Earthquake Proof Engineering: Literature Review on Building Design

This literature review provides an overview of earthquake-proof engineering practices in building design and development. It highlights the importance of considering earthquake effects in high-rise buildings due to the increasing global seismic activity, which causes significant life and economic losses. The review covers the history of seismic codes, various earthquake-resistant design techniques, and the application of pushover analysis for assessing building requirements. It also discusses retrofitting measures for existing buildings to enhance their resilience against seismic events, recommending retrofitted models that can withstand greater accelerations without significant damage. The report synthesizes the perspectives of various researchers, emphasizing the critical need for integrating earthquake-proof design principles to ensure structural safety and minimize the impact of seismic activity.

Running head: EARTHQUAKE PROOF ENGINEERING
Earthquake Proof Engineering
Name of Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Seismic Codes Background.............................................................................................................3
Earthquake-Proof Engineering........................................................................................................4
Retrofitting and Damage for Earthquakes.......................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................8

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Introduction
Earthquake has been one of the concerning sector in the field of the engineering as, this
natural hazard can be the most destructive way for destroying the construction and bringing
down the whole building to the dust within few seconds. Most of the countries are earthquake
prone sectors and for this, they are already prepared but earthquake can be raised in any sector of
the world and designing a building needs proper consideration on the seismic design of the
building. Safety should be given highest property and thus, for saving life and money, it is
necessary to consider the impact of the vibration on the buildings. Many researchers have
proposed their point of view on this context and attempted to minimize the impact of the
earthquake on the buildings. This report focuses on the comments and statements provided by
different scholar writers in different journals and attempt has been made to bring out a specific
solution for resisting the impact of the earthquake on the buildings.
Seismic Codes Background
After research, it was identified that even in history, building codes were imposed for the
architectures and building development in the countries and in 1666, London became the first to
implement building code. Clunni et al. (2015) explained the history of the seismic design and
explained in 1755 Lisbon devastating earthquake led to the need of implementing Seismic codes
for the safety of the buildings and lives of individuals. In 1927, Lateral Bracing appendix
explained “The design of buildings for earthquake shocks is a moot question but the following
provisions will provide adequate additional strength when applied in the design of buildings or
structures (Oliva and Lazzeretti 2017).” Moving forward, with the passage of time SEAOC Code
came in practice that focuses on the providing a criteria that can be utilizing for constructing the

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buildings resisting the earthquake. Currently, the earthquake has been change as a concept of
“ground motion.” Stating about the Performance Based Engineering evolution; FEMA 273
explained various performance levels in between 1991 – 1997 that include immediate
occupancy, operational, collapse prevention, and life safety (Gan 2018). PBE in the present time
concentrates on the estimation of the probabilistic terms such as repair costs, casualties, and loss
of building’s use those are politically incorrectly represented as “deaths, dollars and
downtime(Yashwant et al. 2018).”
Earthquake-Proof Engineering
Saleem and Ashraf (2016) performed the evaluation on “vibration control capability of
multiple tuned mass dampers”, considering the natural frequency distribution over the specified
frequency ranging between the certain frequencies for the structures related to the “wide band
input”. Application of calculus variations helped the researchers in optimizing the TMDS
(Tunned Mass Dampers) design those have been much robust than the previous solely TMD
design. It was delivered considering the total mass in manner to eliminate the impact of vibration
on the building. () developed the analytical model capable of resisting the vibration effect on the
building. Seismic isolation can be simply described as the straightforward action towards
minimizing the impact of the vibration caused by any means on the building (Prasad and
Pranoosha 2015). English (2016) defined the criteria related to the construction and design of
new buildings, alterations, and additions, to the buildings already existing in manner to present a
solution to fight against the vibration and earthquake ground motions. The provisions provided
by the researcher were capable of minimizing the risks related to the earthquake and influencing
the lives and enhancing the existing capabilities of the structures those have been existing,
allowing them to function efficiently after and before design earthquakes.

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Cheng (2017) emphasizes on the FEMA-369 through providing the background
information, general requirements and explanations considering the application of the design and
analysis criteria as explained in the provisions of FEMA-368. Stoten (2017) drove other attempt
on presenting a simple technique of computer-based push-over analysis for the determination of
a performance based framework for designing the building considering the load of the
earthquakes. They performed “conventional displacement method of elastic analysis” in manner
to identify the related concerns on the impact of the earthquake on the building. Carignan and
Hussain (2016) had applied the standard geometric and elastic stiffness matrices despite of the
available technique of plasticity factor considering the facts related to the construction including
columns, beams, and others. These subjects were modified progressively, in manner to consider
the facts associated with the nonlinear elastic-plastic behavior within the consideration of the
lateral loads increment and constant gravity loads (English, King and Smeed 2017).
A nonlinear dynamic time history analysis and nonlinear pushover analysis was drive by
Corbane et al. (2017) after the establishment of the detailing and designing of the reinforced
concrete frame structures. They evaluated the structural seismic response in manner to accept the
load distribution being distributed for inelastic behavior. They had concluded that the demands
of the seismic consideration are approximately maximum at the target displacement that was
assumed for the pushover analysis during the situation of the ground motion and the earthquake.
At the first situation, they had identified the shear failure and yielding was experienced for the
columns within the rectangular displacement and larger story displacements. It was always
bringing out the maximum base shear-weight ratio in comparison with the different load
distribution considering the respective story displacement. The RC buildings those have been
already existing are not designed for resisting the ground motion or earthquake effect loads and

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thus would be resulting in failure model during the earthquakes. Such designing might lack in
weak designed mechanism for the base and whole development of the building (Uemura et al.
2015 ). Further the attempts and research was expanded by (Pampanin 2015), who assessed the
“3D irregular RC structure” performance as an extended version of the RC structures. They have
presented the studies related to the diaphragm effects issues, incremental dynamics and loading
profiles and relative responsive on the structural design of the buildings. They have also
compared the Force Based, Displacement Based and results represented the necessity of
designing the building through the consideration of ground moving and earthquake effects.
Battarra, Balcik and Xu (2018) stated that during the evaluation of the seismic demands in
context with the tall buildings, civil engineers are most likely to be adopting the pushover
analyses or “non-linear static analytical procedure” in the place of the complex analysis method
that includes “complicated non-linear response history analysis.” However, the most effective
and efficient method would be the pushover analysis that will be helpful in eliminating the
traditional analysis errors and bringing out high values to the design (Yashwantet al. 2018). It
can be stated that the traditional procedure has many drawbacks in making the prediction of the
seismic demands in association with the high-rise building and this procedure consider this
aspects and results are driven considering them.
Retrofitting and Damage for Earthquakes
The level of performance of the building can be determined through calculating the
building usage requirements. Retrofitting measures can be drove as per the consideration of the
type of damage being caused due to shaking, ground motion, or earthquake. There are many
strategies available in theory and practice for the retrofitting damages caused by the earthquake
on the building. Caregnan and Hussain (2016) explained the factors in associated with the

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retrofitting in relation with the responses, design determination, modes, capacity design in detail,
and ductile design and their impact on the building designing. “The re-centering capability of the
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) based bracing system was able to recover the unreformed shape of
the frame, when it was in the near collapse condition (English, King and Smeed 2017).”
Conclusion
The above report presents a literature review on the various practices associated with the
earthquake-proof engineering within the building’s design and development. In this new era of
high-rise building, it is the most crucial aspect for the consideration of effect of earthquake on
the buildings. Since, the environment has been changing globally and this resulting in the
earthquake in almost each sector of the world and causing extraordinary money and life loss. The
above report presents the different statements provided by the researchers on the concept of the
earthquake-proof design of the buildings. Most of the buildings have been delivered without the
consideration of the facts associated with this factor that could bring a lot of damage in the real
life. In this report, pushover analysis has been presented as the best approach towards delivering
the analysis of the requirements and design for the buildings. For the retrofitting of the damage
caused by the earthquake, it can be recommended towards the “retrofitted model could take three
times accelerations leading the unprotected model to collapse, with no significant damage to
elements.”

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References
Battarra, M., Balcik, B. and Xu, H., 2018. Disaster preparedness using risk-assessment methods
from earthquake engineering. European Journal of Operational Research.
Carignan, A. and Hussain, M., 2016. Designing an Earthquake-Proof Art Museum: An Arts-and
Engineering-Integrated Science Lesson. Journal of STEM Arts, Crafts, and Constructions, 1(1),
p.2.
Cheng, F.Y., 2017. Matrix analysis of structural dynamics: applications and earthquake
engineering. CRC Press.
Cluni, F., Costarelli, D., Minotti, A.M. and Vinti, G., 2015. Enhancement of thermographic
images as tool for structural analysis in earthquake engineering. NDT & E International, 70,
pp.60-72.
Corbane, C., Hancilar, U., Ehrlich, D. and De Groeve, T., 2017. Pan-European seismic risk
assessment: a proof of concept using the Earthquake Loss Estimation Routine (ELER). Bulletin
of Earthquake Engineering, 15(3), pp.1057-1083.
English, L., 2016. Session M: Targeting all of STEM in the primary school: Engineering design
as a foundational process.
English, L.D., 2016. Targeting all of STEM in the Primary School: Engineering design as a
foundational process.
English, L.D., King, D. and Smeed, J., 2017. Advancing integrated STEM learning through
engineering design: Sixth-grade students’ design and construction of earthquake resistant
buildings. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(3), pp.255-271.

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Gan, W.S., 2018. Seismic Metamaterials. In New Acoustics Based on Metamaterials (pp. 277-
288). Springer, Singapore.
Oliva, S. and Lazzeretti, L., 2017. Adaptation, adaptability and resilience: the recovery of Kobe
after the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. European Planning Studies, 25(1), pp.67-87.
Pampanin, S., 2015. Towards the “Ultimate Earthquake-Proof” Building: Development of an
Integrated Low-Damage System. In Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and
Seismology (pp. 321-358). Springer, Cham.
Prasad, T.S.S. and Pranoosha, P., 2015. The Earthquake Proof ‘Tokyo Sky-Tree ‘-Bringing New
Possibilities for Modern Architecture. International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 5(2), pp.53-57.
Saleem, M.A. and Ashraf, M., 2016. Low cost earthquake resistant ferrocement small
house. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Stoten, D.P., 2017. Generalised formulation of composite filters and their application to
earthquake engineering test systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(14),
pp.2619-2635.
Uemura, K., Sasaki, T., Shimada, S., Suemasa, N. and Nagao, K., 2015, July. A Study on
Infusion of Silica Micropaticles into Soil Particles. In The Twenty-fifth International Ocean and
Polar Engineering Conference. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.
Yashwant, C.S., Ganesh, P.A., Shivnath, P.L., Gurunath, S.S. and Digambararo, C.A., 2018.
Review of Various Aspects of Seismically Safe Tall Buildings.

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