Critical Analysis of Public Health Economics and Finance

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of public health economics, focusing on the economic case of public health issues such as disease prevention, healthcare finance, and preventative programs. It critically examines different models of healthcare finance, evaluating their sustainability, efficiency, and equity. The essay incorporates key economic concepts such as demand and supply, market dynamics, economic evaluation, and healthcare financing and equity. Furthermore, it reviews a specific public health issue from the perspectives of government, healthcare providers, and the public, offering recommendations for management and policy practice. The analysis includes the use of diagrams to illustrate demand, supply, and market dynamics within the context of public health. The essay concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for improving public health outcomes.

PUBLIC HEALTH
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
1) Critically discuss and analyse the economic case of the public health issue and national
preventative public health programmes in terms of health care............................................3
2) Critically examine the different models of health care finance in terms of their
sustainability, efficiency and equity.......................................................................................4
3) Provide a critical review of a public health issue and response from the perspectives of
government, provider, and public...........................................................................................8
Perspectives ...........................................................................................................................8
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
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INTRODUCTION
Public health refers to a science of protecting safety and enhancing communities if health
via policy making, investigation of disease, injury prevention and education. It include the
effective role of health care planners and practitioners to put efforts for improving public health.
(Greenberg and et.al., 2017). Large number of population effected with various kinds of health
problems generally have a infectious diseases. It causes changes in thinking skills or memory of
an individual. It could be severe in some cases and could lead to improper functioning of mind
for performing daily activities. The health problems are required to determined with causes in
order to prevent them for wellness of population. In the following report, will analyse the
economic case of the public health issue (Baum, 2016). Furthermore, it will cover examine the
different models of health care finance in terms of their sustainability, efficiency and equity. At
last, a critical review of a public health issue and response from the perspectives of government,
provider, and public will be discuss.
MAIN BODY
1) Critically discuss and analyse the economic case of the public health issue and national
preventative public health programmes in terms of health care.
Public health is the most important aspect of a community as it protects and safe the
health conditions of individuals in a community. It could be done through policy making,
research, education and many more ways. There are number of public health issues that are
arsing day be day among individuals in a community or in a particular area. The public health
requires an be improved by focussing on the concept of prevention of disease which helps to
enhance overall health condition of people (Brownson and et.al., 2017). Thus, to regulate the
occurrence of such issues some of the preventive measures are need to be undertaken. Such
measures are discussed as follows.
Prevention of diseases: It is basically a procedure where number of healthcare
organisations along with public health sectors reach to various approaches for preventing
diseases within public. There are large number of primary as well as secondary prevention
methods which helps to improve overall health of the public. Public health is the major issues
these days which has been increasing day by day. Thus, in order to reduce the ratio of occurrence
of diseases within public, there is a need to build several preventive measures such as spreading
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awareness regarding diseases in public, provide them education regarding control measures an
negative consequences of these diseases. There are few of infectious health problems which
become public health issue nowadays because these are gradually increasing among young
population as well as young adults also. Preventive programmes regarding health problems are
needed to be implement within the public and healthcare organisations so that it could be control
for future perspectives. However, in order to prevent diseases, individuals can introduce
physical exercises as well as healthy diet in their routine. Care practitioners as well as healthcare
professionals must deliver high quality of care to their patients in order to reduce the risk of
various health issues. Preventing diseases within public health will help to enhance overall health
conditions of population which will eventually lead to a healthy country. Activities can be
included in individual's lifestyle such as puzzles, socializing with people, managing each and
every parameter of body such as cholesterol, blood sugar level, blood pressure and many more.
2) Critically examine the different models of health care finance in terms of their sustainability,
efficiency and equity
Healthcare can be define as maintaining or improving health through diagnosis,
prevention, recovery, treatment and some physical or mental dis-functionalities in individuals
(Wells and et.al., 2017). There are some particular health finance models which are discussed
here.
Compulsory insurance: This framework usually consist of legislations for the residents
in order to get the health insurance that could be purchase by them only or provided by
government. It is basically a sort of insurance that an individuals need to buy legally. It is
important in healthcare practices, to mandatory buy this insurance as there are chances of risks
occurring every other day (Binns and et.al., 2016). It directly related to maintain sustainability of
individuals in a public health sector. The efficiency of this particular framework is quite effective
and it is proven to be effective for individuals well as care practitioners. Equity must be
maintained among patents while dealing with them as equal level of treatment must be provided
to them.
Tax-based financing: In this type of fund models, individuals are required to contribute
in health services through number of taxes. This particular framework is implemented in overall
population until local government increases tax revenues. It is a sustainable framework as it
assure the healthcare services to the individuals. In terms of equity, all individuals are tend to pay
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equal taxes for health fund (Finkler and et.al., 2018). A better efficiency in healthcare services
could be attain through this framework.
Some of the concepts of public healthcare services are discussed here.
Demand and supply: For example, obesity being a major public issue these days,
demand and supply is the major health concept. The supply of resources, services or medicines
are not according to the demand of the population and not cover the overall population
(Eckelman and Sherman, 2016). However, there must be proper supply of high quality practices
as per the demands arising.
(Source: Demand and supply, 2020)
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Illustration 1: Demand and supply

The market: Public health can be considered as an important area to be focussed to
provide healthcare services by care professionals (Yanek and et.al., 2016). The supply of
services from care practitioners, providing medications, free diagnosis are the essential products
of public health market.
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Illustration 2: demand and supply
(Source: demand and supply, 2020)
Illustration 3: market in public health, 2020
(Source: Market in public health, 2020)

Economic evaluation: It is a concept that determines how much funds has been
collected for providing care services to the patients. It evaluates overall economic production in a
public healthcare (Boulware and et.al., 2016).
Measuring and valuing of health: It is mandatory to measure and value health of
individuals. Respective frameworks could be utilize in measuring health conditions of individual
by critically analysing funds which has been spend and number of individuals who actually get
benefited from it.
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Illustration 4: Value and Access, 2020
(Source: Value and Access, 2020)

Health care financing & equity: Financing an equity could be maintain through
health finance models. The concept focus on the importance of funds in any healthcare sector.
Patients suffering from severe disease in a public health sector must be funded properly and
should be treated equally (Bialystok and et.al., 2016).
3) Provide a critical review of a public health issue and response from the perspectives of
government, provider, and public.
Public health issue of declining in memory of an individual along with at least one
cognitive concern such as language or a problem with interacting with individuals in a society. It
is increasing day by day and becoming a most crucial public health issue (Merai, 2016). There is
not a particular cure for this disorder or to stop its progress. However, number of treatments are
available for regulating different types of disease in terms of improving public health through
proper care planning.
Perspectives
Government play a major role in regulating and controlling the occurrence of various
diseases in public (Ferri and Giaccone, 2017). They have develop a number of legislations and
policies that are to be strictly follow in public health sectors.
Service providers of in healthcare sector are majorly responsible for providing better
quality of care of their patients. It is the perspective of a service provider that proper support and
care must be provided to the individuals suffering from specific health problem like obesity,
diabetes etc. (Bellinger, 2016). In order to reduce the course of infectious diseases, individuals
must be engage in some social activities and initiate socializing to become aware about
precautions to avoid morbidities.
Public perspectives regarding health issues include that high quality of facilities must be
provided to the different patients with proper availability of resources and funds (Williams and
Collins, 2016). Government must provide all sort of facilities and educated care professionals in
public health sectors. Number of researchers and analysers have different perspectives regarding
prevention and control of diseases and infections in public health.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In public health sectors, a majority of improvements are need to be done in order to
reduce the percentage of public health issues which has been arising day by day (Wing and
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Bello, 2018). It has been recommended that management of the health and social care sectors
must be well maintained. There must be skilled and intellectual care practitioner sin the
organisations so that better quality of services could be deliver to the patients. Communication is
the key for all major problems, however it has been suggested that there must be proper
communication between mangers and other stakeholders of public health sectors so that effective
outcomes could be drawn out. It can be through mail, through information sharing between
departments or through any other private online portals (Kharasch and Brunt, 2016).
For maintain public health issues, it has been recommanded that strict policies and
frameworks must be developed so that all the workforce along with health professionals could
work according to them by following each and every set guidelines. It will help the organisation
to prevent any illegal sort of activities which will eventually result in a strong brands image an
public satisfaction (Khan and Zarrilli, 2017).
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been concluded that public health play a major role in a
community in order to protect individuals from any sort of medical disorders. However,
nowadays number of public health issues has been arsing within the individuals due to their
lifestyles and may other factors. Some of the preventive measures, public health promotions and
service provision could help in to reduce and eliminate the risk of occurrence of some major
diseases within public. Funding being the most important aspect of a public health sector could
be managed through some health finance frameworks. Compulsory insurance and Tax-based
financing are the two health finance framework which can be utilized by public for gaining profit
of healthcare services. Recommendations has been given for improving management and
policies in public health sectors.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Baum, F., 2016. The new public health. (No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press.
Brownson, R.C., and et.al., 2017. Evidence-based public health. Oxford university press.
Schneider, M.J., 2016. Introduction to public health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Wilder-Smith, A., and et.al., 2017. Epidemic arboviral diseases: priorities for research and public
health. The Lancet infectious diseases. 17(3). pp.e101-e106.
Binns, C., and et.al., 2016. The long-term public health benefits of breastfeeding. Asia Pacific
Journal of Public Health. 28(1). pp.7-14.
Finkler, S.A.,and et.al., 2018. Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit
organizations. CQ Press.
Eckelman, M.J. and Sherman, J., 2016. Environmental impacts of the US health care system and
effects on public health. PloS one. 11(6). p.e0157014.
Merai, R., 2016. CDC grand rounds: a public health approach to detect and control hypertension.
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 65.
Bellinger, D.C., 2016. Lead contamination in Flint—an abject failure to protect public health.
New England Journal of Medicine. 374(12). pp.1101-1103.
Boulware, L.E., and et.al., 2016. Race and trust in the health care system. Public health reports.
Wells, J.C., and et.al., 2017. Evolutionary public health: introducing the concept. The Lancet.
390(10093). pp.500-509.\
Bialystok, E., and et.al., 2016. Aging in two languages: Implications for public health. Ageing
research reviews. 27. pp.56-60.
Ferri, M., and et.al., 2017. Antimicrobial resistance: a global emerging threat to public health
systems. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 57(13). pp.2857-2876.
Wing, C., and et.al., 2018. Designing difference in difference studies: best practices for public
health policy research. Annual review of public health. 39.
Kharasch, E.D. and Brunt, L.M., 2016. Perioperative opioids and public health. Anesthesiology:
The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. 124(4). pp.960-965.
Khan, A.U., Maryam, L. and Zarrilli, R., 2017. Structure, genetics and worldwide spread of New
Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM): a threat to public health. BMC microbiology. 17(1).
p.101.
Williams, D.R. and Collins, C., 2016. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of
racial disparities in health. Public health reports.
Greenberg, M.T., and et.al., 2017. Social and emotional learning as a public health approach to
education. The future of children. pp.13-32.
Fleetwood, J., 2017. Public health, ethics, and autonomous vehicles. American journal of public
health, 107(4). pp.532-537.
Yanek, L.R., and et.al., 2016. Project Joy: faith based cardiovascular health promotion for
African American women. Public health reports.
Online
Demand and supply. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lawofsupply.asp>
Demand and supply. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Market_failures/Healthcare.html>
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Market in public health. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-sketch-of-veterinary-and-public-health-
interventions-segmented-according-to-markets_fig9_304011488>
Value and access. 2020. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.syneoshealth.com/solutions/consulting/value-and-access>
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