Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Development Strategies in Egypt

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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable Tourism Development
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1 (LO1, AC1.1, 1.2)................................................................................................................3
Article on Rationale for planning in Travel and Tourism Industry.............................................3
Task 2 (LO2, AC2.1, 2.2, 2.3).........................................................................................................5
Task 3 (LO3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3)...............................................................................................................7
Article on Need for Planning for Sustainable Tourism...............................................................7
Task 4: Management Report (LO4, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3)......................................................................9
Introduction..................................................................................................................................9
Methods to resolve Conflict of interests for future wellbeing on developing tourism in Egypt
...................................................................................................................................................10
Implications to balance demand and supply in Egypt...............................................................10
Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in Egypt...............................................................11
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................12
Task 5: Management Report (LO5, AC5.1, 5.2)...........................................................................12
Introduction................................................................................................................................12
Current issues related with tourism development in a developing nation and emerging
destination where impact is different, using tables....................................................................12
Recommendations for future development in the chosen destinations.....................................13
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................14
Overall Conclusion........................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................15

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Introduction
This task is concentrated on sustainable tourism development of Egypt, which is responsible for
managing the diversification and development of tourism product. While the case shows that, the
Ministry of Tourism is liable for establishing a coherent policy where the Tourism Development
Authority falls under jurisdiction of ministry. Egyptian Tourism Federation (ETF) consists of 5-
tourism business, and it works for managing Tourism Workforce Development Project. It also
has been found that there has been collaboration between ETF and Ministry of Tourism in order
to establish good model for Public Private Partnership (Daily News Egypt, 2019). While in 2012,
ENCC (Egyptian National Competitiveness Council) is intending to enhance their strategy for
doubling tourism from its peak area, in generating 20 million visitors by 2020.
Task 1 (LO1, AC1.1, 1.2)
Article on Rationale for planning in Travel and Tourism Industry
The article presents about the rationale of planning in Egyptian tourism industry, following the
benefits and disadvantages of tourism partnerships. Egypt has been a developing nation, whose
mechanism of planning has remained effective with their trade policies. The tourism country has
been labour intensive, and it is employing about 2.2 million people because of multiplier effect.
The industry is also contributing about 11.3% of GDP, and have provided Egypt’s treasury with
LE2.8 billion annually in terms of fees and taxes (Daily News Egypt, 2019). In the last few
years, the country participated in attainment of balanced local development, by adding 12,000
km2 of the former desert to the large size of occupied areas in Egypt (Abdel-Fadeel et al. 2013).
Certainly, stakeholders could be benefitted where attaining sustainable development could be
included in perception to the constant monitoring defined by ETF. While the public sector,
including local, national authorities, tourist boards, development agencies and regional parks will
take advantage by making use of the environmental resources of Egypt, that is helping to
conserve the biodiversity and natural heritage. As opined by Ghanem and Saad (2015), business
sector (travel agencies, trade associations and catering sectors) and the Knowledge Community
(Training firms, Media and International companies) would be benefitted by maintaining a good
level of tourist satisfaction with a significant experience (Gladstone et al. 2013). Ensuring for

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long-term operations will also provide the socio-economic benefits to the stakeholders of Egypt
that would include a stable employment, and other income earning benefits. For instance,
stakeholders could be benefitted from sustainable resorts like Sahl Hasheesh Resort, Elgouna
Resort, Adrere Amellal Resort, and Basata Resort.
One of the key aspects from the stakeholders, like the Tourism Associations, Local population
and Financial Institutions has been trying hard to increase tourist benefits in Egypt. The article
also shows that U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is working hard with local
partners for promoting tourism on Egypt’s Red Sea Coast. The project will certainly develop
livelihood of the low-income Egyptians by generating income with natural and cultural heritage.
Even, it is evident that tourism in Egypt will develop technical skills of the archaeologists to
develop the sustainability, so that cultural heritage can be improved (Kim et al. 2012). USAID is
tending to design and construct the groundwater lowering systems with engineering partners,
which would protect antiquities from groundwater. This may certainly bring archaeological
experts in working for partnerships with the Antiquities associated with Egypt’s Ministry.
At international scale like the World Tourism Organization (WTO), Tourism in Egypt is highly
focused on tourism planning where significant benefits is working with regional and national
level. It is being poised that planning at regional level is done for provinces and states, in parts of
Egypt where development is still going on for visitors to attract through tour programs and other
transportation network (Brokaj, 2014). To identify the advantages and disadvantages of PPP
(Public Private Partnerships) in Egypt, the privatisation of public sector enterprise was a
centrepiece, and was quite challenging. It saw where the Egyptian government did not introduce
their program for overcoming fears because of socio-economic mentality (Boukas and Ziakas,
2014). While it also saw that Egypt was in the need of constructing airports for serving
commercial and tourist purpose. In that case, the state budget deficit caused large delay. On
looking at advantages at present in Egypt, efficiency is evident for managing their ongoing
development projects. While taking predictive solutions for completion of project will work with
advanced technology. It is evident that delivering quality results will prove essential (Eraqi,
2007). As the cost to attaining, the development projects have decreased due to PPP, the private
company and government is providing necessary capital for the development projects. While the
disadvantage has showed that government policies of Egypt has affected to the PPP model.

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Changes here affect flow of capital to favour government’s leading to losses for the private
companies. Moreover, mismanagement also affects largely, since there are still the unplanned
challenges, which is leading to loss of resources in Egypt.
Task 2 (LO2, AC2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
Leaflet on Different approaches on Tourism Development and planning in Egypt
Features of Tourism Development Planning
Since every development procedure starts with recognition of regional and local governments with public and
private sector, there is desirable development option. In case of International level, the OECD (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development) has mission for promoting policies to develop social well-
being to work in developing nations. The firm also measures global flow of investments and trade for
comparing data for predicting future trends. UNESCO also helps the destinations to attain a fair place for men,
women and children for having good access to support cultural diversity and education. Next is the National
organisation, which takes charge of National levels, like national Volunteer, governments or private
organisations (Sustainabledevelopment.un.org, 2017). For instance, Travco Group is a tourism and travel
company in Egypt that offers transport, ranging from the air travel to the cruises, to tourist accommodation. It
is under the flagship of DMC, where group handles around 1.3mn tourists annually. The organisation inspires
both private and public investor in working with the help of partnerships, for promoting benefits.
There is also regional level, whose characteristic is more specific, and has emphasis with local communities.
For example, Marbya Tours in Cairo is committed for offering travel-associated services to client, and their
philosophy works in handling demand of guests, and escort facilities. Like, there is also Min Travel Egypt
offer best in Egypt in terms of holidays with special tour package (Dornsife.usc.edu, 2017). This is considered
as a Tour operator in Egypt in Cairo that specialised in internal tours and extends renowned sites in secluded
regions of Egypt to beautiful water in Red Sea.

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Lastly, there is Sub-regional level that works quite close to national and regional level. It works based on a
strategic plan, and tends to rely on global body for promoting attraction and destination. The key feature is
that Egypt’s cultural and natural attraction involves WTO and UNESO, which receive large support from
national government organisations.
Significance of Interactive Planning systems and
processes in Tourism Development
Tourism has been bringing issues to local community
of Egypt, and this leads to socio-cultural depreciation
and overcrowding. Still problems have attributed to
unrestrictive policies in tourism with ineffective
planning. Since some destinations have benefitted
without planning but few plans are still lagging due to
lack of interactive planning systems. Interactive
Planning uses the cooperative planning, and it is
directed to the local community’s desires and
opinions (Panorama.solutions, 2017). The reason
could be since better decisions could be reached by
participative process. Rather, a complete market-
leading phase will offer whether the services,
facilities and attractions could fulfil expectations and
demands, without resulting any kind of loss of socio-
cultural integrity in tourist area. Its significance
shows that communities in Egypt and tourist are
being involved to plan, for avoiding spending of
budget, and maximize destination potential. For
example, lonely pyramids of Giza are failing to
Diverse methods available for measuring tourism
impact
While there are many methods available to measure
the impact of tourism but measurement is vital to
avoid mass depreciation of economic affects in major
destinations and attraction. From a tourism review,
the role of tourism can affect on economic and social
area of destinations, and it aims hugely on planning
process to evaluate whether objectives need to fulfil
or not. In terms of Economic measures, the use of
CAMBRIDGE model allows deliberate access for
maintaining national survey in proving low cost and
maintenance information. It is effective, as it offers
local authority to provide local database for the
accommodation capabilities
(Sustainabletourismalliance.net, 2017). STEAM
Model analyses measurement of tourism from bottom
up, with use of local supply side and tourism
performance. The government of Egypt can easily
track the result of investing in infrastructure
development. In case of Environmental measures, it
aims for evaluating the cost for environment, and EIA

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promote interactive planning with success, made
from local surveys.
However, lack of transparency is increasing host
community disagreement with tourism development
in Giza (Geiger and Geiger, 2018). Due to this, the
issue of socio-cultural integrity and poor facilities has
lost the stableness of the place.
(Environmental Impact Assessment) for tourism
projects. However, the objective would be to predict
consequences for the environment with proposed
development activity to ensure forecast of potential
risk. The planning includes auditing processes, and
identifies environmental issues that affect project
viability largely. Lastly, there is a social measure that
is hard to measure, as it works for gathering
information for the primary sources through
interviews, questionnaire and surveys. For instance,
Tourism Intensity Rate shows the number of visitors
per 1000 populations and per square km of land area,
could be another method (Hashemkhani Zolfani et al.
2015). This helps to measure the affect of Human
Development Index (HDI), which is used by UNDP
(United Nations Development Programme). It will
certainly help to integrate social divergence in Egypt
to measure the possible negative affect caused in
many places.
Task 3 (LO3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3)
Article on Need for Planning for Sustainable Tourism
Sustainability is an imperative concept for tourism development, and the ministry of tourism in
Egypt has asked that it would generate 20 million visitors by 2020. While two goals would be
included, that is to develop overall tourism economy, and distribute tourism with benefits made
through employment creation. For attaining the goals, Ministry of Tourism in Egypt is intending
to organise events for stakeholders, as a part of long-term and short-term action for enhancing
Egypt’s competitiveness (Shaalan, 2016). As tourism is a key phase of economic development in
Egypt, 95% of the tourism activity in Egypt is culture-oriented and leisure and it is heavily
concentrated on Cairo, Upper Egypt and Red Sea. Since Egypt has large potential to ecotourism,

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it is rich with the natural resources. The interest in sustainable tourism development is quite
effective, as the learning need to balance development is stressing country’s fragile ecosystem
(Hoogendoorn and Fitchett, 2018). Since Egyptian industry evoke change in environment
directly, it needs to deal with changes directly by the stage of development, and then by
consumption of resources. In Egypt, sustainable tourism also refers to the initiatives and projects
that are being operated by private business and government bodies. According to Büscher and
Fletcher (2017), the government is taking clean steps to take actions for the sustainability efforts.
It is being done to take action where the government is assuming full environmental liability that
often conflicts with the tourism goals of developing job opportunities and increasing the foreign
currency. Although, Egyptian Ministry of Tourism also believes tourism could be benefitted, if it
is practices in a sustainable way to promote the eco destinations for raising awareness among
people.
In fact, it is prioritised that in Egypt, there has been rising number of travellers that tend to visit
destinations and make the purchases from travel companies, on sustainable practices. Around
50% of World’s Heritage sites are being recognised by UNESCO for Universal value, and they
do not have those tourism managerial plans to hinder negative effect. As opined by Muresan et
al. (2016), Egypt has been facing problem of sustainable tourism on Red Sea Coast. It has been
found that traditional approach in Red Sea Coast tends to focus on concentration of development
in narrow coastal plains while it is quite particular on coastal front where dense use of resorts
occupies the coastal beach. In this area, it is important that designing tools could increase
understanding for visitors with key values and themes (Sustainableegypt.blogspot.com, 2016).
Likewise, policies need to seek large amount of natural space in front beaches, which tend to
establish great set back limits for development in those illustrious areas. To analyse the other
factors, it was found that Red Sea region did not take good benefit of natural aspects to create an
image from the diverse touristic regions. Even, it was found that there was weakness of local
community awareness. As discussed by Ragab and Meis (2016), protecting priceless resources of
Red Sea Coast needed changing behaviour for people, as it required wide system intervention
between the local community and investors. Since GreenCOM and Egyptian educators created
learning supplement for Red Sea, some teachers were being trained for recognising innovative
ways, just to capture student’s attention. Egypt also faced issue of active participation of the
local community in tourism development, as local community of Red Sea did not empower in

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future development of tourism. However, the challenge here was to find effective ways for
channelling visitor spending for the poor people, comprising through informal economy.
In Egypt, the planning for sustainability comprises of several steps. At first, a clear aim with the
mission statement of Ministry of Tourism in Egypt has to be developed, so that national heritage,
pyramids and eco-tourism can be considered to work on. It will certainly analyse, if there is a
large potential for future growth in number of visitors coming to Egypt. Next step would be to
ensure, if right people is involved in future and planning activities to decide heritage significance
of the places in Egypt (Abdel-Fadeel et al. 2013). Initially, it will identify the potential
stakeholders, including community meetings, advisory committees and visual mapping. It is the
phase where identifying the key partnerships with tourism bodies to Egypt will tend to attain the
goals. Third step is to identify the cultural heritage values of Egypt, since it ensures compatible
values for future development. According to Ghanem and Saad (2015), the heritage professionals
have developed expertise to assess significance of a major place, which could relate to
recreational and community places. Fourth step is to identify the issues, like the Red Sea where
significant issues rose with sustainable tourism. It is intended that the issue needs to be identified
from community experience, tourism product, and strategic context (Gladstone et al. 2013).
Lastly, an action plan would be effective to implement the new ideas, options and the proposal to
form new tourist destinations. This is where the tourist place has to be strategized with political
support by making good influence with capacity building and communication.
Task 4: Management Report (LO4, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3)
Introduction
This report will be supported on the present issues associated with tourism development planning
and the methods to resolve conflict of interest for future well-being in Egypt. Some of the major
implications of balancing demand and supply would be also evaluated to support ethical and
moral issues to enclave Egypt’s tourism.

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Methods to resolve Conflict of interests for future wellbeing on developing tourism in
Egypt
The Conflict of Nile Project has been taken place from the 20th Century but it has exacerbating
issues that have already experienced in the region where conflict of water supplies has become a
major fact. As Nile flows from Egypt, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan, it is vital to vary degrees in
these diverse countries. For an example, in Egypt, people tend to take river settled as per Girgis.
It is being said that encouraging people for appreciating river, as shared resource needs large
protection and East Africa is experiencing climatic change effect (Hilmi et al. 2012). Besides,
Kasiva Mutua has been concerned for future, if the global action does not succeed to halt
warming for planet. It is also intended that as Egypt has faced severe challenges, tourism is
leading the foreign currency exchange providers for job creation. In Egypt, there has been
conflict of interest where recent rebound saw the ouster of Hosni Mubarak during 2011. It was
asserted that there was a major fall in rise of Muslim Brotherhood and removal of president
during 2012. That instance saw the attacks of terrorists in 2015, which dented revenues and
international sentiment at heritage sites in Egypt. It was found that in 2014, Domestic Travel
Spending was liable for 64.1% of tourism GDP, as per WTTC while Arab tourists saw large
increase during 2015. According to KhairatP0F and Maher (2012), it is asserted that negotiation
could be a method, as it will find good interaction and communication. It is seen that parties
included in negotiation has to come for a fair deal with “win-win” situation. For instance, the
local authority of Egypt needs to conduct meeting with local community for their development
plans. As opined by Kim et al. (2012), mediation is considered as a voluntary process that will
result in mutual acceptable agreement. The process finds the key parties to participate in
proceedings to resolve the conflict. For instance, local authority of Egypt has to ensure the large
job opportunities to local communities for resolving misunderstandings. As Egypt offers range
tourist attractions, it has also found vast expense to Western Desert, large dune fields and the salt
lakes. Thus, Ministry of Tourism in Egypt is working hard to diversify the sector, and develop
more activities and products where visitors could be attracted.
Implications to balance demand and supply in Egypt
As tourism has been a seasonal industry, and certain factors contribute to its seasonality. While it
gives, benefit to Egypt for earning large foreign exchange and tend to offer employment to the

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masses. In Peak seasons, tourist destinations in places of Egypt are flooded with tourists but
situation changes in lean seasons (Brokaj, 2014). Likewise, supply and demand do not reach to
continuum but there are issues related to field of HR, infrastructure, resources and culture. As the
revival of tourism in Egypt would continue possibly, but as the demand would rise, LuxairTour
plans may double flights to Hurghada. Certainly, it will have large increase by 250% compared
to 22017-18. In terms of Russian tourists, destinations could be affected negatively in South
Sinai where the two key markets represent 50-60% of business mix i.e. Russian and English
markets (Eraqi, 2007). The best part of Egypt was that with large demand, it attained about 5.4
million tourists, down from the 14.7 million during 2010. It was found that revenue was a key
source of foreign income that fell to $3.8bn in FY2016, which was down from $11.6bn in 2010.
Considering this, the tourist places of Egypt need to diversify with traffic, as tagging of
destinations could result in large traffic inflow. With this, this needs designing of special
packages that offer customised solutions, along with offering ease to initiate special flights,
buses and trains. From the opinion of Boukas and Ziakas (2014), it also needs promoting
alternative tourism in Egypt, as this could work in promoting medical tourism with short-term
educational courses.
Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in Egypt
According to Baker (2014), enclave tourism is activity undertaken in a geographic area, just to
satisfy most of the visitors that have limited resources or a small plan to spend time. The activity
is being undertaken by government of Egypt for enclave tourism to equip with effective
accommodation or the transport facilities. It is found that level of competition for service
providers in Egypt over many places is high because of the saturated market. Further, the low
price of service delivery also finds losses to business organisations, over these places. As Egypt’s
tourism is focused on culture and heritage of local lifestyles of people, tourism income is
sustaining country’s ancient sites. Hashemkhani Zolfani et al. (2015) opined that local
communities of Egypt would not be benefitted because of restriction in terms of accessibility, or
profit maximisation. In that case, the sanctioning of licenses are not done ethically by local
authorities in Egypt, causing those morale issues, or even child labour has increased quite a far
for the tourism demand.

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Conclusion
It concludes that with conflict of interest, tourism is gradually increasing its pace in Egypt, and
that is where supply and demand is rising in the country. However, the level of competition has
also increased heavily in tourism destination of Egypt.
Task 5: Management Report (LO5, AC5.1, 5.2)
Introduction
This report is also associated with economic, socio-cultural and environmental affect in tourism
for emerging destinations and developing nations. It will be illustrated on focusing on present
issues related to Egypt, and that with Thailand, which is the emerging destination.
Current issues related with tourism development in a developing nation and emerging
destination where impact is different, using tables
Impact Egypt Thailand
Economic Egypt’s economic condition is better since
2014, but the tourism economy is bleak due
to high inflation rate of around 10%,
causing unemployment rate and high debt
services. It is also found that Egyptian
currency has devalued against the dollar
that has made imports expensive. In that
case, the global financial crisis slowed
down in sustainable tourism (Muresan et al.
2016). As proposed by Ministry of Tourism
of Egypt, extra investment needs to be
allocated where large support could work
for developments like the Red Sea, and
other eco-tourist villages.
Thailand accounts around 12.2% of its
GDP, and around 9% of population that is
being employed in tourism industry. It is
found that tourism in Thailand creates
those jobs, and often they have low career
status. For an instance, tourism supports
the industries of Thailand like agriculture,
as individuals are paid excess supply to
extra food for accommodating needs of
tourists. While economic growth of
Thailand could be developed, if it could
raise profile of tourism services
effectively (Hoogendoorn and Fitchett,
2018).
Socio-cultural As unemployment rate is increasing,
consequence of Crime has also increased in
There also has been negative effect in
Thailand, as well where many local sells