EBP Report: Analysis of Pacifier Use Effects on Breastfeeding Duration

This report provides an analysis of a research article investigating the effects of early pacifier use on breastfeeding outcomes. The study, involving 239 mother-infant pairs, explored whether early pacifier introduction impacts breastfeeding duration compared to delaying pacifier use. The report evaluates the research methodology, including participant selection, intervention implementation, and randomization techniques, to assess the study's validity and reliability. Key findings indicate no significant negative association between early pacifier use and breastfeeding duration, although the study acknowledges potential risks associated with pacifier use at two months. The analysis further discusses the role of observational studies versus randomized controlled trials in understanding the relationship between pacifier use and breastfeeding, and concludes by confirming that all participants were accounted for in the study's conclusion. Desklib offers a wealth of resources, including similar solved assignments and past papers, to support students in their academic endeavors.

RESEARCH WORKBOOK
WITH ARTICLE TO BE
REVIEWED

Table of Contents
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

1. Evidence based practice is an problem solving approach undertaken by healthcare
professional in their clinical practice that act as evidence related to patient value, preferences,
well-designed studies and clinician expertise. Hierarchies of evidence and varieties of rating
system acts as grading for quality of evidence that has been gathered through particular research
study. So, it a method that has been used by the practitioners to review and assess the current
and highest quality research in order to delivery of better healthcare services to patient. In other
words, it is integration of best research evidence with evidence, patient value and clinical
expertise that has been used by the healthcare professional in order to improve the patient
outcome (Hermanson and Åstrand, 2020). Clinical expertise states the knowledge, critical
reasoning has been acquired through training and professional experience. Information gathered
through scientific literature review, observation acts as evidence related to the study, along with
it personal, cultural and expectation needs to be effective identified by client as well as their
caregiver. So, that better services can be delivered to the patient in limited time frame.
2. Use of evidence based practice is important because it helps in providing most effective care
or improving the patient outcome. Moreover, on the basis of best evidence available patient
expect to receive most effective care. EBP contribute in promoting the attitude of inquiry in
health professional and helps them thinking why they have do such things, is there is any other
guidance that can help in completing the task (Kaya, Aytekin ). Organization can easily reduce
their demand for resources and expense that are incurred to complete the several tasks or
activities. Therefore, it helps in making the best possible use of available resources and help in
taking decision related to funding health services. Nurse can also stay informed and updated
about the new medical protocols that are suitable for patient care. So, the evidence document
that fit patient profile will helps nurse in effectively delivering services to patient for its
optimum care.
3. The researcher had able to clearly focused on research questions as the question was
related to the conflicting evidences about whether early use of pacifier has negative
consequences on breastfeeding (Kaya, Aytekin). But it was found in the study that there
are no negative impacts or association between early pacifier and breastfeeding.
However, it has been evaluated that mothers who wants to limit number of breastfeeds
are more likely to use pacifiers.

4. The participants are clearly identified within the research as the scholar chooses sample
size of 239 mother-infants who were screened for eligibility and divided into two study
groups. From the study it has been identified that the participants were highly important
in order to complete this research as they are the ones who ensures that the things are
going towards right direction and with their complete support the investigator was able to
use valuable original knowledge.
5. The intervention is clearly described in this study as the two groups of 239 women-infant
pairs were randomly selected. Intervention taken as researcher offered pacifiers to group
one women and suggest them to give it to their newborn child from the day one of their
life (Hofvander). Another group recommended to avoid pacifier during first two weeks
of their child birth. To finish the research in appropriate manner, clear description of
intervention was extremely important in order to make a desirable outcome for various
individuals.
6. The participants to intervention within the research was randomised in nature as the
random allocation of participants was able to potentially avoid any kind of biases within
the research study. A well structured and executed way can able to provide extremely
credible evidences about the effectiveness of the interventions taken by the researcher. It
completely shows the effectiveness of the overall health program.
7. The randomisation was carried out by computer generated randomised list by
independent statistician with the help of utilising Stata program. Total number of 239
women- infant pairs were selected randomly to one of the two groups with a 1:1 ratio
allocation utilising random block size of 4. The procedure is sufficient enough to
eliminate systematic biases as all participants received a sealed or opaque envelope
which consists of all the informations about the group assignment along with the primary
questionnaire (Herrera-Gómez A, and et.al, 2019). It was not possible to show the
interventions for the researcher or for the study contestants during whole study.
8. The aim of the study which was to investigate whether a recommendations of early
pacifiers use the proportion of breastfeeding at six months compared to a
recommendation to avoid pacifier use during the first two weeks has been fulfilled in
appropriate manner. However, the scholar was identified that the study was failed to find
any kind of negative associations between both the concepts i.e. early use of pacifier
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compared to later introduction of pacifier. On the other hand, it has been somehow
identified that despite of negative result, there was risk involved to use pacifier at two
months in ceasing breastfeeding before six months. Clearly defined aim is extremely
important as the entire article is based on the predefined aim and serves as a role of
roadmap to the scholar.
9. Observation studies is an process in which the researcher observes the impact or effects
of particular risk factor, its treatment, diagnostic test so it simply observes the
relationship between the two elements. So, it has helped in finding out association
between the pacifier use and shorter breastfeeding duration. On the other hand
randomized controlled trial is intervention study that helps in reducing the sources of
bias when testing the effectiveness of new treatments ( Horne and et.al., 2020). So, due
to random allocation any difference between the breastfeeding outcome has not been find
out.
10. Yes all the participants that have entered into the study were accounted in the conclusion
part as they it has included information related to early versus late pacifier introduction
has not affected the breastfeeding and there is no negative association between them.
Moreover, it has stated that the compliance to randomize group was also insufficient.
The conclusion has also included the participant such as Swedish pediatricians and
midwives that have increase risk of breastfeeding problem (Salah, Abdel-Aziz, Al-
Farok, Jebrini ). So, it can be stated that all the participant have been used in the
conclusion part of the study.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Hermanson, Å. and Åstrand, L.L., 2020. The effects of early pacifier use on breastfeeding: A
randomised controlled trial. Women and Birth, 33(5), pp.e473-e482.
Herrera-Gómez A, García-Martínez O, Ramos-Torrecillas J, DeLuna-Bertos E,
Ruiz C, Ocañ Peinado FM. Retrospective study of the association between
epidural analgesia during labour and complications for the newborn.
Midwifery 2015;31:613–6.
Hofvander Y. Breastfeeding and the Baby Friendly Hospitals Initiative (BFHI):
organization, response and outcome in Sweden and other countries. Acta
Paediatr 2005;94(August (8)):1012–6.
Horne R S and et.al., 2020. Dummy/ pacifier use in preterm infants increases blood pressure and
improves heart rate control. Pediatr. Res. 2016;79(February (2)):325–32.
Kaya V, Aytekin A. Effects of pacifier use on transition to full breastfeeding and
sucking skills in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs
2017;26(July (13 14)):2055–63.
Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Focus on research methods is the CVI an acceptable
indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health
2007;30:459–67.
Salah M, Abdel-Aziz M, Al-Farok, Jebrini A. Recurrent acute otitis media in infants: analysis
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