Report: Theories, Principles, and Models in Education and Training

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the principles, theories, and models used in education and training. It explores various learning models such as Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Humanism, Andragogy, and Constructivism, examining their connections and applications in teaching programs. The report also delves into learning preferences, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic styles, along with models like the Hermann brain dominant instrument, Myres-briggs type indicator, and VARK, highlighting how these preferences enable effective learning assessment. Furthermore, it covers communication models, curriculum development, and theories of reflection and evaluation, offering insights into their practical implementation in educational settings. The report emphasizes the importance of competency-based models and organizational behavior of learning to apply these theories effectively. Finally, the report also explained the different learning preferences models and how they can be used to assess the needs and requirements of teachers and students.

THEORIES, PRINCIPLES
AND
MODELS IN EDUCATION
AND TRAINING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Analysing the principles, theories and models of learning ..................................................4
1.2 Describe ways in which theories and models of learning can be applied to learning ..........6
1.3 Analyse the models of learning preferences ........................................................................7
1.4 Explain how learning preferences enables learning assessment ..........................................8
2.1 Analyse models and theories of communication .................................................................9
2.2 Describe the ways in which models can be applied to learning and teaching assessment .11
3.1 Evaluate the theories, principles and models of assessment ..............................................12
3.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to learning and teaching assessment . 14
4.1 Evaluate the Theories and models of curriculum and development .................................14
4.2 Explain the theories and models of curriculum development in curriculum specialisation.
...................................................................................................................................................15
5.1 Evaluate the theories and models of reflection and evaluation ..........................................16
5.2 Explain the ways in which theories can be applied to reviewing own practice .................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................20

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Principles of learning................................................................................................6
Illustration 2: Models of learning....................................................................................................7
Illustration 3: Learning styles..........................................................................................................8
Illustration 4: Principles of assessment .........................................................................................13
Illustration 5: Gibbs reflective model ...........................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
In order to describe the principles, theories and models in education and training, this
report will evaluate various models of teaching and learning. Furthermore, it will also describe
the ways in which these models can be applied to learning and teaching programs. In addition to
this, this report also displays how learner’s preferences assist to learning assessment as per the
teaching and learning systems. To understand the training and education programs, there are
various aspects considered as learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development and
reflection to reviewing the practices. This report explained the theories, principles and models of
all these aspects (Bompa and Buzzichelli, 2018).
Models included Behaviourism, Cognitivism, Humanism, Andragogy and Constructivism.
These all are connected to various criteria. In addition to this, learning preferences includes
Hermann brain dominant instrument, Myres-briggs type indicator and Multiple intelligences
which are enables learning assessment as well. Apart from this, there are furthermore preferences
of learning as Visual, Auditory, Read and kinaesthetic which are known as VARK. This report
also included different communication models as Aristotle model, Harold Laswell model,
Shannon and Weaver model, Willbur Schramm model (Carraccio and et.al., 2016). All models
have different communication process to convey the message. Furthermore, curriculum
development models and theories of reflection or evaluation are also developed to explain more
effectively the concept of education and training.
1.1 Analysing the principles, theories and models of learning
Learning is a process of getting modifying ideas, knowledge, skills and values. Learning
theories are the framework which explain how students will absorb and gain knowledge during
learning program. There are various learning models, theories and principles which are as
follows:
Principles: It refers to the proper framework of learning. There are various principles
such as readiness, exercise, effect, primary, recency, intensity, requirement and freedom.
Learning pyramid includes different phases as lecture, reading, audiovisual, demonstration,
discussion, practice doing and teach others which can be understood by following chart:

First Principle of learning is known as readiness. It relates to performance and outcomes
as well. This principle explains that a person will learn the best when he/she will be physically
and mentally ready. Instructors can boost their learners by creating interest by viewing the core
values of subject matter (Demetriou, Shayer and Efklides, 2016). Exercise principle refers that
things which have repetitive quality will be the best way to remembered and effect concerned to
emotional reactions of learners. One of the best principles of learning is intensity which implies
that learner will learn more things and knowledge from real things rather than substitutes. It is
essential that things must be freely learned. For example: In colleges learning is done through
demonstration and freedom is given to each every student to put their opinions and views.
Example 2: In army school, students are prepared with sincerity and readiness. They exercise
daily and their mind is prepared for future struggle.
Theories: It includes mainly five types of models such as behaviourism, cognitivism,
humanism, andragogy and constructivism. These are related to different aspects as:
CONNECTION
Behaviourism Stimulus
Cognitivism Discovery
Humanism Self-worth
Andragogy Adult learning
Constructivism Active
Source: (National training laborateries, 2016)

Behaviourism theory is considered with an aspect of conditioning and targets in
education. There are two types of conditioning i.e. operant and classical. In order to explain the
operant conditioning, the learners are able to create connection with situations which are related
with his/her behaviour (Fägerlind and Saha, 2016). It includes positive and negative
reinforcement.
Behaviourism: As per this theory, it can be stated that observable and measurement outcomes
ascertained to focus on classical conditions. Classical condition stimulates and present to get
effective response. In classrooms, it is also place as reward, punishments, etc.
Cognitive: This theory present and grew with positive responses to behaviourism. Hence,
knowledge could be stored as cognitive symbol so that learning process connect meaningful
results.
Social learning theory: This theory emphasis on positive response that framed with meta
cognition. Learning also take place as observation and sensorineural experience.
For example: Prime example of cognitive theory is ability to solve problems with brain
functions. Second example can be considered as ability to reason any question through logic is
example of cognition.
Models
Dun & Dunn Learning style model: This model focuses on different activities and procedures. It
has emotional, sociological, physical and psychological preferences connected with it. This
models involve identifying the individual's style and planning and implementation learning
activities. For example: By appling Dunn & Dunn Learning style students can structure itself in
various circumstances and relate themselves to motivation, responsibility and persistence.
Kolb's Experimental Learning model: This model aims at addressing individual's differences in
learners. It goes with concrete experience and reflective observation.
For example: A physical classroom can be arranged to accommodate various learning styles and
students might opt for informal settings. Each and every student is responsible for understand
and developing his/her learning preferences like assignments, role plays, writing a journal etc.

1.2 Describe ways in which theories and models of learning can be applied to learning
Competency based model is the best way to applied the theories and models of learning
in education and training. It is an instrumental system which is based on performance based
learning program (Fitzsimons, 2015). It focuses on results and outcomes of learning. This is the
process of moving from teacher focused to student focused. It is an alternative way to gain skills
and knowledge from employees by employers.
CBE selecting the competencies with very carefully which is the main characteristic of it. It
includes various modes as downloaded mode, read only mode, classroom interaction and practice
orientation. There are 6 main components of competencies based learning as choose a learner,
identify the competencies level, find out gap between group, develop the plan, implementation
and last is to monitor the outcomes (Leberman and McDonald, 2016).
Apart from this, the another way to implies theories in teaching and learning is
organisational behaviour of learning. which includes reinforcement, classical and operant
conditioning or social learning. Process of social learning has consisted various phases as
attention process, retention process, motor reproduction and reinforcement process. Principles
regarding to OB are mentoring programs, discipline and self-management (Metzler, 2017.).
Theories of Communication
1. Classical Theory: This theory consists of two more theories i.e. Authoritarian and
Libertarianism. According Authoritarian freedom of expression is controlled and result
was advocacy of entire dictatorship.
Illustration 1: Models of learning
Source: (Models of learning, 2014)

2. One Step Flow Theory: In this theory, mass communication was directly communicated
to large audience and the messages were not being filtered. For examople: Political
leaders used this theory to convey their messages to mass audience.
Principles of Communication:
1. Complete content should be linked with the actual words and symbols used. Written
words and phrases combined can create grammatical mistakes.
2. Effectiveness of message includes physical environment, cultural and developmental
factors.
Models of Communication
Brain based learning: In respect to consider brain based learning in teaching, there are several
kinds of learning in teaching. In order to regulate systematic work, more than 12 governing
principles exist that support to focus on parallel process.
Multiple intelligence: In the classrooms, different ways consider in which theories could be
implemented in systematic manner. In this regard, proper medium implement to support
communication.
Social constructive: It considers experience of different activities that assist to concentrate on
dynamic results of classrooms. Personal focus needed to perform tasks and develop effective
learning.
1.3 Analyse the models of learning preferences
Each person uses different styles and techniques of learning. There are various styles
such as visual, aural, verbal, physical, logical, social and solitary. These all learning styles are
connected to various aspects. If a learner knows about the learning styles then it will help to be
more productive, creative, innovative, better skills to solve problems, able to make better
decisions and learn more effectively (Newby, 2014). Basically there are three types of learning
preferences as visual, auditory and tactile. Explanation of these are as follows:

Visual: In this, learners are able to learn through seeing and reading method. There are different
sources which makes it good like pictures, illustrations, photos, graphs, diagrams and maps.
Auditory: In this, learners learn from listening and talking sources because intensity principle of
learning states that learner will obtain more knowledge from real rather than substitutes. It
requires existence of some skills like listening and hearing skills (Peters, 2015).
Read: It includes lists, notes, essays, headings and handouts.
Tactile: In this, learners learn through doing which includes physical activity. They use their
senses as sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing.
Apart from this, there are several more models as Hermann brain dominant instrument,
Myres-briggs type indicator and multiple intelligences. These all models related to different
kinds of areas as:
TYPES
Hermann brain dominant instrument  Analytical
 Sequential
 Interpersonal
 Imaginative
Myres-briggs type indicator  Extraversion
Illustration 2: Learning
styles
Source: (Learning styles,
2015)

 Sensing
 Thinking
 Judging
Multiple intelligences  Interpersonal
 Intra-personal
 Musical
 Naturalist
 Verbal linguistic
 Visual spatial
In addition to this learning preferences includes the model of VARK which stands for visual,
aural, read and kinaesthetic. It also assists to indicate the learning style which is preferred by
learner. It is necessary to understand the learning preferences because it can provide advantages
as academic, personal and professional (Reece and Walker, 2016). It helps to overcome the
limitations, reduce the stress level, motivate learners for more learning, improve self-esteem,
manage team spirit and attain more benefits over the competitive environment.
1.4 Explain how learning preferences enables learning assessment
There are different learning preferences and models which can be sued by instructors and
teachers to assess their learning programmes. Learning assessment is a process which is needed
to promote learning achievement (Renkl, 2014). It helps in learn about the aim and goal of the
learning and why do they require learning it? Learning preferences helps to assess learning in
teaching as it provide six-point scale which includes:
 Excellent
 Very good
 Good
 Satisfactory
 Poor
 Very poor
Through learning models, they are able to assess the needs and requirements of teacher as they
need to determine what is going to be learnt in a specific academic session, specify the learning

objectives, transmit the acquisition aims to the learners, accumulate questions and create tasks to
assess learner's knowing of the acquisition goals, justify to the learners the prospectus which will
be utilized to measure their activity, determine how response is going to be furnished, specify
how learners will yield a progressive part in the evaluation process, program chances for learners
to exercise the response supplied on the assessment conclusion to advancement (Shogren and
et.al , 2015).
VARK model
It considers important role that helps to learn with several activities. Therefore, learners
able to take online quiz and results will be gain in successful manner. It is also available in term
of visual, aural, etc. Higher score will be get on the basis of preference. With the help of this
model, it can be stated that learning preferences determines successfully. Therefore, it assists to
do significant work performance at workplace successfully. This is because, as per this model,
activities determine on the basis of priority. As a result, it helps to gain successful results at
workplace.
Honey and Mumford model
In this aspect of learning, four elements generally included that help to take important
decisions successfully. There are several aspects included such as activist, pragmatist, theorist,
reflector, etc. On the basis of 80 questions, it assists to contain creative results for learner. Hence,
challenges could be face to increase knowledge and skills. Learning preferences must be
developed as per answering of 80 questions that helpful to attain more significant advantages at
workplace.
2.1 Analyse models and theories of communication
Communication is a process to transmit thoughts and knowledge of a person to another
one. There are various sources to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication
has different types as intra-personal, verbal and non-verbal. Models define the system and
process of communication (Stoeckel, 2017). These are the ways to develop better theories.
Aristotle, Harold Laswell, Shannon and Weaver, Willbur Schramm and many more models are
the best models of communication. The explanation of these models are as follows:
Aristotle model: This model includes six main things as content, manner of delivery, pathos,
logos, ethos and arguments. It does not consider different media to convey message. It includes

speaker, speech, audience and effect. In which speaker plays an important role. It is sued when
speech has to be given to large audience.
Harold Laswell model: It includes various medium to convey the message from sender to
receiver. This model consider speaker, message, medium, listener and its effect (Stoeckel, 2017).
Shannon and Weaver model: The focus of this model is on information theory. It also
considers noise factor (Shogren and et.al, 2015). The process of this model is as information
source, encoder, channel of transmission, decoder and destination. Concepts are entropy, noise,
redundancy and channel capacity.
Wilbur Schramm model: This model explains that it is necessary of commonality about field of
experience between sender and receiver. If they are not belonging from same field, then
communication does not exist. It also reckons the feedback aspect and allows interaction
between both parties.
Speaker Speech Audience Effect
Speaker Message Channel Audience Effect
Information
source Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
Noise