NHM 2408: Sustainability Audit and Eco-Design Project Report

This mechanical engineering project presents a sustainability audit conducted on a product assembly, analyzing three components across their lifecycle phases, including material sourcing, design, manufacturing, usage, maintenance, and end-of-life disposal. The project employs software tools like CES EduPack and SolidWorks to assess environmental impacts, focusing on carbon footprint, embodied energy, and recyclability. It identifies good and bad practices in product design and manufacturing, proposing changes to enhance sustainability and reduce environmental degradation. The analysis includes numerical data and graphical representations to quantify the benefits and consequences of the proposed changes, aiming to provide recommendations for reducing embedded energy and improving overall product sustainability. Desklib provides access to this project and similar resources for students.

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

ABSTRACT
The designs that are very responsible normally aims at ensuring that there is provision of affordable
services that are safe as well as ensuring that there is minimized drain on the resources. In the event that
this provision is strictly observed, the release of the unwanted materials and emissions can be greatly
reduced. This can be actually achieved through the performance of the ongoing eco-audit of the design.
Also the redesign of the product in the process can be helpful. In the learning more about engineering
materials and other processes of manufacturing, it is important to use tools that assist in making decision
leading to the minimization of adverse eco-impacts. Carbon footprint and Embodied energy, toxicity and
fraction of the recycling have connections with the ecosystem. These require careful consideration of
Product Lifecycle assessment that is commonly known as PLA. This should be combining with the thermal,
mechanical and electrical properties. These properties are known to have greater effect on the design when
it comes to the minimization of the eco-impact. This particular project aims at evaluating the impacts and
importance of including activities of design using software on the projects of engineering that is related to
environment.

List of Tables
Table 1………… Product properties summary.
Table 2…………Consumption of energy and generation of carbon dioxide for every 1kg model.
Table 3…………Amount comparison in reference to Squeeze “A”
Table 4……… Energy consumption and CO2 generation among the six models that were studied in
connection to life that is estimated from the highest end.
Table 5………… Energy Analysis of a squeeze component.
Table 6………… Components summary
List of Figures
Figure 1: Rational approaches used in Eco-design.
Figure 2: Chart of comparison of the 3 products analyzed in the connection with the consumption of the
energy.
Figure 3: Graphical analysis of the energy consumption.
Figure 4: Manufacturing and generic design flow chart illustrating material cost reduction.

Contents
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................................2
List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures.............................................................................................................................................................3
BACKGROUND...............................................................................................................................................................4
Product exploration & problem definition including identification on commercial and other constraints............4
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................6
Good and Bad practices.........................................................................................................................................6
Justification and Identification of the components of the product........................................................................7
METHODS...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Specification of numerical analysis criteria................................................................................................................9
Phase 1: Assembly and Data collections..............................................................................................................10
Phase 2: Placing of data in the software..............................................................................................................10
Phase 3: Data Analysis.........................................................................................................................................11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.........................................................................................................................................12
Analysis of the effect of applied eco-techniques (before and after change)............................................................12
Quantification of benefits and consequences of proposed changes for manufacturer...........................................18
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................................................19
RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................................................................22
Reduction in the embedded energy.....................................................................................................................22
Statement for each Component..............................................................................................................................24
Overall assessment of changes as a whole and recommendations stemming from this work................................25
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................................27
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................................................... 30

BACKGROUND
Product exploration & problem definition including identification on commercial and other
constraints
In the past years, there has been use of two software packages in the assessment of the impact. These have
been Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES EduPack of 2013 and the already existing software of
Solidworks of 2013.The SolidWorks 2013 package has sustainability of “addin” functions that have been
evoked to assist in the provision of relevant tools. These tools enable meeting of complex product
requirements of the design process. This has been useful in exploration and learning of science behind
eco-design in an environment that is sustainable. Unlike SolidWorks software whose evaluation
environmental sustainability affect the actual design in the entire life cycle of the product, CES EduPack
sustainability database package helps in the provision of a computer-based resource in the assessment of
articulations connected to the sustainability technology(Nguyen & Martin 2015).
It is therefore recommended that the results be compared so as to ensure that solutions for sustainability of
the product and environment are achieved. The approach of CES has been studied and properly put in use
in majority of the engineering projects. In summary of the results, learners have become specifically
incorporated in the advanced in the activities of the research. The characteristics of engineering education
have become very complex and dynamic as well. This implies that the colleges and the universities should
be in continuous review of the outcome that is expected. This will always ensure that the skills gained are
relevant to the current global environment. The properties of the present program of engineering should
include the following: Innovative, local and global focus, flexible, collaborative, and accountable and being
market driven. In the case of the global focus, efforts are aimed at acquired knowledge which is accepted

globally and at the same time regional concerns helps in understanding of the local economy of the targeted
area (Pereira & Fredriksson 2015).
Adaptability in educational program will take into consideration speedy change to adjust to current
circumstances and make the procedure straightforward. In Drexel University's College of Engineering-
Engineering Technology (ET) division, numerous courses identified with configuration, fabricating forms,
green assembling and building materials are offered to the understudies in the Bachelor of Science in
Engineering Technology. Courses, for example, Robotics and Mechatronics, Quality Control,
Manufacturing Materials, Microcontrollers, and Applied Mechanics can profit by the lab involvement in
uses of supportability and eco-design just as material and procedures demand.
Also in helping of training of the professional engineering to get the necessary skills in the design, it is
important to consider the whole field of science. Understudies in the Mechanical, Electrical, Industrial and
Biomedical fields alongside numerous others can take in numerous new abilities from contextual analysis
ventures for example, structuring and manufacturing different purchaser items, machines and gear. Such
ventures tell understudies the best way to utilize diverse kinds of innovation, and exhibit how cutting-edge
innovation can be utilized in a real application. This task discusses ingraining future specialists and
technologists with different propelled aptitudes and instruments that can be utilized in their
professions(Zhou et al 2016).
In general, various fields of designing can profit by the cutting edge instruments and applications,
empowering the improvement of ability and information in a wide range of designing viewpoints and
procedures. Current educational program procedure shows building ideas particularly from supportability
ideas. These practical storehouses are a relic of days gone by in industry and understudies must most likely
prevail in an entire scientific or technical condition which requires frameworks for handling.
Even though projects such as, "green assembling" as well as "green/sustainable power source producing"
exist in ET educational program, understudies are not instructed to take a gander at the natural effects of
choices in a conventional building course(Tamaldin, Yamin, Abdollah, Amiruddin & Abdullah 2013).
Also, numerous open schools and colleges are most certainly not furnishing the majority of their alumni

with the basic reasoning, critical thinking, and versatile abilities, counting science, innovation, designing,
and math skills, required to meet the requirements of employers. With the end goal for organizations to
contend in the worldwide commercial center, bosses of the current century will actually require specialists
alongside the customary building structure aptitudes with new and present day aptitudes in maintainability,
eco structure and review just as the capacity to work in multi-disciplinary groups. Carbon footprint and
Embodied energy, toxicity and fraction of the recycling have connections with the ecosystem.
These require careful consideration of Product Lifecycle assessment that is commonly known as PLA. This
should be combining with the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties. These properties are known to
have greater effect on the design when it comes to the minimization of the eco-impact. This particular
project aims at evaluating the impacts and importance of including engineering design based activities in
majority of the projects.
INTRODUCTION
Good and Bad practices
All the activities of the human have got some consequential impacts on the environment people live. Also
the environment normally has some capacity of the absorption that basically make the impacts not to be
felt as such or to prevent a damage that is lasting. From the records available on the weather stations and
meteorological departments it is actually clear that the threshold for this particular requirement has been
exceeded by some substantial degree of accumulation. This kind of the accumulation is actually threatening
the wellbeing of the environment in general. The main source of this kind of the pollution is generated from
the manufacturing industries, the use and disposal of the products that are not organic in nature.
The consumption of the materials in the countries like the United States of America has exceeded almost 10
tonnes per individual every year. The average level of the consumption in the whole world is actually b8
times lower than these components. As the innovation increases, the products of production are
characterized by the end leads to accumulation of wastes thus the volume of the garbage and landfills
increases. Also the fact that the goods have reduced service life leads to the wastes accumulation. Attention
of the researchers has been focused on the study of the best alternatives of product disposal that do not
contribute to the environmental degradation(Pereira & Fredriksson 2015).

The industrial design activities have helped in the provision of tools majorly focused on the sustainability
hence contributing to the design methods of the ancient times. One of the commonly used tools is the
analysis of Life Cycle Assessment, LCA. The LCA has several software alternatives and different design
methods. Through the LCA program, there are proper understanding of the best alternatives of the process
and the materials for product selection. In the last one to two decades, there has been significant
consideration of supportable items and programs from customers, ventures and governments all around.
While value, usefulness, accommodation are the customary integral factors in a designing choice, it has
been accounted for that 65% of employers and around 25% of employees are happy to pay a premium for
an increasingly reasonable arrangement. Emphasis is on structuring items that are reasonable in a setting
that won't interfere with the coming generations. Society currently hopes to engineers to address the short
and long haul issues managing maintainable advancement, prototyping, and fabricating. Inside the most
recent decade, organizations have been called upon to perform such errands as moderation of gas
discharges, and decrease of carbon emission(Yu et al 2014). In the course of the most recent couple of
years in specific, there have been phenomenal calls for society to both alleviate ozone depleting substance
emanations, and to adjust to a modified atmosphere routine, the nature of which will be reliant on the
degree of mitigation.
Amid the 2007 Global Sustainability Forum on the future for designing training it was recognized that "the
same old thing model”, where benefits precede maintainability, is completely wrapped up. We currently
have a window of ten to 15 years to receive a practical methodology before we achieve a worldwide tipping
point, the time when humanity loses the capacity to direction development and improvement. One of the
major nations activities advancing energy proficient items and practices, Energy Star, was presented in
1992 by the Environmental Protection Agency to secure the condition by empowering the utilization of
energy effective items, empowering both vitality use and cost decrease.
In 2007, the program was assessed to have spared $16 billion. The European Association (EU) for
example, in 2001, created expansive key orders with the point of tending to atmospheric change and
energy, transportation, creation, and security of normal assets. A portion of the mandates coming from this
activity incorporate the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment activity in which every country needed

to set target focuses for gathering, reusing and recuperation of electronic items. In 2005, the Eco-structure
of Energy-utilizing Products order set up rules for eco-structure to encourage exchange inside EU nations
without directions turning into a hindrance.
Justification and Identification of the components of the product
In any case, this present pattern regularly makes circumstances that create clashing qualities. For precedent,
the impacts of saving mileage and making recyclability frequently struggle with conventional wanted item
traits, for example, material consistency, accommodation and execution. One specific concern is cost;
numerous clients pick items with low ecological quality because of cost contemplations. Moreover,
structuring these new eco-accommodating, green items includes a vast interest in research and plan, and
still, after all that, the result is still unsure. As designing engineer, it is expected that the capacity to work in
an interdisciplinary condition is a critical idea to confer among our understudies. The designs that bare very
responsible normally aims at ensuring that there is provision of affordable services that are safe as well as
ensuring that there is minimized drain on the resources.
In the event that this provision is strictly observed, the release of the unwanted materials and emissions can
be greatly reduced. This can be actually achieved through the performance of the ongoing eco-audit of the
design. Also the redesign of the product in the process can be helpful. In the learning more about
engineering materials and other processes of manufacturing, it is important to use tools that assist in making
decision leading to the minimization of adverse eco-impacts (Silva, Fry & Arimoto 2012).
Thusly, a great deal of consideration is directed to services of the building as well as community oriented
classrooms for the study. Such points are very basic that the Accreditation Board of Engineering
Technologies, (ABET) emphatically energizes collaboration in the educational program. ABET-ETAC
necessitates that designing innovation programs show that graduates can structure a framework, part, or
procedure to meet wanted requirements and a capacity to work on multi-disciplinary groups. Moreover,
ABET perceives this can't be educated in one course; it is an affair that must develop with the understudies
improvement.
In this particular project work the key purpose was to carry out reflection on material selection in Life
Cycle Assessment, assisting in the presentation of the studies of LCA that has been generated within most

universities that embrace science of sustainability and conservation of environment. The studies focused on
the examination of one kind of the product, squeeze bottle model. The main component of this particular
product is cap and the bottle section. There was performance of a comparative analysis of the product using
at least six models. The main aim was to link practice and theory, enhancing the integration of learners with
the concept and applied tools to the sustainability. This made it possible for the early understanding in the
course of the phase of the design required in the life cycle of the product. The project was considered useful
in equipping the learner with relevant skills and the roles of a designer in connection to the future
sustainable events. Such illustrated results show importance and complexity in the selected materials that
are known to support sustainability processes.
METHODS
Specification of numerical analysis criteria.
In most cases, good projects depends on the factors like manufacturing processes, accurate information
about the materials, measurements of the environmental impacts among other factors. The most
fundamental move in project development is selection of the suitable material.
Going forward engineering decisions that need to be made in connection to the design, development and
implementation are normally characterized with lots of uncertainty. This implies that it will never be
possible to make a decision that is actually linear. Therefore iterations, compromises and feedbacks will be
relied upon so as to arrive at a conclusion that is favorable. In the cases where there are lots of
uncertainties, the expectation of any engineer will be reliance on the past experience considering there will
be lack of effective training for decision making(Ren & Su 2014). Incorporating manageability issues into a
conventional Engineering Technology courses requires that learners fuse issues of sustainability into their
critical thinking aptitudes while considering the more extensive issues, for example, wellbeing, target
costing, designing norms and financial avocation.
ET program ought to give access to the mechanical information yet additionally have leaners managed the
chance to apply this in planning hard arrangements. The up and coming age of architects needs to
reconsider their basic mentalities towards a more extensive, different viewpoint approach in which issue
detailing and setting assume an imperative job in achieving consensual solutions. Conventional undergrad

building programs are more than 130 credit hours and are not structured to deal with any extra credit hour
increment that would be required by incorporating new educational module segments in regards to
maintainability angles(Vakhitova & Fredriksson 2013). As leaners it was expected of us to be graduates
equipped with the specialized capability important to prevail in their field just as the business insight and
aptitudes important to work adequately with other colleagues.
Figure 1: Rational approaches used in Eco-design
The methods that were employed during the learning period was broken down into 3 stages.
Phase 1: Assembly and Data collections
Assembly of the product components
Identification of various components, the used material and the processes as well
Weighing of the digital scale of each and every components
Information research on different materials from the website of manufacturer in the cases where there are
no proper identification on the products.
Research on materials of recycled properties and putting of data in the software.
Phase 2: Placing of data in the software
-Entering the amount and material of each component considered a varying percentage from 0-100%.This
extended from the weight, the process of the primary and the final destination of the component itself. The
last point which acts as stage of the parts included processes of burning at high temperature, using again,

down cycle recycling and finally remanufacturing. It was initially used in the cases of the perceived ideas
and finally the research on the potential final component in the required context. -Introduction of various
types of transport alongside their distances to every phase of the life cycle. This has been done in
connection to the concepts that utilizes the same system of transport.
-Placing of cost of energy that is actually involved within product application stage. For the activities
involving the cooling process, the spent predicted utility index was well planned.
-Analysis process involved Squeezes of various models as illustrated in the table below. These models were
chosen by the team members through placement of the used products.
Figure 1b : Placing data on software
Table 1: Product properties summary

Phase 3: Data Analysis
-This process actually included the analysis that was done in regard to the specific phases
-Analysis about the generation of carbon dioxide gas but on every stage
-Comparison of various samples on every product
-Conduct of analysis of life cycle that is also in the connection with the estimation of product connected to
the entire life.
-Evaluation carried out by the team members in connection to such analyzed items as well as their
estimation which reflected usability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Analysis of the effect of applied eco-techniques (before and after change).
Showing sustainable and eco-design strategies joined by genuine framework's information will increment
the solace, aggressiveness, and certainty of the team members subjectively, as well as additionally
quantitatively. It was likewise watched a positive effect on understudy's recreation abilities. The design just
as material and process choice experience builds up the understudies' deep rooted learning abilities, self-
assessments, self-revelation, and companion guidance in the structure's creation, scrutinize, and defense.

The project team figured out how to comprehend the information bases and sheets, application notes, and
specialized manuals and part particulars(Natarajan, Rahimi, Sen, Mackenzie & Imanbayev 2015). The
experience of collaboration gives the members a feeling of fulfillment and achievement that is frequently
ailing in many designing courses, excluding key projects. Besides, the eco-structure encounter inspires
understudy learning and creates abilities required in industry. The understudies will ready to make
increasingly exact also, palatable estimations and counts of these ventures. The aim was to see that the
undertaking as well as, contextual analysis results mirror that have seen well all the essential elements of
the feasible and eco-design of the designing frameworks.
In presentation is work done by the group members at the university. This included the work that was done
in the study of at least 6 types of the squeezes that are found in the market. In the initial stages, there was
performance of product assembly .This was necessary to realize the challenges and the difficulties which
are known to characterize the entire process. Also in consideration was an identification and evaluation of
the material components of the product that is already in existence. The software that was used was actually
CES Edupack tool Eco Audit.It was the one which was responsible for the measurement of consumption of
energy and emission of carbon dioxide gas(Mustafa, Abdollah, Ismail, Amiruddin & Umehara 2014).
The emission of carbon dioxide gas was caused by the choice of the material and its manufacture,
transportation means as well as the distance that was covered. In the list was also the energy consumption
in the use phase that was cooling. In this particular case study there was presentation of 6 different squeezes
that have been shown in the table below. It is here that the CO2 generation and data related to life cycle
with energy cost has been attached. In table 2, it is evident that large energy consumption and subsequent
release of large volumes of CO2 characterized squeezes of “A” and “B”. In the case of the squeeze A the
estimated life is 8 years .In its it was observed that it could absorb the environmental impact better as
compared to squeeze “B” for a period of 5 years. The energy consumption noted in the use phase was also
great for the two cases of the squeezes “A” and “B”. This could be attributed to their weight and the
material used. For the case of the potential at the end of life return, the carbon dioxide generation and
energy costs, good results were presented by having the body of “A” held in a metal aluminum alloy.

This metal component was possible to be taken for recycle which led to the recovery of the energy that was
used in the process of the production. The potential of squeeze “B” was found to be having a potential that
was higher in life considering that it was responsible for the recycling majority of the materials in the
system of the squeeze. To be reflected in the consumption of the energy and subsequent generation of the
carbon dioxide gas during the transportation of the product of the squeeze “B”. In the case of the case of
the squeeze C there was an estimated short life which actually lasted for a period of 2 years. It had a lower
carbon dioxide generations and consumption of the energy was also known to be higher as well. However
its potential at the end of life was found to be very small.
The other remaining squeeze” E’,”D’ and “F ‘were found to be possessing relatively smaller masses in kgs.
This was the reflection of the smaller energy consumption during the material selection and the
workmanship phase. It is important to note that the squeeze E that had actually been produced in as other
country was known to have a higher mass. This could be attributed to the fact that it was being light weight
and having higher transportation value that was to be considered. The value of transportation was high on
means of the shipping despite the fact that it was of light weight. In the case of the squeeze “D” not all the
elements were recycled instead it was only the body that was recycles(Larner & Dávila 2013).
In the case of the squeeze “E” all the components are recycled while in the case of the squeeze “F” none of
the components are recycled. This basically implies that the other components are being pulled into the
landfill and therefore reflecting the potential at the end of the life that was found to be taken through the
reset. The choices of the components that have been placed in the system of the software are supposed to be
recycled if not then they are supposed to be landfilled. This was however left to be the decision of the team
members that were undertaking the entire task of the project. The choices would even be made or the
decision on the end product determined when the useful life of the product ends.
Table 2: consumption of energy and generation of carbon dioxide for every 1kg model
Individual product Energy consumption (MJ)
Models Material Manufacture Transport Use Disposal
Total (for first
life)
End of life
potential
“A” 20,8 2,19 0,0462 0,0579 0,178 24 -14,7
“B” 26 5,3 21,8 0,0608 0,164 52,4 -17
“C” 5,52 1,25 0,186 0,0153 0,0435 6,99 -3,19

“D” 4,17 0,914 0,0318 1,68 0,028 6,9 -1,57
“E” 2,76 0,556 3 0,847 0,0238 7,18 -1,06
“F” 2,64 0,612 2,48 0,0592 0,00616 5,77 0
Production of CO2
Models Material Manufacture Transport Use Disposal
Total (for first
life)
End of life
Potential
“A” 1,03 0,164 0,00338 0,00217 0,0124 1,2 -0,749
“B” 0,785 0,412 1,46 0,00278 0,0117 2,67 -0,562
“C” 0,156 0,0912 0,023 0,000618 0,00314 0,265 -0,0888
“D” 0,15 0,0685 0,00217 0,0627 0,00296 0,276 -0,0628
“E” 0,0868 0,0417 0,202 0,0327 0,00267 0,364 -0,0327
“F” 0,0765 0,0452 0,167 0,000882 0,000432 0,289 0
In the second part of the study was actually meant to study the use of the squeeze for more life estimation.
This would be made to squeeze the eight years to assist in the making of the new year’s match the initial
squeeze. In the table that has been shown below is actually an illustration of the required number of the
squeezes at the same spent duration and energy in MJ alongside carbon dioxide generation in the period of
8 years that is known to be the useful life of the squeezes.
Table 3: Reference Squeeze “A” and the amount comparison
“A” “B” “C” “D” “E”
“F”
Viable lifetime 8 yrs. 5 yrs. 2 yrs. 0,5 yrs. 0,25 yrs. 0,08 yrs.
Quantity of products 1 1,6 4 16 32 100
Table 4: Energy consumption and CO2 generation among the six models that were analyzed in
relation to the highest produced or estimated life.
Product Energy consumption (MJ) as well as comparison with other models
Amnt. Model Material Manufacture Transport Use Disposal Total End of life potential
1 S A* 20,6 2,17 0,0461 0,0578 0,175 23 -14,7

1,6 B 40 8,48 0,07376 0,09248 0,28 36,8 -23,52
4 C 22,04 4,92 86,8 0,2436 0,616 209,2 -68
16 D 66,56 14,592 0,5104 26,72 0,448 108,8 -24,96
32 E 88 17,76 96 27,072 0,7616 229,44 -33,6
100 F 262 60,2 247 5,91 0,616 576 0
Amount of CO2 produced (kg) for every one product and their products comparison
Model Material Manufacture Transport Use Disposal Total End of life potential
1 A 1,03 0,164 0,00329 `
0,0124 1,3 -0,738
1,6 B 1,2545 0,6433 2,337 0,003648 0,01713 4,257 -0,8833
4 C 0,63 0,3689 0,053 0,002433 0,01217 1,057 -0,3593
16 D 2,26 1,0945 0,03633 1,0017 0,03137 4,6 -0,9889
32 E 2,7744 1,3312 6,432 1,0144 0,05344 11,616 -1,1424
100 F 7,55 4,51 16,6 0,0881 0,0431 28,8 0
As per the data that was obtained from the Life Cycle Assessment it was noticed that the very
initial review had much impact to the environment. In this analysis it was found that the first
review had the lowest impact to the environment. The squeeze F was found to be having the
greatest impact to the environment. This could be attributed to the fact that the required quantity
of the squeezes which were actually 100 was needed in the period of 8 years. It was after this
particular period that squeeze could be treated for reference purposes .This effectiveness has
been illustrated in the table (Kumar & Mahulikar 2016). From the table it can be seen that the
difference of F and other models illustrate a very big difference. This means the life span of F
will be as well be smaller or basically shorter. This is a clear indication of the importance of the
product design that translates to the rethinking of the selection of the materials. The selection of
the materials that has little energy consumption as well as little production of the pollutant
carbon dioxide is greatly enhanced. The selected products have higher chances of the process of

the recycling in the production line. The components are easier to assemble and also lighter for
the production alongside other factors.
Figure 2: Chart of comparison of the 3 products analyzed in the connection with the consumption
of the energy
In the figure above there are other points that have been obviously highlighted that actually
portray the squeeze “F” to be more problematic as far as the issue of the sustainability is
concerned. This is actually the potential at the end of the life taken as zero that translates to the
lack of the potential to be undertaken through a recovery process of the produced energy. In
attempt to compare the products with the longest estimated life of the analyzed squeezes, there
are possibilities of having real dimensions as opposed to their real useful or viable life. In
consideration of the conduced analyses, squeeze “A” was found to be the one that spent more
energy in the production process and the manufacture in its entire life. This is because the
expected life of this model of the squeeze is great. The great life will assist in the improvement
of the performance which is actually directly related to the sustainability.

Quantification of benefits and consequences of proposed changes for
manufacturer.
From this kind of discussion and study with group members it is conceivable to consider the job
which expected years to come engineering professionals will do connection to supportability. In
what ways can engineers reflect of the manner in which life can be made better through control
of pollution? Also in concern is the suitability of the suggested methods in which engineers
protect the consumers who in most of the cases are the targeted customers. When these changes
are made, the requirements must be twisted in a manner that satisfies the targeted clients. In line
of the highlighted points for the consideration, the team members managed to get the importance
of the Life Cycle Assessment as:
- In connection to materials, examining the measure of these, different structures, which are
collected to deliver basic objects of everyday, helped to reevaluate and reassess the ideas at the
season of procurement.
- Questioned the measure of materials that could be better spent, as for time of utilization, that
were being utilized in a way not productive.
- Underlined the expansive utilization of a similar product, specifically the quick trade of items,
even as yet being valuable to the ideal capacity, producing increasingly superfluous transfer of
materials.
- The understudies said the significance of the toughness of an item, along these lines, the
valuable existence of item to manageability, which was reflected in the second similar
examination between crushes with an expected 8 years.

- The team saw and tallied that straightforward activities with basic products can make a major
help to the ecological surrounding, demonstrating the significance of cognizant utilization.
- Also concern on the significance of familiarity with individuals and changing propensities for
each.
- All of these components helped in rethinking and reexamination of the ideas when purchasing
a basic item.
- Through this the members could see a few viewpoints in regards to the examination of the life
cycle of an item, recommending that LCA was actualized in the design stage to decrease the
natural effect.
Assuming that the implementers who are the manufactures consider using the changes given
including rationalization, the attracted benefits will include:
 Increased negotiation leverage that has connection with the suppliers
 The inventories will be reduced thus leading to the cost reduction as well
 There will be simplification of the sourcing of the material in the various locations of the
manufacturing.
CONCLUSION
The concern and duty regarding the natural effect made rising new difficulties for designers.
While nature's assets and lessen ecological contamination builds, reusing, wastes transfer and
supportable undertakings must be examined in proper way. Concurring with this, it is suggested
that a designer ought to know about changes and consistently search for new arrangements,
especially in connection to angles identified with ecological issues. Confronted with these

difficulties in connection to maintainability, item structure movement has been including
instruments and one of them is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The systems connected to
sustainability empower design engineers and drafters can have a design considering ecological
issues. Permits the utilization of materials with lower ecological effect and adds to maintainable
advancement through the utilization of the proposed philosophies. Apply new techniques
connected to the task, examining and investigating the existence cycle of an item, advantage
nature and who and what is to come.
Through activities in orders of sustainability in design courses appear changed examines for a
similar kind of product, pondering the selection of materials and steps in these. In the project
paper the analysis was about consumption that is sustainable, investigating an apparatus of Life
Cycle Assessment in an item of low mechanical multifaceted nature that was the press. The
outcomes demonstrate the multifaceted nature and significance of the determination of materials
and procedures for sustainability. It was vital for learners to investigate the diverse items they
understand the significance of the choice of materials and the impact this has on the ecological
effect(Spierings, Starr & Wegener 2013).
The team members could comprehend the issue of sustainability, breaking down the whole life
cycle of item, it is critical to feature the diverse impression of understudies in connection to
sustainability and the choice of materials and exercises toward the start of the end. Members end
up animated to think about more solidness the right choice of materials in the structure stage,
covering all phases of the existence cycle of these items, which enabled us to picture more
obviously how one requires a foundational perspective of the whole cycle of product life. Along
these lines, deciding and choosing the most reasonable material relies upon a few components,

with the design stage an urgent point, on the grounds that assessing the valuable existence of this
item ends up critical in better determination of materials(Dias & Bernardes 2016).
The normal dimension of worldwide utilization is around multiple times littler than this yet is
developing twice as quick. The materials and the vitality expected to make and shape them are
drawn from regular assets: metal bodies, mineral stores, fossil hydrocarbons. The world's assets
are most certainly not endless, yet up to this point, they have appeared to be so: the requests
made on them by fabricate all through the eighteenth, nineteenth and mid twentieth century
seemed minute, the rate of new disclosures continually outpacing the rate of utilization. This
discernment has now changed: cautioning banners are flying, risk signals blazing.
To create devices to examine the issue and react to it, we should initially analyze the materials
life cycle and life cycle investigation. Mineral and feedstock are mined and prepared to yield
materials. These are fabricated into items that are utilized and toward the finish of life, disposed
of, reused or then again (less normally) revamped and reused. Vitality and materials are
expended in each period of life, producing squander warmth and strong, fluid, and vaporous
discharges.
It indicates only one of the significant focuses for sustainability that designers ought to be
mindful of and utilize these instruments related to the structure devices. Breaking down the
product, it moves toward becoming clear how vital it is the task's destinations and the intended
interest group has been characterized, in order to venture the lifetime of this and subsequently
decide the choice of suitable materials. Standing up to customer movement, with an expected
valuable existence of the item progressively short, ponder the choice of materials and procedures

suitable to each extend through the LCA gives a useful asset to help the task, making it
fundamental when discussing sustainability.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Reduction in the embedded energy
The tool that was used was regarded as the user friendly. The values of the used power were
actually utilized for the calculations for the energy and the profile of CO2.Finally there was
creation of the bar chart and the summary of the CO2 gas. The bar chart for the energy is as
shown in the figure below.
Figure 3: Graphical analysis of the energy consumption
It is evident that one phase consumes more energy as compared to the initial types that are found
in the market. Despite the fact that the usage of the product is limited for a specific time of the
day, its application accounts for over 95% of the other options. The embodied energy will be
increased in the cases where air fright instead of shipping is used. The energy extravagance

accounts for almost 3% of the total. There increase of the distance when the sea is used by
almost 17000km but the transport energy per squeeze is reduced by 1% of the total.
Table 5: Energy Analysis of a squeeze component
Cost benefit analysis
The companies can actually use the tactics that are basically familiar through the negotiation of
the lower costs with the relevant suppliers. The materials should be substituted with relatively
cheaper components and finally use of the lower cost locations of the manufacturing. In the case
that the above suggestions are implemented, the immediate impact on the cost will be realized.
Practically there is a limitation to the cheapness of any material as illustrated in the bottom bar.

Figure 4: Manufacturing and generic design flow chart illustrating material cost reduction.
Statement for each Component
A sample of the squeeze is sold is sold as 1 litre bottle with the caps made from polypropylene.
On the average mass a bottle is known to weigh 40 grams and the cap of the individual bottle
weighs 1gram.The squeezes are molded and filled and then transported to the required
destinations. Basically what the tool has done is to assist in the process of retrieving from the
database the CO2 gad and the energies profiles of the processes and the materials.
Table 6: Components summary

On average the number of the squeeze bottle produced per day about 100 units. This component
has been made from PET material which has been taken through a process of molding. The
expected mass is actually 4kg for every 100 units. The other masses will vary depending on the
multiplication factor which will regularly shoot (Aso & Cheung 2015).
Also the number of the caps that are produced will be directly proportional to the number of the
squeeze bottle produced. The production n process or the manufacture is actually similar where
the PP material is taken through the stages of molding. The mass translates to 0.1 kg for every
100 units. Also when subjected to the multiplication factor, this will greatly vary.
Overall assessment of changes as a whole and recommendations stemming
from this work
In order have success, enterprises of manufacturing need to do considerably more than basically
convey items that exceed expectations at their required capacity. They should meet more
extensive item or product structure destinations that enable them to address vital drivers, for
example, cost, natural enactment, and worldwide assembling. Materials choices are vital to these
goals. Feasible achievement requires techniques that guarantee these choices are improved for
individual design as well as over the endeavor. The correct materials methodology, successfully
actualized, can be worth a great many dollars. In any case, characterizing and actualizing such
methodologies can be extremely troublesome for a regular assembling association with items that

utilizes various materials and bolster numerous applications, with tasks split crosswise over
numerous organizations or locales, and with those activities further muddled by the effect of new
controls in territories, for example, nature, wellbeing, and security.
This paper has demonstrated a proper outline of an imaginative methodology that is being
connected to address these difficulties. It settles on materials choices progressively efficient by
applying amazing systems and programming apparatuses to catch and break down basic
materials data, and convey the subsequent 'business principles' to those engaged with settling on
materials choices. The devices think about the ramifications of expense – regardless of whether
material buys cost or natural expense – close by practical prerequisites. Besides, significantly,
they are conveyed inside a structure that guarantees consistency in basic leadership over the
undertaking, spanning among Design and Procurement objectives to upgrade the execution of
both(Ashby, Miller, Rutter, Seymour & Wegst 2012). The paper starts by talking about why, and
how, materials techniques could be enhanced in most fabricating associations. It is at that point
that it has suggested three classes of utilization where a methodology for example, that sketched
out above can help: enhanced materials choice, cost evasion through materials defense, and an
efficient way to deal with eco structure. A contextual investigation indicating potential multi-
million dollar affect is incorporated. The paper at that point clarifies the innovation behind the
Granta arrangement – consolidating the spearheading strategy of materials execution files with
the capacity to gather the fundamental materials information and to convey the subsequent
techniques of wider base.

REFERENCES
Ashby, M. F., Miller, A., Rutter, F., Seymour, C., & Wegst, U. G. K. (2012). CES EduPack for
Eco Design—A White Paper.
Aso, R., & Cheung, W. M. (2015). Towards greener horizontal-axis wind turbines: analysis of
carbon emissions, energy and costs at the early design stage. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 87, 263-274.
Dias, P., & Bernardes, A. M. (2016). Carbon emissions and embodied energy as tools for
evaluating environmental aspects of tap water and bottled water in Brazil. Desalination
and Water Treatment, 57(28), 13020-13029.
Kumar, S., & Mahulikar, S. P. (2016). Selection of materials and design of multilayer
lightweight passive thermal protection system. Journal of Thermal Science and
Engineering Applications, 8(2), 021003.
Larner, M., & Dávila, L. P. (2013). The mechanical properties of porous aluminum using finite
element method simulations and compression experiments. MRS Online Proceedings
Library Archive, 1580.
Mustafa, A., Abdollah, M. F. B., Ismail, N., Amiruddin, H., & Umehara, N. (2014). Materials
selection for eco-aware lightweight friction material. Mechanics & Industry, 15(4), 279-
285.
Natarajan, M., Rahimi, M., Sen, S., Mackenzie, N., & Imanbayev, Y. (2015). Living wall
systems: evaluating life-cycle energy, water and carbon impacts. Urban
ecosystems, 18(1), 1-11.

Nguyen, V. D., & Martin, P. (2015). Product design-process selection-process planning
integration based on modeling and simulation. The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 77(1-4), 187-201.
Pereira, A., & Fredriksson, C. (2015). Teaching Circularity using CES EduPack. In 43rd Annual
SEFI Conference, Orléans, France.
Ren, Z. M., & Su, D. Z. (2014). Comparison of different life cycle impact assessment software
tools. In Key Engineering Materials (Vol. 572, pp. 44-49). Trans Tech Publications.
Silva, A., Fry, M., & Arimoto, K. (2012). W-13 Tradition and Innovation in the Education of
Materials and Engineering Students. In JSEE Annual Conference International Session
Proceedings 2012 JSEE Annual Conference (pp. 82-87). Japanese Society for
Engineering Education.
Spierings, A. B., Starr, T. L., & Wegener, K. (2013). Fatigue performance of additive
manufactured metallic parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 19(2), 88-94.
Tamaldin, N., Yamin, A. K. M., Abdollah, M. F. B., Amiruddin, H., & Abdullah, M. A. (2013).
Design Optimization of Thermal Management System for Electric VehicleUtilizing CFD
Analysis, DFMEA and CES. Procedia Engineering, 68, 305-312.
Vakhitova, T., & Fredriksson, C. (2013). Practical competences as learning outcomes using ces
edupack. Journal Association of Engineering Education of Russia, 13, 16-23.
Yu, Y., Zeng, J., Chen, C., Xie, Z., Guo, R., Liu, Z., ... & Zheng, Z. (2014). Three‐Dimensional
Compressible and Stretchable Conductive Composites. Advanced Materials, 26(5), 810-
815.

Zhou, X., Sethi, J., Geng, S., Berglund, L., Frisk, N., Aitomäki, Y., ... & Oksman, K. (2016).
Dispersion and reinforcing effect of carrot nanofibers on biopolyurethane
foams. Materials & Design, 110, 526-531.

APPENDIX
Eco- Audit tool