A Report on Theories, Principles, and Models in Education and Training

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of theories, principles, and models in education and training. It explores various aspects of learning, including principles like scaffolding and inductive learning, and models such as Gagne's instructional design and Gilly Salmon's five-stage model. The report examines the function of learning philosophies in assessing learning and teaching, as well as different learning preference models like the Honey and Mumford model and Gardner's multiple intelligences theory. It further analyzes communication models, such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development and the transactional model, and their role in effective teaching. Additionally, the report discusses assessment principles, curriculum development models, and models of evaluation and reflection, highlighting their application in educational practices. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of these theories and models in creating a conducive learning environment and enhancing educational outcomes.

Theories, Principles
and Models in
Education and
Training

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................3
1.1Analyses of learning principles and theories.....................................................................3
1.2. Function of the supposition, philosophy to appraisal of learning and teaching..............4
1.3. Scrutiny of learning preferences models.........................................................................5
1.4. Effectiveness of learning preferences in enabling assessment, learning and inclusive
teaching..................................................................................................................................7
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Analysis of communication models, theories and principles...........................................8
2.2 purpose of communication principles and theories for assessment common knowledge
and teaching............................................................................................................................9
Task 3.......................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Examination assessment, principles, models and theories.............................................10
The theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in assessing learning....10
Task 4.......................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Curriculum development models and theories...............................................................11
4.2 The theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in developing
curricula in own area of specialism......................................................................................12
Task 5.......................................................................................................................................13
5.1 Models and theories of evaluation and reflection..........................................................13
5.2 Evaluation of the ways of application of models and theories for reflection and
evaluation to review the practice..........................................................................................13
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................14
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................15
Books and Journals...............................................................................................................15

Appendix..................................................................................................................................17

Introduction
The theories and the principle of learning or teaching are helping in order to instruct
students in the right path. There are a number of ways in which such education can be
promoted through a healthy environment and fulfilling all the necessary requirements. The
following report focuses on various principles and theory of learning along with their critical
analysis. Different models of communication, assessment principles, curriculum development
are also successfully discussed in the report along with their critical analysis.
Task 1
1.1Analyses of learning principles and theories
The learning philosophies of principal or helping in properly applying the procedure
of learning as well as enhancing the ability so that better education can be provided. There
are a number of different model and designs which are used for this purpose below
mentioned are some of such models:
Scaffolding learning is a theory which is related to various aspects of learning.
According to the name the following method is related to solving a problem while the process
of learning is introduced. The method is successfully developing various guidelines in order
to make sure that students are supported while their learning abilities enhanced. This is a
great way to effectively support cooperative and exercise of working with each other during
the training. The theory of inductive learning can also be taken into consideration. It is
necessary to earn and understand various content that can be differentiated from specific to
general content. There can be example such as travelling through buses from Monday to
Sunday. The specific content here is number of days whereas travelling through the bus as a
medium for transport is a general concept.
Gagne’s model for instructional design is another model of learning which is based
upon different information processing events that are to be mentally focused and bring out
different results. It basically refers to gaining attention of students while providing
knowledge and making sure that they can recall the learning with help of some stimulus.
Apart from this the theory also focuses on feedback and performance in order to enhance
retention of students. There was also a theory of skill development proposed which involves
various past as well as present experiences. This theory majorly focuses on four skills which

are intellectual skill, attitude, cognitive strategies and motor skills. The theory has also help
in providing proper advantage to a teacher through engagement of students in the procedure
of learning.
There is one more model that is known as Gilly Salmons’s Five Stages Model. In the
following model there are five different stages that an individual goes through while learning.
The first stage in this model refers to motivation as well as a proper access; the second stage
includes socialisation through use of different online sites and social media platforms. The
third stage in this model is meant for sharing of information successfully. The fourth stage
consists of construction of certain knowledge and the last stage includes the development. In
this way the following model is successfully devoted towards enhancement of different
amount of interactivity through implementing a number of different and popular practices for
education. Therefore it can be said that there are a number of such models which are required
to be implemented in the process of imparting education in order to make the maximum
utilisation of the chances available. It can also be determined that there are a number of
different principles that are included in the process of learning such as primacy, intensity,
regency, freedom, ,intensity and so on. It will successfully help in implementing the
procedure or learning with directing a better quality in the learning process as well.
1.2. Function of the supposition, philosophy to appraisal of learning and teaching
In order to achieve the appropriate outcomes and perform the functions in an
appropriate manner there are number of processes which are used and applied in a learning
environment where Gagne model of instructional design is one of them. This is the model
which is helpful to the organisation in accessing the mental condition of different students
and gaining appropriate knowledge about the practical aspects. This is helpful in achieving a
robber situation where spiritual students are likely to acquire learning more quickly than
mentally disturbed student. Therefore, this theory can be applied to identify different
mentally challenged students for designing a proper appropriate method of teaching and
increasing the capability is about learning in these students. On the other side, Gilly Salman
five stage model can also be applied in appropriate manner according to different steps to
develop the students. It is identified that using this model a teacher can easily identify and
become capable of accessing learning needs within the students and help them in motivating
about their functions. Along with this, this model is also helpful in developing a online
socialization of students in order to increase their knowledge while learning a suitable

exchange of information to construct knowledge in an effective and efficient way. By the use
of supporting references this model is helpful to the students in developing expertise and
learning appropriately. It is also evaluated that scaffolding learning method is useful
approach which can be implemented on different aspects of problem solving. This year we
can easily implemented on solving different issues which are encountered by the students at
the time of learning processes. On the other side, it is also realise that there are various
banking concept of education which has to be developed within the students in order to
improve their sustainable knowledge and enhance their capacities. Along with this, it is also
identified that by using inductive and deductive learning theories a learner can easily
implement its understanding system in regard to the general and specific criteria of education.
This will build an efficient system by using different principles and approaches in learning
and help in improving and enhancing the capacity of individual to perform the function and
inappropriate knowledge regarding various criteria.
1.3. Scrutiny of learning preferences models
Knowledge penchant can you define a cell system of learning within educational
centres which is has full and developing learning abilities between different individuals. This
is a model of learning which is adopted by various institute and developed by honey and
Mumford. Under the system it is related to certain aspects of learning process which helpful
in enhancing the process of learning. The main motive behind this learning process is to make
teaching more comfortable productive and enjoyable. This model is based on four type of
learners which are theories pragmatist activities and reflectors. The four mentioned systems
are directly internet executes the learning by appropriate theorist and linking the knowledge
in a practical and original system. This is because as different number argued where the
parameters are directly involved in developing of different ideas which are new and are
helpful in solving the desire issues within the working. These are also related to standing
back and observing the aspects in an appropriate manner. On the other side, multiple
intelligence theory which is propounded by Gardner is directly related to analysis of potential

intelligence among different students.
Figure 4: Honey and Mumford model of learning styles
(Source: Yang and Shanks, 2018)
According to this theory, it is analysed that there are a number of students which have
different mind and likely positive cause’s different kind of intelligence. Under this system,
author developed a number of processes which are related to processing of information and
are directly related to organisational learning ability. These include linguistics interpersonal
arithmetical, special, kinaesthetic, melodic, and interpersonal and environmentalists. These
are different individuals which possess different quality of intelligence and have different

capability to perform the task in an appropriate manner. This model is directly related to
identifying the preference of learner which is analysed according to the behaviour and the
educational value with different personality (Zatsiorsky, Kraemer and Fry, 2020).
Figure 5: Eight intelligence of Multiple Intelligence theory
(Source: Aithal, 2016)
1.4. Effectiveness of learning preferences in enabling assessment, learning and inclusive
teaching
It is important to choose an appropriate education and learning program which will help in
facilitating inclusive learning. It can be evaluated that there are various aspects of inclusion
the d pizza helpful in identifying the needs and preferences of different education programme
at accessing deleting the learning barriers. There are various models of learning which can be
used by the organisation in order to improve the learning process. These models are
developed by honey and Mumford. Under this learning process there are various theories
which help in identifying the different learners according to different categories. These

categories can easily used to identify the styles and implementing function in an appropriate
manner. These categories include knowledge and characterize the classes according to the
potential of learner. It is also effective in setting appropriate learning preference where
different student can identify and perform their function in a fruitful process of learning,
teaching and assessment. On the other side, it is identified that there are various types of
intelligence which is also important for evaluation of learners ability and increasing their
skills in relation to a dominant working environment (Iermakov, Arziutov and Jagiełło,
2016).
In this respect, there are a number of systems which are related to eight bites of intelligence
and not discuss the theory of multiple intelligence. This theory was propounded by Gardner
which is helpful in identifying the different type of individuals. According to the theory there
is different characteristics of intelligence which are divided according to the ability of
individual. This theory is mainly focus on the field of learning square student can improve its
capability of learning and improving its function according to the requirements. This is also
suggested that there are various kind of teacher produce which can easily use to accept the
students’ performance. This is because preference of education is useful in choosing
appropriate method which can be used in a capability and held by the students along the
teachers.
Task 2
2.1 Analysis of communication models, theories and principles
Communication is an important element in the process of learning. Without proper
communication the information which is to be transferred by teachers to students cannot be
completed and can often be distorted. However there are a number of different theories which
helps in effective communication during learning process (Bastable, 2017). Piaget’s four
stages of cognitive development is one of such theory which includes four major elements
that are operational, pre-operational, sensor motor and concrete operational. The first stage in
this reflects upon the child who is up to 24 months of age. The second stage reflects upon the
children who are up to age of 12 years and next stage is for adulthood. There are different
learning methods which are depending upon the learning abilities of children. This theory
mainly represents different moods which are linked to language and communication which
helps in development stages for a child. The transactional model of communication is

another model which is majorly focusing on three stages of ego that our state of parent ego,
child ego as well as adult ego. These three rules that are engaged with ego help in
understanding the feelings and behaviour of an individual.
2.2 purpose of communication principles and theories for assessment common knowledge
and teaching.
Different models of communication are involving various principles and evaluation when
taking terms of education into consideration. There are different communication model which
are suggesting that enhancement of knowledge of a learner can then we created through
effective channels. The Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development is reflecting different
ways to make sure that a child is engaged in to process of learning for different
communication styles. The first stage which is applied is basically based upon different
observation and purpose of education (Duncan and Goddard, 2016). The second stage in
walls ways of learning through symbolic medium and in this language is also involved up
tour limit for stop in the third stage of development concrete reasoning is required for the
child where is on 4th stage and abstract concept is built by them. The 5th stage is the last stage
in which development of hypothesis and also analysis of different alternatives available is
conducted successfully. Therefore this model can be successfully used in order to assess,
educate development of various concepts, ideas and language to convey and change thoughts.
Whereas on the other hand the transactional model for communication also implies
relationship in between the receiver and the sender. This following concept can be applied in
assessment as well as learning in order to have a decent idea about various significance that
receiver and sender may have on each other. Apart from this various examples of of language
rule on cognitive development can be taken that is enabling the learning condition through
different speeches. This model is also applied in order to teach learn and assess the
enhancement of inner self and gathering information regarding correct procedure in order to
express an individual to stop these various models and theories of communication applied to
the process of learning in order to develop various learning skills and also promote proper
values and believes for the aspects (Harasim, 2017).

Task 3
3.1 Examination assessment, principles, models and theories
Formative assessment refers to analysing different skill that are possessed by students
while assessment or lesson. It is necessary for teachers to use this approach which will be
based on test and the test will be conducted on the lessons that are learnt by students in class.
The summative assessment also includes conducting assessment at the end of lesson. It will
also help to understand the capability of student to move to next level or next chapter. The
cognitive theory of learning is based upon different behaviour of students while the process
of learning is going on. It is majorly focusing on connection between internal processes in
learning as well as external effects of it.
Models and theories of assessment
Behaviourism theory was founded by Pavlov experiment of classical conditioning
which is based on the learning that the positive experience are influencing the behaviour of
people and helping them in increasing the knowledge. This is the method used by teachers
where they will help the students to improve learning. There are topics given by teachers for
the positive learning of the students and they will help them in learning. The teachers used
the theories on students for rewards. The process is not helping students and they are making
teachers work because they have to make plans. The teachers are working and they are not
able to improve the skills of students which are important.
Cognitivism theory is given by Piaget and it is based on the process of mental
learning. They will have the behaviour where they are affected by the mental processing of
learning. The students have to focus on the knowledge and they will to listen to the teaching
in the school.
Social constructivism is the process given by Vygotsky and Bruner and they have to
connect with students. The students should give the motivation to the students to increase
knowledge.
The theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in assessing learning
The organisations are having many methods of assessing the learning and they should
help the teachers to increase learning. The teachers used different models of learning and they
should be valid and reliable. The students should get the knowledge which should be assessed
and they should be validity to increasing the reliability. There are different needs of the
learners and the teachers should analyse it to improve the performance. The methods which

can be used to assess the performance of learners are the factors which influence the
behaviour of the students.
The students should get the learning and the teachers should analyse the performance.
The teachers should understand the influence of learning on students. The formative and
summative assessment are the factors that are helping the teachers in assessing the knowledge
of students. The formative assessment is used to analyse the performance of the students and
this is the important factor which help the teachers in increasing methods. There are different
methods used by teachers to increase the learning of students and they should analyse the
performance. The teachers should understand the knowledge of students and they will help
tin making plans. They are helping the teachers in the assessment of theories and they have to
increase the learning. The students are important because they should get good learning. The
teachers are helping the students by increasing the skills and they will analyse the
performance so that they can help get learning. The teachers have different methods of
assessing and they will help the teachers in increasing learning.
Task 4
4.1 Curriculum development models and theories
Curriculum development is referring to a process that goes on step-by-step in order to
positively create and enhance the curriculum that is offered at various universities and
educational institutions. There are basically two different type of curriculum models which is
product model and the process model .The result oriented model in order to form different
curriculum is product model whereas process model refers to a different model that is based
upon open-ended learning for students. It is necessary that grades are remaining major
element in a product model whereas in the process mode major focus is put upon
development throughout learning at different levels.
The pattern of curriculum is of three different types. These three different types
include problem centred, subjects entered as a less learner-cantered full stops the module of
subject centred is basically rotating about different disciplines or the matter of subject which
can include biology mathematics physics and chemistry for literature. It is majorly focusing
on the topics and the subjects rather than focusing on the learner or student. On the other
hand examples of problem centred approach can be taken which is instructing students to
study various issues and bring in solution for these issues successfully (Landreth and Bratton,
2019). The problem centred issue and curriculum pattern are majorly focusing on the learner