Report on E-Business and E-Commerce: Models, Strategies, Analysis

This report delves into the realms of e-business and e-commerce, providing a comprehensive overview of their models, strategies, and impact on the economy and market. It begins by differentiating between e-business and e-commerce, highlighting how e-commerce is a subset of e-business. The report examines the impact of e-business, including its influence on business strategies, productivity, and supply chain management. It then explores the impact of e-commerce on the economy and market, emphasizing its competitive nature and how it has changed business structures. The report further discusses different e-business models such as B2B, B2C, C2C, B2G, G2B, and G2C. Various e-commerce strategies are also analyzed, including identifying online audiences and product reviews. The report concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce, offering recommendations to reduce the negative effects. The report also contains a detailed analysis of mistakes made by AstraZeneca and IBM in their business models.

Running head: INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Table of Contents
Task A:.............................................................................................................................................2
Part B:..............................................................................................................................................4
Abstract............................................................................................................................................4
Index terms......................................................................................................................................4
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Discussion........................................................................................................................................5
Impact of E-business:..................................................................................................................5
Impact of e-commerce on economy and market:........................................................................7
Different models of e-business:...................................................................................................7
Different e-commerce strategies :................................................................................................9
Advantages of e-commerce and e-business:................................................................................9
Disadvantages of e-commerce:..................................................................................................10
Ways to reduce the effects of these disadvantages:...................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................13

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Task A:
Mistakes made by AstraZeneca:
Astra Zenca used the outcome based specification which did not go well with the
business process. The outcome based specification enables the innovation of the vendor group.
However, this model is not suitable for the growing business. AstraZenca is in the growing phase
and adoption of the outcome based specification did not go well with the organization.
Mistakes made by IBM:
IBM did not able to understand the changing model of the fast growing business. The
change in the outsourcing of the multinational company can be not be varied from time to time.
IBM did not have any static policy for the outsourcing. In this case, there was regulations to
follow with the happening of the problem.
Outsourcing of the contracts for the five years:
The business model of the vendors makes the outsourcing for five years. For first two
years the vendors make the major investments in the organization. The rest three years, the main
aim of the vendors is to gain the profit from the provided investment. The total process requires
the time span of five years.
Mistakes made by the major corporate:
 In most of the cases, the organizations do not have the proper knowledge of the
outsourcing.
 The organizations have the poor knowledge of gathering of the information.

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 In most of the time organizations are not aware of the possible outcome of the decisions.
View regarding 2007 SLA:
There are certain reasons, for which the 2007 SLA is doomed to be failed-
 No clause for the termination of the contracts in 2007 SLA.
 The contract does not provide a clear view of the estimated fees and the services.
2001 SLA provisions:
This provides 13 standard policies, which can be be helpful for the organizations for
handling the problems. One of those 13 principals is ‘fix first pay later’ policy. According to
this policy, incase the problem arises it should be solved through the collaboration of both the
vendor organization and the AstraZeneca. This policy provides a fast solution of a problem
which is desirable for the organization.
Reasons for selecting arbitrator instead of lawsuit:
Selection of then arbitrator instead of lawsuit is beneficial for certain reasons. The whole
procedure of the lawsuit is time consuming. Whereas , the arbitrator can solve the problem in
a small time span. Lawsuit can cost the organization much ,which can be regarded as the
wastage of resource for the organization. Sometimes, the lawsuit ca bring the confidential
issues and the information to be disclosed, which is not desirable. All this reasons indicates
that the selection of the arbitrator is more preferable than lawsuit.

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Part B:
E-Business and E-Commerce Models and Strategies
Abstract
The development of technology has enabled the merging of technology and the business.
E-commerce or e-business is the result of this merging. The growth of e-commerce an de-
business ha significant impact on the business and the global economy (Al Omoush et al.,2018).
There are certain researches are being conducted for the improvisation and development of the e-
commerce. E-commerce has become more popular terms than e-business and sometimes it
seems as the synonymous terms (Andam, 2014). However, e-commerce can be regarded as the
subset of e-business. This study has discussed the terms related to the e-commerce and e-
business along with the explanation of the certain modeling strategies are done in this article. In
order to improvise the models certain advantages and disadvantages of the e-commerce and e-
business has been discussed along with the recommendations to mitigate those disadvantages.
Index terms
E-business, e-commerce, e-business models, e-commerce strategies.
Introduction
The technology has served many purpose of everyday’s life. The merging of the
technology and the business leads to the invention of e-commerce. In general sense the e-
commerce and e-business may seem as a similar term. However, they are different. The e-

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business refers to making the growth of the business through using technology and the internet
(Veit et al.,2014). Whereas e-commerce defines the selling of things direct from the service
providing organization through internet. E-commerce can be referred as online market place. The
use of internet has helped both e-commerce an de-business to reach to its target consumers and
explore the new opportunities. Presently, the e-commerce has major impact on the changing
economy and the business policies. It is regarded as a new way of doing business for most of the
startups and existing companies.
Discussion
Impact of E-business:
Electronic business is the way of doing business in a more manageable way. In e-business the
internet is used as medium for reaching to the potential consumers. It also helps the organizations
to search for new opportunities in the competitive market(Singh & Mukherji,2018). Apart from
that, managing the different functions of the organizations such as management of supply chain,
delivery of the orders, managing the inventory can also be done by making the smarter use of
internet. Presently, in the new business trend, most of the organizations are adopting the new
business policy which includes both online and offline process of the business (Singh &
Mukherji,2018). This approach is helping the business organizations to grow more rapidly and
providing the better services to the consumers by known the demand more clearly. Some of the
benefits of the e-business are-
 Managing the business strategy: The growing impact of the e-business has a positive
impact on the growth of the business. In order to analyze the market condition many
companies are taking the help of the online surveys and the internet. The conduction of

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the online surveys helps to understand the demand of the consumers. The search engines
also rate the companies depending on the user review. This encourages the companies to
do well and maintain a fair competition.
 Increase of the productivity: The use of e-business in the company helps to increase the
productivity of the company. The use of internet helps to provide better communication
in the organization which helps the production chain to work fast enough.
 Management o the supply chain: The e-business process can fasten the supply chain
management of the company. The control of the organization and other related work such
as data transaction, requesting for the resource, sharing the market information over a
secured network can be done through the development of the e-business. This
development helps to reduce the time and the overhead cost for all the process in the
company.
E-commerce is the subset and the most significant domain of the e-business. The main
objective of the e-commerce is to present the services and products from different companies to
the customers (Singh & Mukherji,2018). The use e-commerce has opened up the option to the
consumers to choose and compare between various products and select the product which is best
for them. There are certain factors like the availability and easy to use features have made e-
commerce popular among the consumers. Moreover the consumers can buy any product at any
moment by using the electronic transaction of money.
The use of e-commerce and e-business has provided better opportunities for both the
consumers and the organizations. Consumers can order any product online .The better approach
of the customer support helps the consumer in entire buying process(Singh & Mukherji,2018)..

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The use of e-business in the organization maks the market more competitive and it has changed
the structure of the business economy and thinking of the business strategy.
Impact of e-commerce on economy and market:
E-commerce is the sub domain of the e-business. It is a online market place where the
consumers can compare and buy products and can make the transaction of the money through
online (Moriset,2018). This concept of the shopping ahs gained popularity among the consumers
and it is giving a tough competition to the retail marketing (Singh & Mukherji,2018). The
demand and the popularity of the e-business is based on the easy availability and option for the
consumers for choosing the right product after comparing with other products.
The e-commerce and its development is making the market competitive in a specific way.
Apart from that the sellers of the products are getting new opportunities as they can reach to the
new consumer base and can understand the changing demand off the existing customers.
Different models of e-business:
E-business has six models for business-
• B2B (Business to Business)
• B2C (Business to Consumer)
• C2C (Consumer to Consumer)
• B2G(Business to Government)
• G2B (Government to Business)
• G2C (Government to Citizen)
Business to business model: In the business to business model, the business organizations
sells the products to the immediate buyers (Trad & Kalpić, 2016). These immediate buyers sell
those products to the consumers. In this model , the third party in the business exists (Kumar &

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Vijayalakshmi, 2016). The pricing of the product gets slightly higher than the initial price of the
product. Retail marketing is an example of the business to business model.
Business to consumers: In this process, the technology involves and manages the entire
process. In business to consumer model , the business organizations reach directly to the targeted
consumers through the websites (Koumpis,2014). The consumers can interact to the business
organizations directly through viewing the products and services from the company websites.
The customer choose the product, and order the product through online and the payment can be
made through online transaction.
Consumer to consumer: In this model the consumer can interface with other consumer
through the website. End users of the product can place the advertisement of selling the things on
the website (Popescu, 2015). The interested customer can vies those things from the website.
Interested consumers can interact with the seller of the thing trough website. One of the
companies that uses this business model is ebay.
Business to government: In this model , the business organizations can interact with the
government through websites (Yan, Lee & Lee, 2015). The organizations can exchange the
information through the web interface. These kinds of sites are recognized by the government,
where the companies can submit various forms like tenders.
Government to citizen: through this kind of business model the government tries to rech
to the citizen. The web interface is used in this kind of business mode (Raju & Feldman, 2017).
The websites recognized by the government are used for publishing notifications for the citizens
and citizens can lodge complain and request services from government through these kinds of

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websites (Zhu,& Lin,2018). One of the major implementation of these kinds of models is e-
governance.
Government to business: In this model the government tries to reach to the business
organizations through the websites. These kinds of websites releases the notification that will
attract the business organizations such as tender notice.
Different e-commerce strategies :
There are various strategies for the implementation of the e-commerce. The
implementation plan depends on the business situations, market situation and the type of the
business (Singh & Mukherji,2018). Some of the e-commerce strategies include-
Identify the online audience in a specific way: The market of the online business is
expanding in a large way (Xue, Li & Pei, 2016). The main aim of the business organizations
should keep a focus to identify the target consumers (Qu et al.,2015). Apart from that the
demand of the targeted consumers should be evaluated.
Review of the products: The e-commerce giants are encouraging the consumers to rate or
review a product they bought (Yeh, Lee & Pai, 2015). These ratings can help the other
consumers to evaluate the product before buying. Moreover, the organizations can understand
the specific requirements of the consumers.
Advantages of e-commerce and e-business:
Easy method of selling and buying: The buying and selling procedure is easy in the e-
commerce and e-business model (Bhatnagar et al.,2017). It helps to connect the people from the
different sectors. The business process becomes fast and efficient as the product and the
procedure is reviewed by the consumers with different backgrounds.

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System availability: The online interface of the e-business and e-commerce is available
for all time of the day. The buyers can buy things online at any time of the day. This makes the
buying experience better for the consumers.
Globalization: The online business has helped to enhance the globalization. The e-
commerce has helped to present things from different parts of the world in one place. So the
people can buy the things those come from different parts of the world.
Cost effectiveness: The e-commerce helps to reduce the overhead cost of the business.
The things are available through online. This helps to reduce the cost of the infrastructure for the
organization. The consumers do not have to pay visit to the store to buy things.
Product comparison: In online service driven by e-commerce, consumers can compare a
product with other products. This comparison helps the consumers to choose the best product for
them.
Providing efficient solutions: Through other forms of e-business like e-governance the
business organizations along with the government can provide better services to the consumers
an dthe citizens respectively in an efficient way.
Disadvantages of e-commerce:
Many malicious site scan camouflage themselves as the authentic sites. The users can
loose money while buying products from these sites.
The users can view the products through online. In this case, they may doubt about the
actual quality of the product.
The physical damage of the product may happen during the delivery of the product.

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Security is the major issue in the e-commerce. In e-commerce the transaction of money is
done through the online payment gateway. Some of the major security faults can lead to the lost
of money off the consumers while the transaction.
Exchange of the delivered products can be difficult.
Ways to reduce the effects of these disadvantages:
Exchange or the return policy should be easy.
The people should be made aware about the products and the brand value of the e-
commerce sites.
The shipping cost of the products should be controlled.
The e-commerce websites should be protected.
People should be made aware of the importance of maintaining the security while the
transaction of the money while buying things.
Conclusion
The article has discussed the e-commerce and e-business from different aspects. The
difference of the e-commerce and the e-business has been mentioned in this study. There are
certain models for developing the e-business. Those six models has been discussed with the
relevant examples. The strategies of the e-commerce has been discussed. Presently, the e-
commerce has major impact on the changing economy and the business policies. It is regarded as
a new way of doing business for most of the startups and existing companies.This article also
identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the e-commerce along with the ways to mitigate