Theories and Models in Education and Training: Semester 1 Report

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Theories, Principles and Models in Education
and Training
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
LO1. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of learning in education
and training.................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning...................................................3
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment..........................................................................................4
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences..........................................................................5
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.............................................................7
LO2. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of communication in
education and training................................................................................................................7
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication............................................7
2.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be
applied to teaching, learning and assessment.........................................................................9
LO3. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of assessment in
education and training..............................................................................................................11
3.1 Analyze theories, principles and models of assessment.................................................11
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessing learning.................................................................................................................12
LO4. Understand the application of theories and models of curriculum development within
own area of specialism.............................................................................................................14
4.1 Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development......................................14
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied
in developing curricula in own area of specialism...............................................................15
LO5. Understand the application of theories and models of reflection and evaluation to
reviewing own practice............................................................................................................17
5.1 Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation.............................................17
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5.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied
to reviewing own practice....................................................................................................19
Conclusion................................................................................................................................20
References................................................................................................................................21
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Introduction
Education can be considered as the procedure of learning and this is also known as the
acquisitions of knowledge, beliefs, habits, values and skills. In this regard this can be stated
that the process of education can be possible to split into 5 divisions. Those are such as
discussion, storytelling, directed research, training, discussion and teaching. With the help of
proper guidance of the educator, the process of education can be possible to carry out. On the
other hand, this can be revealed that training is another form if teaching. The main aim of this
process is to develop the skills along with increasing the knowledge of an individual. This
can be seen that training is linked with the particular useful competencies. In addition,
training is very much necessary to develop the capability, productivity, performance and
capacity for any person. This can be very beneficial for those people in their personal
development or carrier development.
The following assessment has been developed based on the application of different theories,
principles and models in education and learning. In this regard, the assessment will
emphasize the application of various theories, models and principles of learning in the
context of education and training. This will includes the analysis of those theories and models
along with the process in which those principles, models and theories can be possible to apply
in a well-organized way. Moreover, the assessment will encompass the application of various
theories, models and principles of communication as well in the context of education and
training. This will highlights the analysis of those theories along with models and the process
in which those principles, models and theories can be possible to apply in a well-organized
way. In addition, the assessment will show the application of various theories and models of
curriculum development within the area of specialism. In the last part of the assessment, the
application of theories and models of evaluation and reflection to review the own practices
will be analyzed.
LO1. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of learning in
education and training
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning
The variation that belongs to the part of theories, principles and models, it can be
comprehended into the following ways such as;
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Anderson’s Declarative and Procedural Knowledge: It has been perceived by Anderson’s
introduction of these two types of knowledge’s that depicts the learning outcome in education
and training. The propagation of knowledge can be illustrated by the means of classification
of knowledge tools. As per Gottlieb (2015), declarative knowledge reflects the precise matter
of experience that is perceived by the learner at fist instant. On the other hand, Procedural
knowledge reflects the evaluation of the knowledge and its manner to implement in the real
life example.
MacWhinney’s Emergentist Model: This model can be illustrated with the help of
demonstrating the real life evidences that leads to the path of learning outcome in education.
In a nutshell, it can illustrate with the help of conceptual framework and this inversely will
affect the learning outcome of education (Putnam, 2017).
Vygotsky’s Social Developing theory: This theory reveals the propagation based on the
projection and quest for gaining more numbers of knowledge. This theory will encapsulate
better learning outcome perceived from different working skills that will help to gain the
better options in education of learning outcome. Henceforth, it can be stated that gaining
multi-level of knowledge helps to gain personal enhancing skills for opportunities in career
(Blake, 2015).
Bruner’s Inductive Knowledge Approaches: This part of the theory can be expressed with
the help of practical source. Thus it will be easier to gain the knowledge based on the
practical evidences rather than rules of the study. This theory put focus on the practical
classes more than the theory based learning criteria (Blake, 2015).
Ausubel Deductive Knowledge Approaches: This part of the theory presents the importance
of the theoretical study that this put focuses on ‘teacher centric’ knowledge that reflects the
knowledge delivered by the teachers is genuine and learner do not seek any further
knowledge (Blake, 2015).
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment
Theory of personality wills a helping tool that conveys the matter of educational outcome that
presents an influence in the learner’s behaviour. Through the help of implication of types of
theories that delivers the knowledge of learning can be illustrated with the help of following
manners such as;
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 It can be comprehended with the help of Rule et al. (2018) that presents the evaluation
of Visual, Auditory and Kniaesthetic. The author has demonstrated the theory, which
will be providing the learner to gain knowledge with pivotal means of theory.
 Other types of learner can be illustrated with the help of specification of presentation
of images and pictures based on the part of visualise that helps to grasp the knowledge
in one go.
 Auditory can be reflected with the help of listening records, which will help the
learner to gain knowledge via hearing tool and different technique.
 In terms of better projection of learning, it can be illustrated with the help of paring up
the theories with real life evidence that enables the learner to grasp a base over
imagination and that will be helpful in terms of analyzing the theoretical prospects
with practical sources.
 These theories can be enhanced with an implication of learning outcomes that are
usually introduced by the teachers. Moreover, teachers help the learner to grasp the
knowledge with full clarity. Thus, it can be stated that teachers along with the
projection of theories of education learning plays pivotal role towards the
classification of learning education theories (Gurses et al., 2015).
 The learning outcome can be illustrated with the help of pivotal function that delves
with the collaboration of various models and theories based on the educational
learning outcome. Such functions and activities help to reflect the level of
competencies that one may face during the execution of education based learning
outcomes.
 The learning outcome can be functioned with the help of Individual Learning Plans
(ILPS) that will help to portray and enhance the personal skills based on the subject to
obtain qualities of effective communication, leadership and lot more.
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences
The projection of education learning outcome can be illustrated with the help of Honey and
Mumford Model. Implication of Honey and Mumford model refers to publication of learning
outcome that can be illustrated via differ parameters such as activist, pragmatist, activist and
reflectors. Thus, it can be stated that innovation of this strategy deals with the propagation of
analysis that helps to channelize the place as per the knowledge that have been acquired by
the learner in this competitive world.
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Figure 1: Honey and Mumford Learning Styles
(Source: Willis, 2017)
 From the above stated diagram, it can be comprehend that activist helps to provide the
learner with practical evidences that simplifies the theoretical approach of the
educational learning models. In this part of learning style, learners are being
encouraged by the group members in terms of enhancing the qualities.
 Theorist plays an influential role towards the projection of theory based educational
techniques that can be differentiated into the two parts such as, hypothetical context
and analytical context that portrays a better means of theories (Willingham et al.,
2015).
 In case of pragmatist, it can be helpful for the means of implication of theory based
educational contexts. Thus, it can be stated that implication of pragmatic part of this
learning style will help the learner to be dependent on the theoretical approaches of
education. The implication of this part delves with the opposition against the practical
implication of education and put focus on theory based education subjects (Willis,
2017.
 The other part of this learning style can be illustrated with the help of reflector that
conveys the types of learners that are obtained help with these parameters of learning
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style. Reflector presents the value that will be in need during the time of
accomplishing the educational outcomes. Thus, it can be stated that these models
provide help in various methods (Willis, 2017).
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
There are several benefits, which can be possible to obtain with the assistance of individual
learning. In this regard, this can be seen that individual learning is one of most beneficial
things that can increase the human capital. With the help of proper learning process, the
individual can become able to develop their skills along with their knowledge’s, which is
very much beneficial for their carrier development. Apart from that broadens perspective is
another advantages of individual learning. As stated by Bakhri et al. (2017), this benefit can
be considered as more useful than the economic benefits. In order to change the people mind,
individual learning is needed very much. Individual learning helps the people to develop their
perspectives, which can be very much useful for their personal development. Apart from that,
the number of unemployed persons is increasing every day in the world. In this regard, this
can be seen that this is the reason of lack of capability and knowledge, which can be possible
to increase with the assistance of individual learning. Individual learning is one of the most
significant aspects to reduce the number of unemployed employees (Kaufmann, 2018).
Training can be considered as one of the part of learning and this can be seen that there are
several advantages, which can be possible to obtain with the help of proper training and
development program. Presently, the organizations are investing a lot of money in their train
program (Savage and Yelich Biniecki, 2017). This can be found that training and
development is one of the key ways to increase the skills along with knowledge of the
individuals. Apart from that, after the joining in any organization, training is needed for those
employees to assists them for adjusting with the job and developing their performance.
LO2. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of communication
in education and training
2.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of communication
The different theories used for communication in College are:
Cognitive Development Theory-
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In context of effective communication, John Piaget initiated the cognitive theory of
development where children were selected as respondents for survey population. This theory
is often referred to as language correlated to the stages of development (Carey et al., 2015).
Piaget disagree with the fact that intelligence is predetermined. He stated that learners
develop intelligence by interacting with flexible environment. The different stages of
communication development are given as:
Sensorimotor phase- Here, the learners are often exposed to new ideas, which they use to
invent those objects that are hidden (Vourlekis, 2017). However, the problem encountered by
the college students is that they are unable to present their thinking in a synchronized manner.
Preoperational phase- The learners lack the analyzing power and they believe in the thing
that is presented to them. They have no capability or competency to evaluate and uncover the
hidden fact in the provided subject.
Concrete operational phase- In this context of learning, the learner develop the efficiency to
analyze and understand a particular subject. Here, they apply their logical sense in order to
uncover the hidden fact of the subject.
Formal operational phase- This is the advanced form of learning technique, where the
learners become competent to logically answer a problem. They become skilled to evaluate
their subject hypothetically and drawing sensible conclusion to it. This stage of a learning
demands effective communication between a student and a teacher.
Restricted or Elaborate Language Code-
In comparison to the Cognitive Development Theory, Basil Bernstein revealed that restricted
or elaborate language code can be effective in developing a strong communication base.
However, as the name suggest, the action is quite different (Donnelly, 2018). The restricted
code does not signify limited or restricted vocabulary, whereas, elaborate code also does not
signify enormous vocabulary. Bernstein stated that if the language is shortened, then words
can be expressed in a better way. Thus, it was recommended to use some words by the
lecturers so that college learners can be beneficial from those. This will enhance the learners
to develop interest toward learning methodology as the lecturer won’t be verbose.
Advantages of using Language Code-
 Although used in short-form but expresses much more
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 Acquired learning value is generated
 Restrictions to hearing is very less
Disadvantages of using Language Code
 Language Code cannot be used formally
 It is incompetent to disclose a whole new matter
 It demands learners and instructors to remain fully attentive
2.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be
applied to teaching, learning and assessment
When the teachers as well as learners remain attentive and are aware of their knowledge and
skills, it refers to initial assessment. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats are being
taken into consideration through the implementation of initial assessment. This helps the
learners to identify the weakness and strengths he holds in that particular subject of interest
(Fogel, 2017). This can be understood by an example such that a lecturer schedules one-to-
one interview with a learner where the student is provided a task to write about his life. This
will help the student to understand the value to experience that will be provided by the
teacher. Aptitude as well as Experience will help the learner to develop a better
understanding towards the chosen subject. The various ways of implementing theories and
models of communication are as follows:
Verbal communication:
The most efficient method of interaction between a lecturer and learner is verbal
communication (Cooren, 2016). The different forms of verbal communication are listed
below:
Utilizing video- The lecturers often use video sessions to provide clear idea about the overall
lecture. This video reviewing is found to be more effective than evaluation to the lecture
sheet. Bekiari and Spyropoulou (2016) stated that video helps the learners to gain adequate
knowledge about the lecture session than lecture notes.
Use of voice- Lecturing over voice is anther common method used to strengthen the verbal
mode of communication.
Physical space- The lecturers keep sufficient spacer between the lines while bestowing the
lecture so that students are capable to understand the subject. This helps them to set the
overall lecture in mind.
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Feedback- Feedback is also required that motivates the students to perform efficiently in the
examination.
Permission to learners- Permission is given to the students to ask any question related to the
subject to their teachers and gain enough justification from them.
Responsive- The students of the colleges can rapidly raise any question and the lecturers
respond to it immediately.
Supremacy of Verbal Communication:
 The messages are delivered within few minutes
 This method is efficient to make the learners understand the subject easily
 This is a bold way to communicate with the students
Drawbacks of Verbal Communication:
 Loss of emotional control can disrupt a happy situation
 It cannot be considered as an enduring documentation
 Pronunciation hurdles can be irritating to some learners
Non-verbal Communication:
The attitude, expression and gesture of a lecturer towards his students can be referred to as
non-verbal means of communication (Verma and Pande, 2016). This is rarely followed by the
professors. The different styles of non-verbal communication are as follows:
Influence of emotion- Attitude is the only mode of expressing the emotion. This can be
negative or positive depending on the classroom environment.
Consciousness of body language- Body language of a learner usually changes when the
lecturer is around (Eaves and Leathers, 2017). This attracts the attention of the teacher
towards a particular learner.
Positive written feedback- This is a significant form of non-verbal communication. After the
lecture session, the written feedback of the students’ class performance is a type of non-
verbal communication.
Supremacy of non-verbal communication:
 Subject is readily interpreted by the teachers
 In case of distance learning, non-verbal communication is best
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 This can be easily understood to physically handicapped students
Drawbacks of non-verbal communication:
 This is quite informal
 Meaning interaction or communication is not possible
 The actual meaning can also be hampered sometimes
LO3. Understand the application of theories, principles and models of assessment in
education and training
3.1 Analyze theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment refers to the systematic approaches of series of processes that include gathering
and interpreting as well as acting upon data relevant to student learning and experience in
order to develop a profound understanding of students’ capability to utilize their knowledge
obtained by educational experience.
Learning requires analysis
It is a development tool applied by the learners to seek for requirements of learning through
congregated behavior, skills and knowledge. LNA is the method that narrowed down the gap
between teaching and learning. In order to fill the gap of knowledge, preparation of an action
plan top teaches the learners are essential. According to the views of Amanchukwu et al.,
(2015), the method of filling the gap works better in the case of “individual approach” over
“generalized learning system”. “Medal and mission” system need to be introduced in order to
mitigate the negative impacts of learning assessment. In this aspect, specialized learners arte
“medal”, and simultaneously their ability to fill, the gap learning is rendered as their
“mission”.
Learning needs analysis is the theory of assessment min which case an instructor of a college
assesses the gaps between tasks and concepts of learners. College instructors assess
individual performance, skills and attitudes through learning needs analysis. It is supposedly
first step toward individual development plan. Identification of gap and immediate discussion
in informal basis with the learners are major responsibilities of the instructors.
Medal and mission assessment
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