A Study of E-Health and Healthcare Accessibility in Hong Kong

This report examines the significance of e-health in enhancing healthcare accessibility within Hong Kong. It delves into the background of e-health, emphasizing the increasing importance of digital information and communication technologies in healthcare, particularly mobile health applications and wearable devices. The study highlights the digitalization of healthcare services and its impact on patient care. The report identifies the research aim as understanding healthcare accessibility through e-health in Hong Kong and analyzes challenges in its implementation. The objectives include evaluating the concept of e-health, analyzing its role in promoting health, and understanding barriers to its implementation. The study includes a literature review, covering e-health's impact on healthcare accessibility, the challenges involved, and the importance of innovations. The report also describes the research methodology and the structure of the paper, including the introduction, literature review, and the scope of the research, which focuses on e-health's role in overcoming barriers to care and providing equal access. The report is structured to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject, contributing to the field of health informatics and discussing how e-health services can improve healthcare outcomes.

Running head: MANAGEMENT
Management
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1- Introduction....................................................................................................................2
1.1 Research Background............................................................................................................2
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research Objectives and Questions.......................................................................................5
1.5 Research Rationale................................................................................................................6
1.6 Significance of Research Rationale.......................................................................................6
1.7 Scope of Research..................................................................................................................7
1.8 Structure of Paper..................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2- Literature Review........................................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................10
2.2 Analysis of Functioning of E-health....................................................................................10
2.2.1 Impact of E-Health on Healthcare Accessibility in Hong Kong......................................12
2.2.2 Analysis of the different Challenges of E-Health.............................................................16
2.3 Importance of e-health care Innovations.............................................................................18
2.4 Summary..............................................................................................................................19
References......................................................................................................................................21

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Topic- A Study Of Healthcare Accessibility Through E-Health In Hong Kong And
Challenges In Its Implementations
Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Research Background
The respective research mainly aims in understanding the importance of the healthcare
accessibility through the usage of the e-health in the economy of Hong-Kong. Moreover, there
are different challenges or barriers included in the process of e-health approach which needs to
be analyzed in an efficient manner for improving the appropriateness of the services thoroughly.
The main aim and purpose of the research is to understand the degree of the overall
accessibility of the healthcare through the E-health in Hong-Kong market. As commented by
Wang et al. (2018), the mobile health is rapidly expanding the field in the digital health sector in
Hong-Kong which is capable of providing healthcare support, intervention along with delivery
with the help of the mobile technologies such as tablets, smart phones along with wearable.
Moreover, as opined by Voutsidou et al. (2019), the fundamental aspect of the mobile health is to
provide the different health care services to all the individuals which will be effective for the
growth of the trend in a suitable manner. Proper accesses to the digital kind of information as
well as communication are increasing importance in everyday life along with work.
Analysis of Digitization of Health Care Services
In addition, digitalization of the healthcare or the e-health since the 2000s mainly
includes the proper introduction as well as usage of the different information as well as

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communication technology in healthcare that impacts the different aspects of healthcare
successfully. Additionally, as opined by Tanwar, Parekh and Evans (2020), it helps in changing
the different techniques in which the healthcare is delivered in a suitable manner and the
different patients will be able to access and receive the different information appropriately. As
described by Stone and Waldron (2019), the digitalization of the entire healthcare prospects has
further radically expanded in the last few years. The 1970s has been highly described as the time
of the exponential development in area which has been due to the less expensive kind of
hardware. In the current scenario, as commented by Shields (2019), the different systems are
being developed for the different healthcare professionals as well as specific departments such as
radiology or administration. As commented by Ryan and Kushalnagar (2018), in the 1980s, the
first electronic health records were basically implemented in different forms starting from
different kinds of the departmental EHRs which has been helpful in serving different areas
successfully.
Definition of E-Health Aspects
As commented by Rahmani et al. (2018), the proper usage of the modern information
along with communication processes and technologies to meet the needs of the different citizens,
patients along with healthcare knowledge and research in a suitable manner. E-health is
considered to be broad terms and it is the usage of the information along with communications
technologies in the health-care and it covers lot of territory which helps the developing countries
which will be beneficial in improving the growth of the firm in an efficient manner. the
digitization is the key element which is needed to be implemented for the enhancement and
growth of the health and growth prospects of the different countries in a suitable manner. Since
the introduction of computers from the year 1960s, the digitization of the healthcare has been

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taken into consideration and it has helped them in improving the health and well-being of the
individuals effectively as well (Quinlan et al., 2019).
Currently, as commented by Nymberg et al. (2019), the digitization along with
innovation are imperative in several industries along with in the healthcare sectors. The
digitization of the healthcare is the consideration of the opportunity for transferring the
previously used paper based processes to the digitally supported businesses in a suitable manner.
According to Nelson and Staggers (2016), the access to the digital information can be helpful in
supporting innovation and finding out new ways of working along with generation of new and
innovative products and services in a successful manner. In the traditional era, it has been
noticed that the different innovative studies have been mainly focusing on the different kinds of
manufacturing and high-tech sectors and it did not provide any overview on any kind of
healthcare sectors. On the other hand, as commented by Miotto, Kidd and Dudley (2016), in the
current scenario, the health care sectors along with automotive industries are preferring to
improve their growth through the usage of the technological advancements and improve their
effectiveness. In the today’s scenario, there is a high shift in the focus from the adoption of the
technology to how the different e-health services as well as innovations can be beneficial in
improving the healthcare outcomes in the developing nations such as Hong-Kong.
1.2 Problem Statement
As commented by Miah, Hasan and Gammack (2017), the rapid development of the
information along with communication technology within the health related services is acting as
the proper as well as driving force in the healthcare aspects through the introduction of e-health
related services that helped them in improving the growth of the healthcare professionals in a
suitable manner. however, in such scenario, it has been analyzed by Lv et al. (2019), that with

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the proper infrastructure is being developed, however; it is not able to impact the performance of
the developing countries and it is creating high level of barriers. As there is inadequate access to
the different technological advancements, the e-health prospects are becoming ineffective and it
creates pressure on accessing the supreme kind of health care services provided to the individuals
who are belonging from different developing countries.
1.3 Research Aim
The main aim and purpose of the research is to identify the different kinds of prospects
which are related to the e-health care prospects in the Hong-Kong economy along with
understanding the different kinds of barriers that are impacting performance of the electronic
health care prospects in a negative manner. The research will be mainly aiming towards
discussing the possible accessibility of the healthcare through mobile health or the e-health in the
economy of Hong-Kong. As the different disease burden is increasing to a large extent in the
current scenario, both the wearable devices as well as the mobile applications are changing in a
rapid manner for controlling the different diseases and to promote health and wellbeing among
the different people. Moreover, the e-healthcare facilities will be beneficial and suitable for
increasing the usage of the electronic and digitized platforms in order to provide the patients with
the utmost care and gain effective in the market in a successful manner.
1.4 Research Objectives and Questions
Objectives
The different objectives of the entire research include the following aspects which are
described as follows:

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 To evaluate and analyze the concept of e-health in the different economies in the rapid
changing environment
 To analyze and understand the role of the e-health in promoting the health along with
well-being of the different individuals in the economy of Hong-Kong
 To understand and analyze the different barriers of implementation of e-health in the
different developing countries such as Hong-Kong
Research Questions
 What is the concept of e-health?
 Analyze the role of the e-health in promoting health as well as well-being in the economy
 What are the different kinds of barriers of implementing the e-health in developing
countries which includes Hong-Kong?
1.5 Research Rationale
The main rationale for conducting the research is to learn regarding the different
technological advancements which have been introduced in the current scenario. Health research
aims in finding better ways for preventing and treat disease that will be effective in
understanding the level of efficiency. The e-health is the emerging field in intersection of
medical related informatics which can be enhanced with the usage of internet and related
technologies as well.
1.6 Significance of Research Rationale
In the current scenario of the rapid changing technological advancements, these are
playing the vital role in strengthening the social and health care setting. Therefore, these are
resulting in the e-health care services that are considered to be the most essential factors in

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maintaining the ratio among patient as well as doctor in the entire world. Additionally, e-health
is considered to be the proper usage of the different digital technologies along with
telecommunications which is inclusive of computers, mobile devices along with internet that is
capable for facilitating the improvement of the health along with services related to healthcare.
With the help of the e-health services, it will be intending to provide the different patients with
the high and appropriate quality of the healthcare related facilities.
The e-health helps in supporting the overall enhancement of the knowledge of the
patients regarding the different diseases, their self-engagement capacities along with quality of
the life. In such scenario, the adoptions along with acceptance are high in the respective manner
which will be capable of gaining competitiveness in the market in a suitable manner. Therefore,
from the above, it can be said that it is considered to be the significance of the research which is
helpful in understanding the importance of e-commerce is helpful in efficient manner for
delivering the high quality of the facilities related to healthcare. The thesis will be mainly
contributing towards the work on innovation along with business related models through
expanding the theory from one particular area to the entire public healthcare contexts.
1.7 Scope of Research
In the respective research, the main aspect which can be analyzed is that in the current
scenario, the prevention of the different diseases are the key element which needs to be
implemented as it will be capable of promote the individual wellbeing in the different developed
and developing economies. In the current era of technological advancement, the e-health is the
key aspect which needs to be implemented for improving the well-being of the different
individuals in the developing countries such as Hong-Kong.

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The entire scope of the research paper is to understand the role of the e-health in helping
the different barriers of the care and providing equal access to everyone. After the completion of
the entire research, the researcher will be capable of collecting along with evaluating the data in
an easy manner and it will be assisting in amplifying the research quality successfully. The work
in the respective dissertation will be mainly focusing on the contribution towards the area of the
health related informatics through discussing the different kinds of issues which are related to the
innovation in the services of e-health care and opening up EHRs to the different patients.
It helps in providing classification of the different prerequisites which need to be
considered when the e-health information impacts the healthcare professionals and the patients in
a suitable manner. The thesis will be discussing the scope of how the different business model
related frameworks can be used in an effective manner in field of the health informatics.
1.8 Structure of Paper
The overall structure of the paper will be mainly dealing with the first and second
chapters which include the Introduction and Literature Review. In the introduction section, there
will be different kinds of e-healthcare facilities which play a beneficial and appropriate role in
curing the different patients particularly in the different developing countries such as Hong-
Kong. Moreover, in the literature review, it will be mainly dealing with the different kinds of
concepts and the role along with importance of the e-health care facilities and services in Hong-
Kong economy which will be beneficial in providing the patients and health-care service
providers which will be helpful for meeting the different needs of individuals in an efficient and
appropriate manner.

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Chapter 2- Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
In the respective thesis, the fundamental aspect which needs to be analyzed is the level or
the degree to which the different individuals will be able to get and receive the process access of
the high quality healthcare facility through the usage of the electronic healthcare services. As
there is rapid development of the technology, the proper accessibility of the facility related to
healthcare is the key element which is needed to be analyzed and identified for analyzing the
increase in the rapid manner.
Additionally, the literature review section will be mainly dealing with the different kinds
of aspects related to the role of the e-healthcare facilities and the challenges in the
implementation of the e-health care facilities in the developing countries as well. In the
developed countries such as in Europe and America, the speed of adopting the respective e-
healthcare is high, while the pace is quite slower in the different developing nations that are
creating pressure on the effectiveness of the countries to a large extent (Lopez, 2019).
The literature review of the entire research paper will be mainly contributing towards the
finding out the proper impact of the e-health policies and procedures on the quality of the
healthcare in developed and developing countries. With the different models, concepts along
with theories, the possible linkages as well as evidences which exist between innovations are
needed to be analyzed successfully.

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2.2 Analysis of Functioning of E-health
As commented by Ledford and Gast (2018), e-health is capable of covering different
territories which is the reason why the different experts in the healthcare sectors are trying to
understand the meaning of the term in a proper manner. The e-healthcare services is considered
to be the emerging kind of field in the entire connection of the different medical type of
informatics, public health along with business that is referring to the health related services along
with information which are being delivered or properly enhanced mainly with usage of the
internet along with different other technologies in an appropriate sense. Moreover, as commented
by Kumar (2019), on the broader sense, the term helps in characterizing the technical
development along with way of thinking and commitment for the networked for improving the
healthcare locally, regionally as well as in the entire worldwide through using the information
along with communication technology successfully.
As commented by Joao (2016), the successful kind of change which is needed to be
implemented in the healthcare services with the help of the adequate communication as well as
empowerment with the right tools. It can be therefore summarized that good communication
along with faith in the leaders and proper implementation plan are the crucial elements for the
successful change transition that will be beneficial in enhancing the good e-health related policy
successfully. As opined by Joao and Ritcheson (2018), e-health is proper usage of the different
information technology possibilities along with health resources in enhancement along with
promotion of health related services in developing nations such as Hong-Kong. It was being
noticed that one principal and core characteristics of the good and effective leadership is the
actual ability to adapt to the good innovations and the change, on contrary, is the application of
the new knowledge as well as experience for improving the probable results than the old one. E-

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health policy mainly aims at enhancing the quality of the care through the innovative kind of
policies.
2.2.1 Impact of E-Health on Healthcare Accessibility in Hong Kong
As commented by Jensen, Jensen and Brunak (2012), the main aim of the e-healthcare
are to properly embrace the increased kind of appropriateness in the healthcare, improved
healthcare quality along with increased level of the commitment to the evidence based medicine
along with empowerment of the different patients along with consumers. In addition, as opined
by Humphries (2017), there are healthcare providers along with users have the access to
scanners, video-conferencing along with digital cameras facilities. As simply stated, Hripcsak
and Albers (2013), have opined that the e-healthcare networks can be helpful in improving time
along with distance barriers to the overall flow of the information regarding the health and it will
be therefore, ensuring that collective kind of knowledge is been implemented for understanding
and bearing it appropriately on the different problems related to health in entire world.
As commented by Hossain et al. (2019), the key stakeholders who are present in the e-
healthcare related industry include the different employers, providers, patients along with health
related plans. The different employers have the desire in analyzing the healthcare costs along
with usage by the employees and patients and on the contrary, want proper information regarding
their own health. Furthermore, providers of the healthcare services want to save time with the
help of the e-health services through streamlining the communications. The different health
planners need to strengthen their relationships properly with the different members as well as
providers along with reducing cost of performing the business successfully. For the different

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patients, who are viewed as customers, in such scenario, e-healthcare helps in lending itself as
the opportunity for changing their relationships with the different providers along with different
insurance companies (Fernández-Alemán et al., 2013).
As argued by Farahani, Firouzi and Chakrabarty (2020), these are the different
opportunities for the improved communication helps in including provider messaging, access to
the electronic kind of medical records along with generating ability for information access
regarding alternative kind of approaches to the medical treatment. The different patients have
been noted that to get only 10 minutes of the face to face time on the average with the physician.
However, through the help and implementation of e-healthcare facilities, these are the patients
which have the access to the thousands of the healthcare internet sites from wherein they can be
gaining the unlimited health information in a suitable manner and gain competitive advantage in
an appropriate manner.
As commented by Carvalho, Rocha and Abreu (2016), the potential for the e-healthcare
technologies can be beneficial for educating the different patients along with promoting the
improved self-management skills in without any boundaries. In addition, as opined by Dinev et
al. (2016), employers in the Hong-Kong economy have been saddled with the rising in the costs
of the healthcare which will be adversely impacting the competitiveness within the respective
industries such as healthcare. As the costs related to healthcare are becoming the large share of
the organizational costs, the employers have sought the new along with innovative kind of
approaches for improving efficiency as well as quality of the healthcare in a suitable manner. it
will be beneficial for the different employers in becoming highly engaged in the different
activities which will be suitable for reviewing the costs as well as quality in the healthcare as

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they will be capable to see the different involvements as the essential to the economic viability
(Cowie et al., 2017).
As commented by Miotto et al. (2016), with the introduction and implementation of the
e-healthcare facilities in the different developing countries like Hong-Kong, the main aspect
which is noticed is related to the cost savings aspect. As opined by Mandel et al. (2016), the
main aspect of the e-healthcare services is the decreasing cost approach and benefits which will
be gained. It has been noted that the e-health care has the high level of potential to slice the
skyrocketing healthcare spending by more than 10%. E-healthcare helps in decreasing the cost
through proper avoidance of the duplicate diagnostic along with therapeutic procedures that is
enabled by the proper level of communication between the different patients as well as providers
(Goldstein et al., 2017).
As described by Hoffmann et al. (2017), in the contemporary world, the technological
advancement is the crucial element that is needed to be implemented for promoting the electronic
health care services in the different developing nations such as Hong-Kong. The implementation
of the information and Communication Technology in the healthcare is the e-health that mainly
engages in the prompt manner in health along with social setting. It is considered to be the mode
of the development of the accurate technology which will be suitable for dealing with the
different critical health aspects which will be beneficial in improving the health care check-ups
of the patients present in the developing nations in a suitable manner. Moreover, as defined by
Barak-Corren et al. (2017), the fundamental need or the requirements is to use the digital
technologies that includes internet or the different other mobile devices which will be effective in
improving the healthcare facility and service successfully.

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In the current contemporary times, the e-health is one of the critical elements which is
playing a pivotal role in proper creation of the digital healthcare environment wherein the
different individuals can be getting personalized kind of services regarding their health and the
monthly or quarterly health check-ups become a vital part in managing the effectiveness.
Additionally, such kind of information will be allowing healthcare practitioners for practicing
effectively and deliver the accurate results regarding the health reports to the patients. Moreover,
as opined by Shickel et al. (2017), through the usage of the e-health check-ups and prospects, the
different doctors of the hospitals can be sharing the reports and health check-ups updates with
the patients in a systematic manner which will be suitable for the effectiveness. There will be
saving of time through the usage of the e-healthcare checkups that will be effective and efficient
in nature and it will be allowing the different physicians in concentrating on the improved care
that can be provided to the patients in an efficient manner.
As commented by Ekblaw et al. (2016), the importance of the e-healthcare lies in
reducing the different costs which are related to compliances as it will be suitable for improving
the growth and efficiency of the company and the patients who are trusting such system in
making their tests done and their treatments are being conducted appropriately. From the analysis
of the above, it can be seen that healthcare customers can be utilizing the internet appropriately
for researching the different techniques in which they can be able to avoid certain kinds of
ailments and it will be suitable for the enhancement of the health care related practices in a
positive manner. Through the usage of the electronics and digitization of the different aspects, it
will be suitable for avoiding the certain kinds of illnesses which are saving the lives of the
patients and reputation of the healthcare institutions successfully (Guo et al., 2018).

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Lastly, as opined by Osmani et al. (2018), through the electronic healthcare data system,
it helps in providing the patients with the accurate data regarding their health and it enhances
their insight towards their health prospects. As per the wish of the patients, they can be receiving
all health related information on their accounts in just a few clicks. Along with the same, they
will be getting an account in which the health related information will be stored that can be
easily to be accessed at any time and from any kind of location. Therefore, the people or the
patients do not have to travel long distances to collect their data and the medical reports are
available everywhere (Dagher et al., 2018). The paperwork is reduced which makes the doctors
free and they can be concentrating on the different other aspects which will be helpful for
making the patients safe and secure within the timeline and timeframe which has been notified.
The quality and the appropriateness in the services of the e-healthcare system are the most
efficient aspect that will be improving the quality along with work-life balance of the patients
and doctors or physicians.
2.2.2 Analysis of the different Challenges of E-Health
As commented by Zheng et al. (2017), along with the different benefits of the e-health
care systems, there are different kinds of disadvantages of the e-health care systems that will be
impacting the performance of the companies such as the health care institutions along with
physicians and doctors who are involved in the respective process. As opined by Evans (2016),
the main disadvantage of the e-health is that it is cost consuming and time consuming as well.
The start-up costs are high for the health care institutions which are planning to implement the
respective system in the company. The costs related to capital may not be affordable by the
companies which can be leading to the entire failure.

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Moreover, as commented by Zheng et al. (2017), there is lack of the different skills along
with knowledge among the different employees regarding the electronic healthcare can be
leading to the failure of the system in the economy of Hong-Kong. The lack of the computer
literacy among the different employees in the economy of Hong-Kong can be creating greatest
level of barriers in the process of implementation of the electronic healthcare systems. For
instance- In the economy of Hong-Kong, socio-cultural differences among the different sites are
the other major barrier in practicing the e-health aspects in the respective environment. In
addition, as described by Evans (2016), as all the different data of the health check-ups and
prescriptions are being maintained through digital procedures, there can be vulnerability to the
different kinds of cyber attacks such as denial of the service attacks or the malware attacks that
can be creating ineffectiveness in managing the data. Additionally, privacy as well as security of
each person will be mainly on stake as they might be feeling that data might be getting breached.
As opined by , in the developing nations such as Hong-Kong, there is lack of training and
development approaches being maintained by the different individuals due to which the handling
of the digital process can be risky and it will be creating pressure on the different hospitals who
are preferring to install such digitization in the system. As the training and development costs are
quite high, therefore, it will be creating trouble for the employers in employing the different
professionals from outside and it can be creating extra implementation of the different costs.
Furthermore, as described by Voutsidou et al. (2019), there will be high level of panic among the
different people whenever there will be false alarm or misinterpreting the entry of the file. There
can be issues related to liability with the implementation of the electronic healthcare records. For
instance- firstly, the different medical records can be getting destroyed or lost during the process

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of transition from the paper based system to the electronic based system and it could be leading
to the inappropriate treatment among the patients in developing nations such as Hong-Kong.
Moreover, as opined by Wang et al. (2018), it has been noticed that through inclusion of
the electronic data recording system in healthcare, there will be situations related to frightening
patients in the needless manner. As the electronic records enable the different patients in
understanding and receiving the access to the data, it can be creating situation of the chaos when
there will be some issues found in their report. It can be creating panic in the family as well
which will be chaotic situation for the hospitals or the healthcare institutions. Proper education is
the most ineffective aspect which is impacting the performance of the electronic healthcare
systems in a negative manner. As commented by Zheng et al. (2017), it should be known by the
different kinds of medical practitioners that the enhanced kind of healthcare system will be
helping the different patients in recovering soon which will be impacting the performance of the
different healthcare centers in the developing countries such as in Hong-Kong as well.
2.3 Importance of e-health care Innovations
As commented by Shields (2019), with the introduction of the e-health care innovations
can be generating the growth rate of the companies in a suitable manner which will be creating
large number of opportunities for the hospitals in treating their patients within a short span of
time and delivering the appropriate results within the short time. As commented by Evans
(2016), the e-health care systems will be providing the different patients with clear as well as
more insight towards their health results that have been generated without much delay.
It is innovative in nature as there is less paper work and along with benefits, the
respective innovation will be able to changing the communication processes with the different

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staffs that are present and working with the company. Through the mass kind of availability of
the information from the healthcare websites, the patients are now able to compare the diagnoses
which are being made by the physicians which help them in comparing the results. This kind of
new patient power has been successful in changing every nature of the interaction with the
physicians and it makes the process much simpler in nature (Shields 2019).
As commented by Shields (2019), the internet particularly, is related to the e-healthcare
has been successful in allowing the different patients to propose new along with new innovative
solutions to their healthcare needs which will be helpful for the physicians as there are different
situations wherein they hesitate to share the part of information regarding their health conditions.
It is the most effective and essential kind of aspect which will be beneficial in gaining
competitiveness in the competitive world and scenario.
2.4 Summary
Therefore, from the analysis of the literature review, it has been noted that the good kind
of electronic healthcare system must be concentrating on providing proper and effective
information as well as services for guaranteeing the best possible outcomes for the care provided
to the different patients. There is the high as well as strong kind of demand for the employment
of the different professionals with the health kind of informatics skills which will be capable in
supervising the entire process and to keep the management part of the hospital in the high
standard level as these personnel will be helping and playing the beneficial role in the design of
the system, implementation of the system along with evaluation of the system which will be
efficient in managing the treatment and health care related processes in a positive manner. The
various studies have been capable is suggesting that virtual groups and the cost effectiveness are

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the two major elements which plays the proactive role in emerging research efforts which are
being mainly pursued for the specified disease treatment.
The nation-wide networking system of the electronic patient records is the matter of the
great urgency as it is the most advanced aspect that is needed to be followed in each and every
health care units for making it easy for the patients and the physicians in saving time and
understanding the health conditions in a much shorter span of time. With the proper training and
development, it will be helpful for the health care institutions to improve their services and
maintain the health of the patients suitably within the specified time limit. Through the
introduction of the e-health care systems will be offering the number of benefits that every
country is thinking to implement as through the online medium, the companies will be
generating the appointments along with scheduling the appointment dates with the physicians.

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