ECE 306: Research Methods Analysis: Early Childhood Education

This assignment provides a critical analysis of Sullivan and Bers's (2018) research on integrating art, music, and robotics in Singapore's early childhood centers, focusing on the Playmaker Programme. The analysis examines the alignment of the literature review with the research topic, questions, and theoretical framework, assessing the appropriateness of data collection, sampling, and data analysis methods, and discussing the extent to which the findings address the research questions. The student highlights the research's strengths, such as the use of KIBO robotics and the positive teacher and student experiences. The analysis also identifies limitations, including the use of some older sources, and suggests areas for further research, such as how to improve the curriculum and teaching methods. The assignment concludes by acknowledging the research's contributions to understanding early childhood education, particularly in the context of technology and engineering.

1Running head: ECE 306 - EARLY CHILDHOOD RESEARCH METHODS
ECE 306 - Early Childhood Research Methods
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

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ECE 306 - Early Childhood Research Methods
Question 1: Critical Analysis of Sullivan and Bers’s (2018) Research Report
a) Examining the Alignment of Literature Review with Research Topic, Research
Questions and the Study’s Theoretical Framework
Overview. The paper written by Sullivan and Bers’s (2018) emphasized the
innovation that had been brought about in terms of engineering and technology pertaining to
early education on childhood in Singapore. Contextually, they introduced the new initiative
of teaching coding and robotics to students in preschools. The aim or the fundamental aspect
of the paper was to analyze the experience and knowledge gained by the children in the
classroom, where they were taught by making use of KIBO robotics. Along with it, the
experience of the teacher, teaching the coding and robotics in the classroom, has also been
shared in the article. The ultimate report of the research discloses that the adoption and
involvement of robotic techniques during the process of teaching younger children in the
classroom resulted in successfully gaining expertise in the concepts of foundational
programming (Sullivan & Bers, 2018, 325-346). Analyzing the research report, it is found to
include a number of literature reviews, where various summary and statements stated by the
different authors have been depicted in order to support the argument considered in the paper.
While researching and writing a paper, it is essential that the literature review relates to the
topic of research and questions prepared for research. This needs to be answered throughout
the paper, and with the theoretical framework so as to craft a good research paper. They also
observed that due to the engagement of robotics in the classroom, the interest of the children
towards technology and engineering has been increasing largely. The literature review of the
report has emphasized the importance of technology, as it may contribute to increasing the

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level of creativity within the children and can even solve the problem among them
effectively.
Critical Analysis of “STEM and STEAM Education in Early Childhood”. The
literature review as presented in the paper has been segregated under three separate heads,
where the first section is based on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics)
and STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). This section
focuses on the education of early childhood. According to Bers (2008), during the past years,
the children were more interested in the subject of natural science. Thus, while demonstrating
the study of robots, it was assessed with respect to science, as by using robots or learning
through them, the children obtained additional information on technology and engineering.
Thus, the descriptions of those factors are required to derive the necessary outcomes in
relevance with the provided topic. The report was basically prepared based on the analysis of
developing the interest of children towards technology and engineering, which is part of
science as well. Thus, it could align with the main objectives of the paper. Children are taught
using the digital technologies and computers, thereby leading to the increase in the learning
capacity and the creativity of children, along with the knowledge of technology, which also
tends to develop (Cordes & Miller 2000; Oppenheimer 2003). Thus, robots were
implemented and involved in the classes while teaching the students in their early childhood
phase, the skill of developing their interest in the technology. This can be done by engaging
with the children and by enabling them to interact with robots as a part of their study course.
On the other hand, from the paper of Bers (2012) and Resnick (2006), it can be summarized
that the researcher has started focusing on how to generate new ideas to engage the children
in new technologies rather than teaching them the use of digital techniques. Thus, the given
statement supports the report associated with the new techniques of robotics and coding,
which were introduced in the class for the purpose of teaching them to engage the children

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and involve them with technologies. This is because later on, they can understand the
importance of technologies and some students may even continue their further studies in
engineering and technology.
Critical Analysis of “Coding and Robotics For Young Children”. The second
section of the literature review was based on the roles of robotics and coding on the learning
process of the younger children along with the manner, in which the implementation of this
factor has bought about changes in their education system. It has also added fun elements in
the classroom so that the children get attracted to attend the classes with complete
concentration and attentiveness in studies. Along with studies, their curiosity and excitement
about the robots with respect to their design and functioning will also get developed, in turn,
contributing to the increase in the interest of student towards engineering, programming
robots, and technology. This can prove to be beneficial in the case of science and
mathematics (Kazakoff et al., 2013, 245–255). Several authors suggested that even the
children of four years of age can build and program the robots, which are less complicated in
nature, based on the possession of the concept of robotics and foundation of engineering
(Bers et al. 2002, 123–145; Cejka et al. 2006, 711–722; Perlman 1976; Sullivan et al. 2013;
Sullivan and Bers 2015). The information abstract from the various sources was written in the
paper in order to make the research more valid. This is because it emphasized largely on the
initiative, which was taken after being researched upon.
Critical Analysis of “The Playmaker Programme In Singapore”. The third section
of the literature review was on the playmaker programme, which has recently been launched
in Singapore. It was distributed among 160 preschools for basically targeting the younger age
of children (Chambers 2015). The main objective of launching the programme and
introducing it to younger children was to make them familiar with the technology and even to
meet the growing needs of technology in the education sector (Chambers 2015; Digital News

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Asia 2015). The study has focused on the analyses of the outcomes of KIBO robotics, where
it involved and engaged them in the teaching methods. It also describes the features of KIBO
robotics, which was specially designed for children. Thus, the literature review can be said to
have adequately aligned with the research question, as major importance was given to this
area while conducting research on this particular issue of concern.
Summary. Valid and relevant sources were used in the literature review to increase
the strength of the questionnaire, which actually consists of all the major aspects of the paper.
However, some of the sources were quite older and hence could not fit the current scenario. It
is essential to add the current information in the paper so that the circumstances of both the
situation would match and will be appropriate, as well. Thus, after reviewing the literature
review of the paper, it can be observed that literature review is fully based on a relevant topic
and the theme of the paper, in alignment with the topic of research, theoretical framework,
and research questionnaire.
b) Examining the Appropriateness of the Data Collection, Sampling, and Data Analysis
Methods
The effectiveness of the paper depends largely on the sample used in the paper, from
which the data will be collected and the manner, in which the data was collected from the
sources. The methods are also essential, as it reflects the overall findings of the paper. After
collecting the data, the method of analyzing them is given an equal amount of importance,
through which the results can be adequately interpreted. In general, the sample used in the
paper must also be appropriate, which can be done by adopting effective measures. The
requirement of the paper should be fulfilling, as it plays an essential role in answering the
research question of the paper and at the time of analyzing the results. However, the

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researcher should follow the proper sequence of the sampling process (Taherdoost, 2016, 18-
27).
During the analysis procedure, the sample used were, the children and the teacher
from the school, where the coding and robotic approach was being exercised. Thus, it is valid
and appropriate that the researcher actually wanted to emphasize this approach throughout the
paper. Reviewing the methodology of the paper, Sullivan and Bers (2018) collected the data
from the primary source, which was the actual field where the initiative of teaching younger
children through KIBO robotics was implemented. Thus, the data was gathered from the
sample, who were the students belonging to the preschool of Singapore for experiencing the
learning through new technology. Primary sources involve images, documents, and directive
interview, where the information or evidence was directly collected for investigation.
However, the primary data, in this case, comprised the original documents as these can be
considered as the proof for the actual incident. Thus, interpreting those facts will give proper
results for the paper as well (The Regents of the University of California, 2019). The results
of the paper can be of great relevance as the data will be gathered from the primary source
and will be not influenced by any other factor. It gives the actual information without
involvement of external influence. Thus, the methodology of the paper is appropriate because
it has used valid sources and approaches. Along with the primary sources, the paper also
includes secondary sources for demonstrating a literature review from the past source, based
on which the authors have provided their individual perception on a similar topic. However, it
is important to be depicted in the paper, as it increases the strength of the research questions.
The paper has used both qualitative and quantitative data for observing the experience,
opinion, and feedback. Mixed-method design, used for analyzing the data to address the
research questionnaire was appropriate, as it is the combination of both qualitative and
quantitative techniques. The research question was addressed and illustrated by the data,

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which were collected from the primary source, as it provides relevant information as
compared to the secondary source.
c) Discussing the Level of Findings in terms of research questions
The main objective of the paper is to address the research question of the study. A list
of research questions has been highlighted in the paper, which aims to explore the experience
gained by both the teachers and students of preschool with relation to making use of KIBO
robotics in the process of teaching and learning. The questions were set in order to examine
the role of KIBO robotics in increasing the knowledge of engineering and technology among
the students with the engagement of robotics. After interpreting the data, the findings of the
paper signifies that the younger children of preschool possess a high-level of understanding
related to the concept of foundational programming. It was accessed through the curriculum,
in which constructing, building and engineering of concept was taught to the students and
was analyzed through the performance. While scoring the performance they got the high
score, which depicted that, the children of preschool has easily learned the concept of
programming in the given interval of time and were able to master. The performance of the
students was also evaluated through the final projects submitted by the students on the
robotics. Along with the evaluation of the students, the researcher also accessed the reflection
of the teacher by interviewing the teachers. They were more confident and received a positive
experience with the implementation of the initiative. Thus, the information was also collected
from the teacher, so as to make the study accurate and to identify the gaps in the process of
implementation. Hence, the interpreted results addressed the answer to the research question,
which was prepared based on the reflection of the teachers. So, the combination of both the
findings was extended to an extreme level at the time of addressing the research questions.

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The finding or the results, which was drafted in the study, after analyzing the data has
addressed all the research questions mentioned in the paper, which were basically prepared to
conduct the research on the issue of concern. The finding has emphasized both experiences,
which entails the learning outcomes of the children and the experience of the teacher while
teaching robotics in the classroom. The first part of the findings addressed the research
questions, which were based on the children and the evaluation of their performance in KIBO
robotics curriculum. It also proved that the children of preschool were able to master new
programming, which was appropriately mentioned in the findings section, thereby addressing
the research question. The second part of findings emphasized the experienced of teacher,
which has addressed the third research question related to the evaluation of teacher
experienced at the time of teaching robotics.The adoption of new techniques for teaching the
young children through robotics in preschool in Singapore has brought huge success, as many
of the students were involved in technology and the students also scored high marks in it, as
well as, in creativity. However, the overall paper was appropriate and impactful, as it gave
valid and important information and ideas, supporting it with effective approaches and data.
d) Limitations of This Study
The main motive behind such study was to implement robotics at the very early age of
the children education, where they could learn about the use of technologies along with the
fundamental concepts regarding engineering and programming. The practical implementation
possesses certain limitations, one of which is the use of ‘Solve-Its programming’
assessments. This type of teaching was conducted by the teacher of the school rather than the
researcher. The teacher was well-trained even before conducting the classes, despite the
teaching was found to be more ‘formal’ rather than the actual programming class. The formal
method includes teaching the students with partial information provided to them. The content
of the lecture did not include detailed study. This can be inferred from the fact that the data

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required for the programming were assumed to be provided after collection. This could be
considered as a temporary structure or method of explaining rather than ‘Solve-Its’.
The other problem, which was noticed, was a common mistake which was evidenced
in the solution of somewhat every student. The problem took place due to the incorrect
instruction heard by the teachers. Another reason behind the issue was the incorrect order of
commands and not any kind of programming syntax error. Hence, various ‘Solve-Its’ were
removed from the study. Even when the students were absent from the class, they were not
able to analyze the ‘Solve-Its’, which thus posed a negative impact on the study. Therefore, it
shows that the study process should include some technical assistance or the research team
for solving such issues.
The study was also limited to the use of single technology, despite the presence of
other beneficial technologies at an equal level. This can be implemented in the educational
curriculum to enhance their learning ability to a large extent. They can also be explored with
traditional mouse and keyboards on computers. The uses of the digital projector or even a
smart board can help them to learn visually (National Association for the Education of Young
Children, 2012). Even the teachers should have been provided with training to operate the
technological implements easily. The study focused largely on the students rather than their
mentors. The teachers must also be skilled and aware of the use of technologies, thereby
helping them to provide more information to the children and to improve their technique of
taking classes.
The teachers should also have implemented a similar method for their regular classes
as well. The technique would have proved to be beneficial for the other subjects as well. The
children could have been encouraged to enjoy their overall learning process rather than just
focusing on their specific study area. They have also implemented the mixed-method
research for the study, as the process is beneficial in collecting better output as well as

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expected results. However, the process is considered to be complex in itself. The analysis of
such method takes a longer time than any other method so that it makes the work of the
analyzer a lot more difficult with the passage of time (FoodRisC, 2016).

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Question 2: Project Plan
Title Use of Robotics as Interactive Media and Learning New Activity
Research
Question
1. How is this study beneficial for the students?
2. How can the students be engaged with the use of technology?
3. How can robotics help in enhancing their creativity?
4. How can the teachers implement the study in the most efficient
way?
Participants
The participants comprising the students, teachers along with the
research team and the whole teaching faculty of the school will be
included for the feedback mechanism
Data
Collection
Method
The data will be collected every week after the students are provided
with interactive sessions with the help of robotics. This program will
be based on one year to understand its efficiency
Data Analysis
Plan
The procedure of the study will include that research method used.
The data will be collected from a single classroom, where the
robotics will be implemented. The study will be based on secondary
data more than the primary resources.
Justifications and Explanation
Research Question. The first question, “How is this study beneficial for the
students?” will help in evaluating the outcome of the study. The overall aim of the paper is to
evaluate the final output of one-year-long study on the children. The test will be conducted
every week to see the progress of the study. This question will be based on finding the overall
success or failure of the study. The study conducted by Toh et al. (2016) depicts that learning
robotics helped in the development of children’s behaviour towards learning (Toh, Causo,
Tzuo, Chen & Yeo, 2016, 148-163).
The second question “How can the students be engaged with the use of technology?”
can be addressed with respect to the discussions made on the method and techniques which
can prove to be beneficial for the teachers while teaching them robotics. This will provide a
proper inference of the procedure, in which the teachers will be able to communicate with the
children regarding the study. Chang et al. (2010) further opined that the outcome supported

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the impact of robotics, which can help the students in providing interactive as well as in
engaging with the process of learning (Chang, Lee, Chao, Wang & Chen, 2010).
The third question “How can robotics help in enhancing their creativity?” will help in
understanding the use of technology in school for the student. It will also help in
understanding the extent to which robotics can prove to be beneficial for the teachers as well
as the students. This will also help in finding out the physiological concept of the student
regarding technology and its uses. The response of the student is indeed important for the
study as this will evaluate its effectiveness to the utmost level possible. The children remain
active when they are exposed to play with technologies. Rusk et al. (2008) thus showed that
the workshop based on robotics helped the children to gain their interest in technology (Rusk,
Resnick, Berg & Pezalla-Granlund, 2008).
The fourth question, i.e. “How can the teachers implement the study in the most
efficient way?” can be answered based on the discussion on the efforts made by the teachers
within the classrooms. The teacher’s role is equally important for the study along with the
children’s response. The communication between them can also be regarded as one of the
most important factors for the study. Bers (2010) further suggested that it is the teachers or
educators, who can help in developing computational thinking and learning on the
engineering design process in young children with the help of TangibleK programme (Bers,
2010, 1-20).
Participants. The participants of the study comprise the number of students in a
single classroom, which accounts for 75 in all. The total of 7 teachers will be there to provide
guidance to the students, each focusing on their area of specialization. The teachers will also
take extra classes to understand the use of technology and the methods to provide such
information to their student. There will also be 2 non-teaching faculty for providing
assistance to the teachers. They will also help the teachers in preparing their study guide

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material. Moreover, the non-teaching staff will be skilful in the technological tools and will
provide feedback for the teachers based on their teaching mechanism.
Data Collection Methods. The data collection method entails the process of
gathering all the relevant information from the appropriate resources. There are basically two
ways to collect data from the resources namely secondary data collection method and primary
data collection method. For the analysis of this study, the primary data collection methods
will be focused more. This method can further be divided into two groups such as
quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection method. The quantitative method
completely relies on mathematical calculation. Such methods include the closed-ended
question, the method of finding mean, median and mode along with other statistical tools
such as correlation and regression. On the contrary, for the qualitative method, the data
cannot be justified in numbers as they are associated with non-quantifiable elements. These
kinds of study are generally conducted using interview, questionnaire, observation etc (Osang,
Udoimuk, Etta, Ushie & Offiong, 2013, 59-65).
The questionnaire will be prepared for the study whereas the sets of questions will be
asked to both the students as well as the teachers (Mukherji & Albon, 2018). The question for
the teachers and the students will possess a different set of questions. In addition to the
questionnaire, there will be an interview session conducted between the teachers and the
students so that they can provide feedback for each other. This will also be regarded as the
relevant data for the study. There are other methods such as observation, wherein the ‘cause
and effect’ of the study can be analyzed. However, this method will not be able to follow the
specific changes in the output of the final study as required for the usefulness of the
technology implemented in the study (StatTrek, 2019).
Data Analysis Plan. The plan will help to guide the analyzer throughout the study
and will be based on the primary data collection method. The study will further focus on the

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use of questionnaire and survey method, where the students and the teachers would be the
participants.
The study will be based on the one year course of implementing robotics as a part of
the academic course that will be taught every week. Two days will be allocated for the
robotics classes and the participants will be provided with full freedom to explore their
thoughts and their imagination. All seven teachers will be there to guide the students, thereby
providing them with technical assistance. The teachers will teach according to the prepared
study guide and the students will be allowed to interact with the teachers so that each of them
can feel to ask about their query and get them resolved. Each teacher will be allocated at least
10 to 11 students in their group to transform the study into a fun and interactive session.
Similarly, the next day will also include the same process.
The next two days of the weeks will be spent on recapitulating the things done in the
last week. The process will be performed as an interview. The students will be encouraged to
provide answers orally so that each student can be marked. Each of them will be marked on
their performance and the data will be recorded as samples. The students will also be allowed
to express their points regarding their pervious class as feedback for the teachers. After they
are done with the session, the recorded data will be used to prepare the chart for the teachers
to prepare their study material for the next week. Similarly, this process will continue and
will also help to improve the efficiency of the teachers as well as the students. This will also
ensure the understanding level of children towards technology and its uses, thereby
motivating them to learn more about the technology.
The data will be analyzed with the help of graphs and histograms. The graph such as
bar graph will be helpful in representing the variation of particularly two data, where the
height and length are assumed to be equal with the provided quantity. Even the pie charts will
be used when required to show the data of more than two variables. It will also help to

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compare parts with reference to the whole quantity. The use of histogram will present the
frequency under defined columns. These types of method will be helpful in converting
qualitative research into some or the other values to analyze the data (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2018).
After the first year of implementation, the overall evaluation will be conducted to
provide the final output of the findings. These findings will help to understand the benefits as
well as the limitation of the study. The recommendation will also be based on the final
results. It has been found in various studies that using media proves to be effective in
developing the children but there must be restrictions in the duration of usage. , Contextually,
the children will be given only two days to avoid any kind of health concern. It will also
encourage the parents to change the educational content and engage their children with
technology (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016).

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