Exploring Efficient Greywater Treatment Systems and Techniques
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This report delves into the realm of greywater treatment, exploring various environmentally friendly systems designed to recycle and make greywater safe for reuse. It examines the benefits of greywater recycling, such as reducing freshwater demand, lowering household water bills, and decreasing wastewater sent to sewage treatment systems. The report discusses several treatment methods, including the G-Flow system, Grey Flow PS System, constructed wetlands, aerated wastewater treatment systems, aerobic sand and textile filter systems, and planter soil box systems. Each method's functionality, cost, and effectiveness are analyzed, highlighting their role in water conservation and environmental sustainability. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of safe and environmentally friendly greywater treatment methods for improving local environments and ensuring access to safe water resources.
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Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 1
Greywater Treatment Systems
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Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 2
Most Efficient Methods for Greywater Treatment
Most of the grey water coming from kitchen appliances, washing machines, and bath
sinks is termed as wastewater yet it can be recycled and made safe for human consumption. It is
out of this observation whereby this paper strives to explore the environmentally friendly
systems that can be used for grey water treatment. When greywater is recycled, it can be
subjected to several uses that provide several benefits to the users. For example, the studies
indicate that with the proper greywater treatment, it can be put into effective use such as
irrigating plants, toilet flushing, and laundering (Khalid & Edward, 2012). Secondly, treatment
of greywater reduces the need for fresh water, a practice that translates into reduced household
water bills and public demand for water supply. Thirdly, the reuse of the greywater reduces the
amount of wastewater being channeled into sewage treatment systems (Abu, Grietje, & Francis
Group, 2012). Putting into consideration the numerous benefits of treating greywater, the
challenge remains to determine the most effective and efficient ways to treat it. Pidou, Memon,
Stephenson, Jefferson, & Jeffrey (2014) highlighted that there are many methods through which
greywater can be reused. In support, Ukpong & Agunwamba (2012) asserted that the methods
used should not be harmful to the environment.
Greywater Treatment Systems
Methods used for greywater treatment should be robust enough to eliminate health risk
associated with its improper treatment (Khalid & Edward, 2012). Ajit (2016) explored that grey
water is associated with pathogens such as viruses, protozoa, and bacteria which are harmful to
the waste water users. Therefore, it is important for the wastewater treatment process to apply
Most Efficient Methods for Greywater Treatment
Most of the grey water coming from kitchen appliances, washing machines, and bath
sinks is termed as wastewater yet it can be recycled and made safe for human consumption. It is
out of this observation whereby this paper strives to explore the environmentally friendly
systems that can be used for grey water treatment. When greywater is recycled, it can be
subjected to several uses that provide several benefits to the users. For example, the studies
indicate that with the proper greywater treatment, it can be put into effective use such as
irrigating plants, toilet flushing, and laundering (Khalid & Edward, 2012). Secondly, treatment
of greywater reduces the need for fresh water, a practice that translates into reduced household
water bills and public demand for water supply. Thirdly, the reuse of the greywater reduces the
amount of wastewater being channeled into sewage treatment systems (Abu, Grietje, & Francis
Group, 2012). Putting into consideration the numerous benefits of treating greywater, the
challenge remains to determine the most effective and efficient ways to treat it. Pidou, Memon,
Stephenson, Jefferson, & Jeffrey (2014) highlighted that there are many methods through which
greywater can be reused. In support, Ukpong & Agunwamba (2012) asserted that the methods
used should not be harmful to the environment.
Greywater Treatment Systems
Methods used for greywater treatment should be robust enough to eliminate health risk
associated with its improper treatment (Khalid & Edward, 2012). Ajit (2016) explored that grey
water is associated with pathogens such as viruses, protozoa, and bacteria which are harmful to
the waste water users. Therefore, it is important for the wastewater treatment process to apply
Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 3
accurate water treatment procedures. In the following discussion, this report will discuss waste
water treatment systems that have been found to be effective.
G-Flow Greywater Treatment System
The G-Flow is a low is a greywater treatment system that collects water from bath sinks,
washing machine and shower and automatically divert, filter and disperse it to the garden
through the drip line irrigation system (Alcott, 2013). This system eliminates the need for
sprinkler irrigation in the garden (Baobab Water Solutions, 2015). Different areas of the garden
are automatically watered when someone showers, wash clothes or utensils. The G-Flow grey
water treatment system has proved to be one of the most effective wastewater treatment systems
that help to combat drought and water restrictions. The application of G-flow greywater system
involves filtering and pumping basin, shower and laundry water and diverting it for irrigation in
the gardens.
Originally, the G-flow system was designed to help the pumping of waste greywater to
the gardens. However, currently, the system can be used to for treating grey water to be used in
flushing toilets. Guy & Green (2014) proves that over ten thousand G-flow systems have been
sold globally and they have been found to have overwhelming results by saving over fifty
thousand gallons per household within a year. The system costs $600. The benefits associated
with the system have superseded the cost incurred to purchase it. Besides, the system is
economical to run, simple to use and easy to install. However, the system has been found to only
work properly with the gray water with biodegradable and environmentally detergents (Smart
Water Solutions Pty, 2015).
accurate water treatment procedures. In the following discussion, this report will discuss waste
water treatment systems that have been found to be effective.
G-Flow Greywater Treatment System
The G-Flow is a low is a greywater treatment system that collects water from bath sinks,
washing machine and shower and automatically divert, filter and disperse it to the garden
through the drip line irrigation system (Alcott, 2013). This system eliminates the need for
sprinkler irrigation in the garden (Baobab Water Solutions, 2015). Different areas of the garden
are automatically watered when someone showers, wash clothes or utensils. The G-Flow grey
water treatment system has proved to be one of the most effective wastewater treatment systems
that help to combat drought and water restrictions. The application of G-flow greywater system
involves filtering and pumping basin, shower and laundry water and diverting it for irrigation in
the gardens.
Originally, the G-flow system was designed to help the pumping of waste greywater to
the gardens. However, currently, the system can be used to for treating grey water to be used in
flushing toilets. Guy & Green (2014) proves that over ten thousand G-flow systems have been
sold globally and they have been found to have overwhelming results by saving over fifty
thousand gallons per household within a year. The system costs $600. The benefits associated
with the system have superseded the cost incurred to purchase it. Besides, the system is
economical to run, simple to use and easy to install. However, the system has been found to only
work properly with the gray water with biodegradable and environmentally detergents (Smart
Water Solutions Pty, 2015).
Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 4
Grey Flow PS System
The Grey Flow PS System is another greywater treatment method. It is a whole house of
the greywater diversion system that is installed below the ground (Khalaphallah, 2012). The
Grey Flow PS system has an automatic backflush filtration. The system directly diverts washing
clothes and showering greywater into the underground water tank which then directs it into the
garden. The Grey Flow PS System is designed in a manner that it can fit into almost any
household. Unlike other systems, the Grey Flow PS System is associated with specific benefits
such as reducing bacteria and mosquito breeding grounds and health risks attributable to the open
greywater treatment systems (Jabornig, 2014). Its cost ranges between $1,150.00 and $1,850.00.
Constructed Wetlands Greywater Treatment System
The constructed wetlands is a greywater treatment system that involves the use of natural
processes such as wetland soil and vegetation and other microbial substances to enhance the
quality of wastewater (Narges , Hasan, Nafise, & Mahmood, 2015). The constructed wetlands act
as a sieve whereby it purifies wastewater by removing nutrients and filtering sediments from
greywater. Apart from purifying grey water for irrigation, this system has also been found to
purify and treat water destined for discharge into the pond, river, local creek, and estuary.
Scientists have agreed that this is the most effective way of treating water meant to be discharged
to the wildlife habitat (Bani-Melhem, Al-Qodah, Al-Shannag, & Qasaimeh, 2015). Besides, this
system can be integrated with other systems to treat water for the toilet flushing. Jaboring (2013)
concluded that wetland system is the most counterproductive system for the households who
Grey Flow PS System
The Grey Flow PS System is another greywater treatment method. It is a whole house of
the greywater diversion system that is installed below the ground (Khalaphallah, 2012). The
Grey Flow PS system has an automatic backflush filtration. The system directly diverts washing
clothes and showering greywater into the underground water tank which then directs it into the
garden. The Grey Flow PS System is designed in a manner that it can fit into almost any
household. Unlike other systems, the Grey Flow PS System is associated with specific benefits
such as reducing bacteria and mosquito breeding grounds and health risks attributable to the open
greywater treatment systems (Jabornig, 2014). Its cost ranges between $1,150.00 and $1,850.00.
Constructed Wetlands Greywater Treatment System
The constructed wetlands is a greywater treatment system that involves the use of natural
processes such as wetland soil and vegetation and other microbial substances to enhance the
quality of wastewater (Narges , Hasan, Nafise, & Mahmood, 2015). The constructed wetlands act
as a sieve whereby it purifies wastewater by removing nutrients and filtering sediments from
greywater. Apart from purifying grey water for irrigation, this system has also been found to
purify and treat water destined for discharge into the pond, river, local creek, and estuary.
Scientists have agreed that this is the most effective way of treating water meant to be discharged
to the wildlife habitat (Bani-Melhem, Al-Qodah, Al-Shannag, & Qasaimeh, 2015). Besides, this
system can be integrated with other systems to treat water for the toilet flushing. Jaboring (2013)
concluded that wetland system is the most counterproductive system for the households who
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Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 5
want to use grey water for irrigation purposes. The cost of installing is less than $100.00 because
the system largely relies on the natural resources of which most of them are locally available.
The Aerated Wastewater Treatment System
The aerated wastewater treatment system is a biological process that efficiently removes
or reduces the organic matter in the grey water (Nirmala, Muthukumar, & Ravikumar, 2016).
This system allows water to flow through several chambers that progressively filter and treat the
wastewater. The system comprises of the several chambers. In the first chamber, the solids in the
water are allowed to settle through the process of anaerobic decomposition. In the second
chamber, the effluent from the first chamber is aerated through pumping of the air. The third
chamber involves clarification whereby the effluent from the second chamber is allowed to settle
then it is pumped back to the first chamber. Finally, the fourth chamber discharges the treated
water into the disposal field. Water coming from this system can be used for toilet flushing or
gardening. The installation and maintenance cost of this system may go up to $2,000.00
Aerobic Sand and Textile Filter Greywater Treatment System
The aerobic sand and textile filter grey water treatment system are used to remove large
particles from grey water coming from kitchen sinks. Scholars advocate that it is highly
recommended to use this system if wastewater contains large particles such as foods and
detergent pieces (Ghaitidak & Yadav, 2013). The system treats and filter the effluent in the best
way and does not contribute to environmental pollution. Ideally, for the system to work, it has to
be supported by a three-stage septic tank. This tank is used for the grease and sludge isolation.
The separated sludge is usually removed bi-yearly. Immediately after the septic tank, there is a
sand filter that is designed in a manner that allows aerobic conditions to take place. Finally, the
want to use grey water for irrigation purposes. The cost of installing is less than $100.00 because
the system largely relies on the natural resources of which most of them are locally available.
The Aerated Wastewater Treatment System
The aerated wastewater treatment system is a biological process that efficiently removes
or reduces the organic matter in the grey water (Nirmala, Muthukumar, & Ravikumar, 2016).
This system allows water to flow through several chambers that progressively filter and treat the
wastewater. The system comprises of the several chambers. In the first chamber, the solids in the
water are allowed to settle through the process of anaerobic decomposition. In the second
chamber, the effluent from the first chamber is aerated through pumping of the air. The third
chamber involves clarification whereby the effluent from the second chamber is allowed to settle
then it is pumped back to the first chamber. Finally, the fourth chamber discharges the treated
water into the disposal field. Water coming from this system can be used for toilet flushing or
gardening. The installation and maintenance cost of this system may go up to $2,000.00
Aerobic Sand and Textile Filter Greywater Treatment System
The aerobic sand and textile filter grey water treatment system are used to remove large
particles from grey water coming from kitchen sinks. Scholars advocate that it is highly
recommended to use this system if wastewater contains large particles such as foods and
detergent pieces (Ghaitidak & Yadav, 2013). The system treats and filter the effluent in the best
way and does not contribute to environmental pollution. Ideally, for the system to work, it has to
be supported by a three-stage septic tank. This tank is used for the grease and sludge isolation.
The separated sludge is usually removed bi-yearly. Immediately after the septic tank, there is a
sand filter that is designed in a manner that allows aerobic conditions to take place. Finally, the
Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 6
wastewater in the treatment processes is purified in a planter-bed and discharged to the target
destination. Water realized from this system can be used for plant irrigation or toilet flushing.
Almoayied, Jonathan, & Steven (2014) maintains that this is the most effective and simple
system to maintain. Similarly, the system proves to be inexpensively provided that it can go for
$500.00.
Planter Soil Box System
The planter soil box system has been used as early as in the 1970s and it has been proven
to be one of the most effective methods of purifying and treating greywater. The
environmentalists have maintained that the system produces excellent results (Ghaitidak &
Yadav, 2013). The system works well when the planter is properly drained to avoid the
formation of water-logged zones in it. At the bottom of the planter, pea gravel is preferred to
offer effective drainage. A thin net like layer that is equivalent to the mosquito-netting is placed
on top of the peak gravel to prevent next layer of the coarse sand from falling through the bottom
layer. The layer above the second layer from the bottom comprises of the normal mixture of
sand. Finally, the top most layer consists of humus-rich top soil. The wastewater is filtered and
treated through this layers and can be used for plant irrigation. The water produced from this
system can be used for heating purposes, irrigating planting beds or even for flushing toilets. It
approximately costs $1000.00 to install the whole system.
Discussion on Greywater Treatment Systems
wastewater in the treatment processes is purified in a planter-bed and discharged to the target
destination. Water realized from this system can be used for plant irrigation or toilet flushing.
Almoayied, Jonathan, & Steven (2014) maintains that this is the most effective and simple
system to maintain. Similarly, the system proves to be inexpensively provided that it can go for
$500.00.
Planter Soil Box System
The planter soil box system has been used as early as in the 1970s and it has been proven
to be one of the most effective methods of purifying and treating greywater. The
environmentalists have maintained that the system produces excellent results (Ghaitidak &
Yadav, 2013). The system works well when the planter is properly drained to avoid the
formation of water-logged zones in it. At the bottom of the planter, pea gravel is preferred to
offer effective drainage. A thin net like layer that is equivalent to the mosquito-netting is placed
on top of the peak gravel to prevent next layer of the coarse sand from falling through the bottom
layer. The layer above the second layer from the bottom comprises of the normal mixture of
sand. Finally, the top most layer consists of humus-rich top soil. The wastewater is filtered and
treated through this layers and can be used for plant irrigation. The water produced from this
system can be used for heating purposes, irrigating planting beds or even for flushing toilets. It
approximately costs $1000.00 to install the whole system.
Discussion on Greywater Treatment Systems
Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 7
The above discussion makes it clear that different ways can be used to treat greywater.
The environmental friendly techniques come out as the best wastewater treatment systems.
Environmental conservatives hold that different water treatment methods must be safe and not
harmful to the environment. All the above methods discussed in this paper meets the two criteria.
This is because they have largely relied on the utilization of natural resources such as
microorganisms, plants, and soil to treat greywater that can be safely used again. Therefore, the
wastewater treatment system used in this report have proved to improve local environment
through availing safe water to it without an element of pollution.
The above discussion makes it clear that different ways can be used to treat greywater.
The environmental friendly techniques come out as the best wastewater treatment systems.
Environmental conservatives hold that different water treatment methods must be safe and not
harmful to the environment. All the above methods discussed in this paper meets the two criteria.
This is because they have largely relied on the utilization of natural resources such as
microorganisms, plants, and soil to treat greywater that can be safely used again. Therefore, the
wastewater treatment system used in this report have proved to improve local environment
through availing safe water to it without an element of pollution.
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Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 8
References
lambe , J. S., & Chougule , R. S. 2014. Greywater - Treatment and Reuse . Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering , 20-26 .
Abu, G. L., Grietje, Z., & Francis Group, T. 2012. Grey Water Treatment Systems. Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,, 41(7), 657-698.
Ajit, K. 2016. A Review on Grey Water Treatment and Reuse. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(5), 2665-2668.
Albalawneh , A., & Chang , T.-K. 2015. Review Of The Greywater and Proposed Greywater
Recycling Scheme for Agricultural Irrigation Reuses. International Journal of Research,
3(12), 15-35.
Alcott, E. (2013). Natural and Engineered Solutions for Drinking Water Supplies Lessons from
the Northeastern United States and Directions for Global Watershed Management.
Northeastern States: Electronic books.
Almoayied , A., Jonathan, C., & Steven, P. 2014. Drawer compacted sand filter: A new and
innovative method for on-site grey water traetment. Environmental Technology, 35(19),
2435-2446.
Bani-Melhem, K., Al-Qodah, Z., Al-Shannag, M., & Qasaimeh, A. 2015. On the performance of
real grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor system. Journal of
Membrane Science, 476, 40-49.
Baobab Water Solutions. 2015. G-Flow Grey Water System. Retrieved from Baobab Water
Solutions: http://baobabwater.co.za/products/g-flow-grey-water-system/
Boyjoo, Y., Vishnu , P. K., & Ming , A. 2013. A review of greywater characteristics and
treatment processes. Water Science and Technology, 67(7), 22.37.
Ghaitidak, D., & Yadav, K. 2013. Characteristics and treatment of greywater—A review.
Environmental Engineering , 1383-1392.
Guy , R., & Green, M. 2014. “Low strength gray water characterization and treatment by direct
membrane filtration. Desalination, 241-250.
References
lambe , J. S., & Chougule , R. S. 2014. Greywater - Treatment and Reuse . Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering , 20-26 .
Abu, G. L., Grietje, Z., & Francis Group, T. 2012. Grey Water Treatment Systems. Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,, 41(7), 657-698.
Ajit, K. 2016. A Review on Grey Water Treatment and Reuse. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 3(5), 2665-2668.
Albalawneh , A., & Chang , T.-K. 2015. Review Of The Greywater and Proposed Greywater
Recycling Scheme for Agricultural Irrigation Reuses. International Journal of Research,
3(12), 15-35.
Alcott, E. (2013). Natural and Engineered Solutions for Drinking Water Supplies Lessons from
the Northeastern United States and Directions for Global Watershed Management.
Northeastern States: Electronic books.
Almoayied , A., Jonathan, C., & Steven, P. 2014. Drawer compacted sand filter: A new and
innovative method for on-site grey water traetment. Environmental Technology, 35(19),
2435-2446.
Bani-Melhem, K., Al-Qodah, Z., Al-Shannag, M., & Qasaimeh, A. 2015. On the performance of
real grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor system. Journal of
Membrane Science, 476, 40-49.
Baobab Water Solutions. 2015. G-Flow Grey Water System. Retrieved from Baobab Water
Solutions: http://baobabwater.co.za/products/g-flow-grey-water-system/
Boyjoo, Y., Vishnu , P. K., & Ming , A. 2013. A review of greywater characteristics and
treatment processes. Water Science and Technology, 67(7), 22.37.
Ghaitidak, D., & Yadav, K. 2013. Characteristics and treatment of greywater—A review.
Environmental Engineering , 1383-1392.
Guy , R., & Green, M. 2014. “Low strength gray water characterization and treatment by direct
membrane filtration. Desalination, 241-250.
Running head: GREYWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 9
Jaboring, S. 2013. Overview and feasibility of advanced grey water treatment systems for single
households. Urban water Journal, 11(5), 20-42.
Jabornig, S. 2014. Overview and feasibility of advanced grey water treatment systems for single
households. Urban Water Journal, 11(5), 361-369.
Khalaphallah, R. 2012. Greywater treatment for reuse by slow sand filtration : study of
pathogenic. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1-161. Retrieved from
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735857/document
Khalid, B.-M., & Edward, S. 2012. Grey water treatment by a continous process of an
electrocoagulationunit and a submerged membrane bioreactor system. Chemical
Engineerring Journal, 198(199), 210-210.
Narges , S., Hasan, B., Nafise, K., & Mahmood, F. 2015. The Investigation and Designing of an
Onsite Grey Water Treatment Systems at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, IRAN.
Energy Procedia, 74, 1337-1346.
Nirmala, Muthukumar, & Ravikumar. 2016. Review of Greywater Treatment Methods .
International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology,
76-84.
Pidou, M., Memon, F. A., Stephenson, T., Jefferson, B., & Jeffrey, P. 2014. Greywater recycling:
A review of treatment options and. Engineering Sustanability, 160, 119-131. Retrieved
from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/140008.pdf
Singh, S. P., Ali, N., & Ahmad, S. 2015. A Study on Grey Water Treatment Processes: A
Review. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(8), 412-415.
Smart Water Solutions Pty. (2015, February 26). G-flow Features and Benefits. Retrieved from
Smart Water Solutions Pty: http://www.smartwatersolutions.co.za/grey-water-solutions-
g-flow/
Ukpong, E. C., & Agunwamba, J. C. 2012. Grey Water Reuse for Irrigation. International
Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 8, 97-113.
Jaboring, S. 2013. Overview and feasibility of advanced grey water treatment systems for single
households. Urban water Journal, 11(5), 20-42.
Jabornig, S. 2014. Overview and feasibility of advanced grey water treatment systems for single
households. Urban Water Journal, 11(5), 361-369.
Khalaphallah, R. 2012. Greywater treatment for reuse by slow sand filtration : study of
pathogenic. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1-161. Retrieved from
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735857/document
Khalid, B.-M., & Edward, S. 2012. Grey water treatment by a continous process of an
electrocoagulationunit and a submerged membrane bioreactor system. Chemical
Engineerring Journal, 198(199), 210-210.
Narges , S., Hasan, B., Nafise, K., & Mahmood, F. 2015. The Investigation and Designing of an
Onsite Grey Water Treatment Systems at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, IRAN.
Energy Procedia, 74, 1337-1346.
Nirmala, Muthukumar, & Ravikumar. 2016. Review of Greywater Treatment Methods .
International Conference on Current Research in Engineering Science and Technology,
76-84.
Pidou, M., Memon, F. A., Stephenson, T., Jefferson, B., & Jeffrey, P. 2014. Greywater recycling:
A review of treatment options and. Engineering Sustanability, 160, 119-131. Retrieved
from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/140008.pdf
Singh, S. P., Ali, N., & Ahmad, S. 2015. A Study on Grey Water Treatment Processes: A
Review. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(8), 412-415.
Smart Water Solutions Pty. (2015, February 26). G-flow Features and Benefits. Retrieved from
Smart Water Solutions Pty: http://www.smartwatersolutions.co.za/grey-water-solutions-
g-flow/
Ukpong, E. C., & Agunwamba, J. C. 2012. Grey Water Reuse for Irrigation. International
Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 8, 97-113.
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