epidemiology. It is a tool
of Public Health. This may be a collaborative effort between the medical scientists and social
scientists.
Social class is a theoretical framework represents implemented approach to the social
stratification through introducing the social relation of ownership as well as control over the
productive assets to do perfect analysis of the inequalities in the political economic and cultural
resources. There has been acute need for theoretical innovation in the field of Public Health and
population this is due to the fact that the crisis regarding public health has been increasing due to
globalisation and increasing pollution level in the world. The crucial question regarding social
determinants of health can lead to significant theoretical contributions. the Weberian theory of
society and social stratification can create inequality in the society where the higher state of the
society can get support from Health Insurance initiated by the government and have the Purchase
capacity of life giving medicines where does the lowest letter of the society having Limited
power status and economic support cannot get proper medication and Healthcare guidance in the
developed countries. Depending upon the social structure of the country and the health policies
initiated by the government of the country can promote or mitigate Public Health crisis.
Innovation in the public health practices are necessity in the society that has evolved from
biomedical orientations to the social orientation. This assumes that the involvement of the
multiple actors like people from different state of the society can be supported by the progressive
policies. This has shifted towards the development of the alliance with increasing and broader
range of social actors. It can be seen that the growing number of reports about actions and
integrative programs can mitigate the issue of Public Health crisis.
The lower strata of the society who do not possess perfect knowledge or awareness about
the epidemic broken in this current situation like Covid 19 crisis. Now this is the responsibility
of the government to make things clear and develop perfect understanding of the demand and
crisis factors so that these people get proper facilities. This is the reason why innovation of
public health policies are essential Where are growing number of conditions traditionally
regarded as the social issues are interpreted within help framework. There are many jurisdictions

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or policies are shifting from the social traditional approaches to the harm reduction models
(Swedberg, 2018). This is including the axis of the psychological rehabilitation service and the
low threshold substitution treatments to supervise affected sites. This increases intense support
interventions through the Frontline health service involving in the integrative social development
action. This response to the need of vulnerable young children and the adolescent parents. In this
pandemic Covid–19, these people are becoming the most affected people. The healthy furcation
of the social issues justify overlapping action for the social change continuously. Despite there
are social changes marked after globalisation but this is increasing the threat of social
transmission of this disease. In the developing nations like that of India, the disease has entered
through foreigners and the non-residential Indians. Same is the factor with Italy and the US. Now
it is important to note that the more quickly the awareness is spread, the more prevention is
developed (Ahima et al. 2020). This is called for by the current public health policy. It is an
important method of incorporating contemporary social theories into the foundation of Public
Health practices.
There are theoretical bodies which work and reflect the conditions of modernity relating
to the public health crisis. The first is the intended consequences processed to the human activity
into the complex systems. The second is the critique of the structural planning model and the
third is the reflexive epistemology for overcoming objective or subjective dilemma. For more
than 30 years various unintended effects inheriting to the techno scientific medical activities can
be judged in the fields of Public Health. This can improve population health indicators going
together with undesirable effects of increasing health inequality. In the Western societies a
significant effort to construct as well as consolidate modern health system can be analysed. This
includes Public Health that improve population health indicator from going together with the
undesirable effects of increasing health inequality. During the last decade there is a spectacular
growth for wide range of health indicators and a large number of studies have pointed out that
these growth have not benefited each of the individuals in a society equally. This is connected
with the social state theory by Weber.
This suggests that is increase in the health inequality has led to unintended consequences
of such improvements. For example the number of smokers in the current sociological situation
have grown four times higher who have not completed even their High School and University

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graduation. Infectious diseases which were thought to be under control like tuberculosis is
showing higher incidence among the poor area in the North American cities. These studies have
also shown that even in the systems where the universal access can be guaranteed the health
service utilisation is not properly attend (Fish, 2017). The survival rate among the individuals in
terms of higher social strata all people from more privileged social economic classes is seen.
Here exploitation of disadvantaged groups can be found in terms of providing health facilities to
the entire nation. Hear the socially disadvantaged groups are not getting proper facilities
regarding health. This is due to their reason why the poor neighborhood is having higher threat
of pandemic diseases like Copid-19 and leading to public health crisis in a greater instances.
Survival rate of this poor disadvantaged group in the society are lower than the privileged class
and those who have higher economic power and status.
Now the issue lies with the fact that in most of the developing countries and
underdeveloped Nations the number of poor people is higher than the so called rich (Mestrovic,
2017). The main problem to prevent covid 19, the population is filled with lower economic
capacity who do not have enough financial support to buy expensive medicines for inter
expensive hospitals for or their health crisis. The expenses of health facilities despite of
technological growth is increasing therefore these people are not getting proper scope to avail
those. This is alarming situation for these Nations because the government is not being able to
arrange good health policies where equality can be maintained. The economic power lies with a
small group of people who are getting every facilities but also contributing worsening feature to
the public health crisis.
There are higher incidence where many of the people in the higher class starta are
responsible to bear the contagious diseases as they are taking part in the Global trade and
tourism. however they are getting cured as their very expensive medicines and other Healthcare
facilities where is this contagious diseases are affecting more people in the lower class of the
society but they are not being able to avail expensive health year advantages therefore the
number of mortality rate is higher in the poor people in a country (Vallera, 2019). In the case of
this pandemic that is dominating the entire world now, closing all economic growth or any type
of human activity, social inequality is prevailed. The countries are treating the young people
more effectively avoiding the elder ones. Similarly the poor migrant workers are not being given

13PUBLIC HEALTH
proper facilities to return to their homes and treated like animals (Everett et al., 2020). This is
the reason why many of the developed Nations have initiated to reduce healthcare inequality by
providing a health care facilities in terms of investing more in the health care services that will
be availed by the poor people in the countries. They will be getting free health check-ups
depending upon their economic position in the social strata. They will be getting universal access
to the healthcare facilities and utilise the medicines arranged by their government by investing
great finance through the apologies.
Conclusion:
Therefore it can be concluded that this is alarming situation for these Nations because the
government is not being able to arrange good health policies where equality can be maintained
the social mobility in this sentence can be said to be strictly necessary for the solidarity between
the people to occur. This problem is life and improve quality of life through informed choices in
the society by organisations both public and private individuals communities and there organised
efforts.This is stated that without morality no society can exist. Only through these process, the
governments of the developing and underdeveloped nations will be able to respond to the public
health crisis and end the pandemic diseases from affecting the lower state of the society that
constitute the most of the population.

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