Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Chicken Liver: Biology Lab Report

This lab report investigates the effect of hydrogen peroxide on chicken liver, focusing on the reaction rate and the role of catalase. The study begins with an introduction to chemical reactions, reaction rates, and the function of catalase in breaking down hydrogen peroxide. The original experiment, which examined the impact of surface area on the reaction, is followed by modifications focusing on the concentration of catalase as the independent variable. The report details the experimental setup, risk management, identified variables, and qualitative and quantitative data collected. Data processing includes mean, median, mode, and standard deviation calculations for different catalase concentrations. The analysis of data reveals the relationship between pressure and reaction rate, as well as the limitations of the experiment, such as room temperature variations and the use of only chicken liver. Error calculations and suggestions for improvements, such as controlling room temperature and adjusting time gaps for pressure recording, are provided. The conclusion summarizes the findings, highlighting the influence of factors like temperature and pressure on the reaction rate and the significance of catalase in both animal and plant cells. The report emphasizes the importance of experimental design, data analysis, and the interpretation of results to understand the effect of hydrogen peroxide on chicken liver.

LAB REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE .............................................................................................................................................1
RATIONALE...................................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................1
ORIGINAL EXPERIMENT............................................................................................................2
MODIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................................2
MANAGEMENT OF RISKS..........................................................................................................2
IDENTIFIED VARIABLES............................................................................................................3
QUALITATIVE DATA...................................................................................................................3
QUANTITATIVE DATA................................................................................................................4
PROCESSING DATA.....................................................................................................................5
ANALYSING DATA......................................................................................................................7
LIMITATIONS................................................................................................................................7
ERROR CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................8
IMPROVEMENTS..........................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

TITLE
To determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide on chicken liver
RATIONALE
This part includes an understanding to know about the effect of any substance while
undergoing a chemical reaction. Here role of catalase, hydrogen peroxide, factors affecting the
reaction rate and its impact. A chemical reaction is defined as the arrangement of molecular
structure to bring the chemical changes by transforming the reactants into products. It is of
various types including single displacement, decomposition displacement and direct combustion.
Next is the reaction rate which is defined as the speed of the chemical reaction and mostly
expressed in amount per unit volume (Gong and et.al., 2019). This is measured when two
reactant molecules and is dependent on factors like temperature, reactant concentration, surface
area and reactants states.
In addition to the above, catalase acts as the driving force which is an enzyme and leads
to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. It helps in preventing the
damages done to the cell oxidative and gives a detailed view of atomic and electronic aspects.
Moreover, hydrogen peroxide is the colourless liquid element and is considered as highly
reactive chemical containing hydrogen and oxygen (Gulyás and et.al., 2017). The emphasis is on
understanding the key principles of collision theory and knowing the direct proportional to the
total number of collision between the reactant molecules. This shed light on understanding the
effect of catalase on the rate of reaction and the increment and decrement values.
This is based on understanding the role of hydrogen peroxide percentage which has been
demonstrated by an increase number as compared to the amount of gas. Moreover, there has
been used of three different types of percentages of hydrogen peroxide will be used to determine
which has the most effect on the catalase and produces the most amount of gas.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. How does an increase in the percentage amount of hydrogen peroxide increase the
reaction rate of a chemical reaction?
2. Does an increase in the percentage amount of catalase increase the rate of reaction with
1.5% of hydrogen peroxide?
1

ORIGINAL EXPERIMENT
The aim of the original experiment was to determine the effect of hydrogen peroxide on
chicken liver. By doing this experiment the catalase in the live broke down the hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen. This was shown by the bubbles in the top of the test tube. The
liver was cut into 3 equally sized pieces, then the 3 equal pieces were slit into 6. 2 pieces were
kept normal, another 2 pieces were cut up again into smaller pieces and the last 2 were crushed
up. All 6 pieces were placed into 6 test-tubes. 1 of each type were placed into heated water and
the other 3 were left in room temperature. This experiment was texting the surface area of the
liver. Due to results shown the two pieces that were crushed up had produced the most amount of
gas.
MODIFICATIONS
The experimental methodology was refined to only modifying 1 variable to the original
experiment. The concentration of the catalase was the independent variable being changed. The
catalase had been split into 4 different percentages, these including; 6.25%, 12.5%, 25% and
50%. The gas pressure sensor was used to measure the amount of gas produced in each reaction,
using the percentage of catalase on 1.5% of hydrogen peroxide.
The experiment set up was presented with using 4 test-tube racks each containing 5 test-tubes
and the percentage catalase used for each rack. The gas pressure sensor was connected to a
laptop which was connected to the data logger, all the data was represented by using the app
Vernier graphical analysis on a laptop.
MANAGEMENT OF RISKS
There is definite ethical issues in relation to the risk management while conducting any
research in order to maintain appropriate disposal. This includes lack of technical expertise or
lack of vigilance while performing the experiments by the scholar which might lead to
inaccuracies. Moreover, it would be unfit in obtaining the results under proper systems and also
emphasize on the data protection and security issues (Zheng and et.al., 2018). Thus, it can be
minimised by segregating the tasks into smaller parts and store it in one specific location to avoid
any copying or stealing activity. The focus is on minimising the operational and strategic risks
which are the most common types of risks. This is overcome by following the compliance in
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context to laws, policies and legislations while conducting the experiment and using several
methods or techniques.
IDENTIFIED VARIABLES
Independent Variable Concentration/ percentage amount of
hydrogen peroxide
Dependent Variable Amount of gas produced
Constant/Controlled Variables Experimental set-up
Time/length
Amount of catalase
mL amount of hydrogen peroxide
measurement techniques
QUALITATIVE DATA
According to Bi and et.al. (2019) enzymes are referred as biological catalysts. They help
in speeding up chemical reaction inside human body. Enzymes work when substrate molecule
bumps into another molecule of right enzyme. Furthermore, a catalyst creates an environment
where that enables in occurring of reaction. For each catalyst there are different types of reaction.
Enzymes are picky and sometimes it requires specific condition to work. Due to this enzyme
may damage and may not work in chemical reaction. Also, in different bodies, enzyme works
differently. It may be acidic or warm. Hydrogen peroxide is a waste that is generated during
respiration. Basically, it is used to kill bacteria. The peroxide is mixed with water and oxygen. It
results in creating bubbles and gas foam. It can be identified that decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide by catalase is done in two reactions. First is catalytic decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide and second is induced inactivation of catalase by nascent.
As said by Iatropoulos and et.al. (2017) liver is responsible for releasing enzyme. It then
breaks down catalase and speed up rate of reaction. Hydrogen peroxide is prevents body from
any damage. Moreover, reaction of hydrogen peroxide is with haemoglobin as well. Different
body tissues have different (Ph) but in liver Ph value is neutral so it is easy for enzymes to act as
catalase. But sometimes enzymes work at normal body temperature as well. It results in creating
bubbles and chemical reaction. A damaged liver will not work properly and releases enzymes
3

that are not able to generate chemical reaction. WHEN catalase is added to hydrogen peroxide,
there is an initial rapid evolution of oxygen which lasts for about two minutes, depending on the
peroxide concentration. After this, oxygen is given off at a steady rate which slowly decreases in
the course of an hour. This decrease in the rate is undoubtedly due to enzyme destruction.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Trail 1
Trail 2
4

Trail 3
Trail 4
PROCESSING DATA
For 6.25% raw data
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
5

Mean
112.9
6736
8 Mean
124.2
8231
4 Mean
142.2
7789
5 Mean
128.6
4826
7 Mean
128.7
6583
3
Median
108.5
7 Median
125.9
5 Median
153.0
95 Median
133.3
6 Median
135.0
65
Mode 101.1 Mode 101.1 Mode
162.3
3 Mode
101.0
3 Mode
101.0
3
Standard
Deviatio
n
11.62
3516
9
Standard
Deviatio
n
15.88
868
Standard
Deviatio
n
22.20
9662
5
Standard
Deviatio
n
19.20
2649
5
Standard
Deviatio
n
18.55
0031
4
For 12..5% raw data
Column
1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
Mean
115.3
0082
6 Mean
115.0
2948
1 Mean
126.9
0388
9 Mean
134.0
8223
1 Mean
137.9
9613
3
Median
115.7
3 Median
114.8
9 Median
129.1
5 Median
139.4
7 Median
144.0
6
Mode
101.3
8 Mode
101.4
4 Mode
101.3
8 Mode
101.2
5 Mode
101.2
5
Standar
d
Deviati
on
7.446
0402
9
Standard
Deviatio
n
11.05
9106
7
Standard
Deviatio
n
15.30
4501
2
Standard
Deviatio
n
16.78
9632
6
Standard
Deviatio
n
19.54
5181
3
For 25% raw data
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
6

Mean
121.3
07603 Mean
119.3
91176 Mean
118.9
4625 Mean
112.1
51405 Mean
106.4
55289
Median 116.9 Median
114.8
9 Median
119.0
05 Median
111.9
2 Median
105.3
2
Mode
107.4
6 Mode
101.4
4 Mode
101.3
8 Mode
108.7
5 Mode
101.3
8
Standard
Deviatio
n
15.00
14656
Standard
Deviation
16.31
67536
Standard
Deviation
12.99
35515
Standard
Deviation
4.747
85202
Standard
Deviation
4.180
18881
For 50% raw data
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
Mean
121.3
07603 Mean
119.3
91176 Mean
118.9
4625 Mean
112.1
51405 Mean
106.4
55289
Median 116.9 Median
114.8
9 Median
119.0
05 Median
111.9
2 Median
105.3
2
Mode
107.4
6 Mode
101.4
4 Mode
101.3
8 Mode
108.7
5 Mode
101.3
8
Standard
Deviatio
n
15.00
14656
Standard
Deviation
16.31
67536
Standard
Deviation
12.99
35515
Standard
Deviation
4.747
85202
Standard
Deviation
4.180
18881
ANALYSING DATA
By analysing data it can be identified that rate of reaction depends on pressure. If
pressure is increased then gas increases which increase rate of reaction. Also, it is evaluated that
when in chicken liver rate of reaction affects due to pressure. It is observed that there is no
increase in rate of reaction even if 1.5% hydrogen peroxide is increased. This is done when in
each trail pressure is measured in each second.
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LIMITATIONS
There are several limitations that has occurred in conducting experiment. They are
described as below :-
 The room temperature was not proper where experiment was done. This affected the
pressure on which there is change in things
 In this only chicken liver was taken for this. So, the results obtained are vague.
 The pressure is recorded in each second. So, there is no gap or variance in time. This has
lead to inconsistency in value of results.
 An app was used to record outcomes so it might be possible that error may have occurred
in app while analysing outcomes.
 Another limitation is 3 different types of peroxide is used for experiment. So, here results
may vary and changes may occur in pressure.
 The liver was cut into small pieces, so surface area is very small. This may interrupt
results.
ERROR CALCULATIONS
In recording pressure there have occurred some percentage errors which can be identified
from data. These errors are due to insufficient time gap in measuring pressure. Therefore, it is
necessary to remove those errors. It will be useful in analysing pressure.
IMPROVEMENTS
There are some recommendations that can be taken to get proper outcomes. They are as
follows:-
 The room temperature can be set accordingly to experiment. It will help in applying
pressure and gathering proper results.
 Moreover, the pressure can be recorded after some gap in time. It will be beneficial in
getting accurate values and reducing errors.
CONCLUSION
It is summarized that there are findings and results that has been obtained to determine
the effect of hydrogen peroxide on chicken liver. There is a need to understand about the study of
chemical reactions and its related concepts. Moreover, the factors such as temperature, pressure
etc. has an influence on the rate of reaction that is also described. The role of catalase and
8

presence of hydrogen peroxide in both animal and plant cell body has also been elucidated to
know the rate of reaction in real life context. There were few modifications made in the chosen
research study and included about trials, number of variables and the experimental set up. It has
been found out that each experiment was performed for 5 trails to remove any ambiguities and
establish reliability and attaining accurate outcomes as well.
Furthermore, the questions framed were attainable through changing one variable in the
original experiment, that is concentration. Here gas pressure sensors were implemented which
was later used with the vernier graphical analysis to analyse and evaluate the data. Along with
this, the risks were also measured to understand about both independent and dependent variables
to differentiate between the standards' deviation analysis in the form of processing data and the
analysing data. It has also shed light on the limitations like fluctuations in the room temperature,
no accuracy obtained due to usage of only chicken liver and changing only one dimension of
concentration. However, it also consisted of error calculations and some recommendations to
conduct such research in proper manner for the near future.
9

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Gulyás, G. and et.al., 2017. Effect of nano‐sized, elemental selenium supplement on the
proteome of chicken liver. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 101(3),
pp.502-510.
Zheng, S.F. and et.al., 2018. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide promotes apoptosis via mitochondrial
pathways in the livers of broilers with selenium deficiency exudative diathesis
disease. Biological trace element research, 186(1), pp.249-257.
Gong, Y. and et.al., 2019. Effect of Gpx3 gene silencing by siRNA on apoptosis and autophagy
in chicken cardiomyocytes. Journal of cellular physiology, 234(6), pp.7828-7838.
Iatropoulos, M.J. and et.al., 2017. Chicken egg fetal liver DNA and histopathologic effects of
structurally diverse carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Experimental and toxicologic
pathology, 69(7), pp.533-546.
Bi, S, and et.al., 2019. Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Oxidative Damage Induced by
Hydrogen Peroxide in Chicken Splenic Lymphocytes. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular
Longevity, 2019.
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