HIS-450: Topic 3 - Early 1960s and Civil Rights Worksheet

This assignment provides detailed answers to a worksheet focusing on the early 1960s and the Civil Rights Movement, covering key events and their impact on U.S. society and the Cold War. The first question analyzes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), detailing its expansion and focus on financial inequality and nonviolent activism. The second question discusses the Bay of Pigs incident, exploring its impact on President Kennedy and his Cold War engagement. The third question addresses the Cuban Missile Crisis, examining its effects on U.S. society, the Cold War, and Kennedy's response. The fourth question describes the circumstances surrounding the construction of the Berlin Wall and its significance in the Cold War. The final question examines the Freedom Riders and their impact on U.S. society. The assignment is thoroughly researched and supported by references.

Running head: EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Early 1960s and the case of Civil Rights
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note

1EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Answer to question number 1:
From the early days of 1962, the SCLC started to widen the concentration for involving the
problems of financial inequality. Watching the poverty as the origin of social inequality it started the
Operation Breadbasket at Atlanta. This is generate the tasks under the community of blacks. During
1966, it is seen that that program had blowout to Chicago. This is to be the part of Chicago
Campaign. After one year plans were made for “Poor People’s Campaign” for bringing numerous
poor to Washington D.C (Lee, 2018). This is to push the federal legislation guaranteeing housing,
income and employment. It is for the financially marginalized ones of every ethnicities. Under the
umbrella of leadership of Ralph Abernathy, the new president of SCLC there are three thousand
camped from 13th May to June 24 of 1968 in Washington. SCLC, being headquartered at Atlanta, at
present is the organization effective across the nation having affiliated and chapters situated around
the United States. This continues the commitment toward nonviolent activities in gaining political,
economic and social justice. It concentrates on the problems like discrimination, hare crimes, police
brutality and racial profiling (Robinson, 2018).
Answer to question number 2:
During April 17, in the year 1961, there were 1,400 Cuban exiles been launched that turned
to be botched invasion during Bay of Pigs. This took place at the south coastal region of the land of
Cuba. Fidel Castro during the year 1959 came to power. This is under the armed revolt overthrowing
the Cuban dictator named Fulgencio Batista. Castro was distrusted by US government. He was wary
of the relationship with Soviet Union’s leader named Nikita Khrushchev (Carroll, 2018). Prior the
inauguration, Kennedy has been briefed on the plan from the side of CIA or Central Intelligence
Agency. That was developed while the administration of Eisenhower took place for training the

2EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
exiles of Cuba form invading their native land. This plan made the anticipation that people of Cuba
and Cuba military elements must support that invasion. Moreover, the main aim has been Castro’s
overthrowing and deployment of non-communist type of government that is friendly to United States
(Burns & Gallimore, 2016).
Regarding Kennedy's operational approval arious top aides to him revealed that they had
some hesitations regarding the plans. Nevertheless, they muted those thoughts. There were few of
the leaders who blamed those issues on with the mindset of “Cold War”. It indicates the commitment
of Kennedy brothers in ousting Castro and then fulfill those promises of campaigns. Further, the
military advisers has remained skeptical regarding the efficient for the success also. Despite those
hesitations, he also ordered attack to happen ("John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address (1961)", 2020).
Answer to question number 3:
The Cuban Missile Crisis indicates to time as the heightened confrontation as going on
between Soviet Union, Cuba, the United Sates as the Cold War going on. That was the time as the
Cold War was seen to come nearer to the nuclear conflict. A coup as present in 1959 at Cuba. There
was a small team that was led from the side of Fidel Castro who took the power at the revolution at
Cuba. In the upcoming years, the Soviet Union and United States signed the agreement for banning
the nuclear testing above-ground. As the pact has been also driven through the rise in concerns
throughout the world on radioactive fallout seen in the milk and different food supplies. This was
with the intention to decrease the nuclear threats as an overriding factor. In the due years, the NPT or
Non-Proliferation Treaty was been designed for halting the spread of the weapons to different other
nations. This was signed and negotiated. The Soviet Union and United States took their initial direct
attempts in controlling the nuclear arms. This started with various diplomatic discussions and a
summit during 1967 at Glassboro at New Jersey. Further, the results of that crisis changed the course

3EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
of Cold War forever. This is because both the sides saw only how lose they had come for the nuclear
conflicts ("Executive Discussions on the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)", 2020). Besides, it can be
definitely said JFK did the most suitable thing as he notified Americans regarding the presence of
missiles. Furthermore, he also demonstrated the decision for enacting the case of naval blockade
across the region of Cuba. He made that clear that nations is been prepared for using military force
as needed in neutralizing the perceived threat towards the national security ("President Kennedy's
Address to the People of Berlin (June 28, 1963)", 2020).
Answer to question number 4:
The Wall has been developed during 1961 or preventing the East Germans to get fled and the
stop the financial disastrous of the worker migrations. This symbolized Cold War and the fall
marked the approach towards the end of that war. Besides, being a physical barrier, for many that
wall has been the roof that the communist government has been untenable that could just lace their
citizens through force. It has remained as the suitable sign of the “Iron Curtain’. This type of
separated democratic Western nations and the various communist countries of eastern part of the
area of Europe across the Cold War (Kowarik, 2019). The socialist country has required to develop
the world. There were 2.6 million number of the people from East Germans who had also managed
to escape towards West Berlin. This was from 1949 to 1961. In this way life at the west was seen to
be much better than easy following the next year 1948 (Horten, 2020).
Answer to question number 5:
The Freedom Riders ere the activists of various civil rights. They were seen to ride interstate
buses. This is to segregate southern part of the country of United States. There were subsequent
years for challenging non-enforcement of decisions of United States Supreme Court Boynton of

4EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
Virginia at 1960. This revealed that the public buses segregated has been unconstitutional. Apart
from that, the Freedom Riders has been seen to be inspired by the influence of Journey of
Reconciliation. This was during 1947 and was led by George Houser and Bayard Rustin. It was
cosponsored by the Fellowship of Reconciliation and then seen to be fledging CORE or the
“Congress of Racial Equality” (Shoup, 2017). Here, the freedom riders had altered the status quo
through ridding the various interstate buses. This was at South under the mixed type of racial
communities for challenging the local customs or laws. This enforced the segregation for the seating.
Besides, there were various violent reactions that were been provoked and had bolstered credibility
of theevent of “American Civil Rights Movement”(Hollars, 2018).

5EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
References:
Burns, A., & Gallimore, R. (2016). Duplicated Debacles?: A comparison of the 1895-96 Jameson
Raid and the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion. Historian, (132), 22.
Carroll, J. S. (2018). Bay of Pigs: How groupthink led to a military failure. The Business &
Management Collection.
Executive Discussions on the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). (2020). Retrieved 12 February 2020,
from
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/pls/az/gcu/1323178368/Cuban_Missile_Crisis_1962.html
Hollars, B. J. (2018). The Road South: Personal Stories of the Freedom Riders. University of
Alabama Press.
Horten, G. (2020). Don't Need No Thought Control: Western Culture in East Germany and the Fall
of the Berlin Wall. Berghahn Books.
John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address (1961). (2020). Retrieved 12 February 2020, from
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/pls/az/gcu/1323178368/JFK_Inaugural_Address_1961.html
Kowarik, I. (2019). The “Green Belt Berlin”: Establishing a greenway where the Berlin Wall once
stood by integrating ecological, social and cultural approaches. Landscape and urban
planning, 184, 12-22.
Lee, W. J. (2018). Grassroots Impacts on the Civil Rights Movement: Christian Women Leaders'
Contributions to the Paradigm Shift in the Tactics of the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference and Its Affiliates (Doctoral dissertation, The Claremont Graduate University).

6EARLY 1960S AND THE CASE OF CIVIL RIGHTS
President Kennedy's Address to the People of Berlin (June 28, 1963). (2020). Retrieved 12 February
2020, from
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/pls/az/gcu/1323178368/JFK_Address_to_People_of_Berlin.ht
ml
Robinson, T. J. (2018). Group on Advanced Leadership (1961–1965). Black Power Encyclopedia:
From" Black is Beautiful" to Urban Uprisings [2 volumes], 349.
Shoup, K. (2017). The Freedom Riders: Civil Rights Activists Fighting Segregation. Cavendish
Square Publishing, LLC.