Designing an Enterprise Information Architecture for an HER System

This paper examines the application of Enterprise Information Architecture (EIA) in Health and Human Services (HER) systems, emphasizing the growing importance of data-driven operations in hospitals. It addresses the limitations of current ad-hoc EIAs and advocates for a structured approach to enhance data processes, particularly in decentralized healthcare environments. The report highlights the benefits of EIA, including a comprehensive patient perspective, improved care coordination, streamlined workflows, and enhanced data sharing. It also delves into the challenges of information management and integration, focusing on data breaches and security concerns within the healthcare industry. The document concludes with recommendations for developing a robust EIA to improve the efficiency and security of HER systems, ultimately leading to better patient care and reduced costs. Desklib provides access to solved assignments and past papers for students.

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ENTERPRISE INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE FOR AN HER SYSTEM
Executive Summary
As operations in hospitals turn out to be progressively data based, making
enhancements in their data exercises is a best need to guarantee their proceeding with
aggressiveness. A vital component to accomplishing these enhancements is building up an
Enterprise Information Architecture (EIA). An EIA can be seen as an organized arrangement of
multidimensional interrelated components that help all data forms. The present specially
appointed EIA set up inside numerous ventures can't meet an association's future needs since it
has a disjointed structure, contrary qualities, missing components, few and ineffectively
comprehended guidelines, uneven quality and superfluous duplications.
This paper talks about the EIA specifically on the sector of healthcare where data and
information organization is different from other organizations, especially those with
decentralized and self-governing association structures and societies. While the specialized
engineering is vital, the association and procedures by which it is created and maintained after
some time are similarly essential. Also this paper presents the inspiration for an EIA and focuses
on each of the collaborating components distinguished in a healthcare setting.
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Enterprise Information Architecture Reference Architecture 4
2.1 Thorough perspective of the patient 5
2.2 Better coordination of care 6
2.3 Sharing data 6
2.4 Streamlined work processes 6
2.5 More noteworthy productivity and cost investment funds 7
2.6 Decreasing mistake 7
3.0 Information Management and Integration 7
4.0 Conclusion 10
5.0 Recommendations 10
6.0 Bibliography 12
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Proposed architecture ……………………………………………………………………………………………….6
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1.0 Introduction
Information today has become the core of any organization regardless of the type. It is
therefore important for an organization to collect and ensure that information is modelled to
meet the quality expected by the recipients and at the right time. Ensuring the three
functionalities has not been easy; however, the Enterprise Information Architecture (EIA)
approach was designed and introduced early 1980s as a subdomain of information architecture
(IA). Basically, EIA is defined as “a high-level map of the information requirements of an
organization. It is a personnel-, organization-, and technology-independent profile of the major
information categories used within an enterprise “(Brancheau & Wetherbe 1986). Data being
the preliminary information form, EIA can be considered as a stretch to enterprise data
architecture, having the information considered as data in the context.
Research has shown that the relationship between enterprise business processes and its
enterprise information architecture (EIA) is very important for the success of the organization.
These findings were derived from several years of challenges in EIA design and resulted into
numerous proposals such as James Martin’s proposal of Information Engineering (IE) that
proposed development of information strategy to cater for enterprises in future and also
demonstrated the use of business processes to construct models of information in an
organization. (Adenuga, Kekwaletswe & Coleman, 2015)
2.0 Enterprise Information Architecture Reference Architecture
Most patients are, at this point, used to seeing their medicinal services suppliers place
notes into a PC amid office visits. Despite the fact that the move from paper-based to advanced
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ENTERPRISE INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE FOR AN HER SYSTEM
frameworks has taken longer for the human services industry than others, U.S. doctor's
facilities and clinical practices for instance, were given a lift in embracing electronic records as a
feature of the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH)
Act . (Adenuga, Kekwaletswe & Coleman, 2015).
The HITECH Act set the objective of enhancing general patient care by giving clinicians
auspicious access to all the data they requirement for better analyses and patient results.
Starting at 2014, 76 percent of U.S. doctor's facilities had officially received an essential
electronic wellbeing record (EHR) keeping system. In any case, for doctor's facilities and centers
to take full favorable position of the advantages that electronic records can give, they should
move past simply contributing fundamental patient data into frameworks where that data turns
into a basic piece of overseeing tolerant care at all levels. Figure 1 below shows the proposed
Architecture . (Adenuga, Kekwaletswe & Coleman, 2015).
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Figure 1
There are many benefits an EIA RA approach can provide to guide development of a EHR
system. Below are some of the benefits
2.1 Thorough perspective of the patient
Providers should put more efforts to have thorough and dynamic patient-focused track
records that take care of continuum over the patient’s lifetime, in critical conditions as well as
when they are healthy. With composed and constant records of patients gives a comprehensive
general view of patients wellbeing for special analysis and overal treatment.
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2.2 Better coordination of care
With advanced record keeping, health practitioners will be in a position to organize and
monitor persistent care carefully over practices and offices. For example, some clinics offer a
"one-stop mind" framework that enables the administration of patient demands office visits,
testing, surgery, and doctor’s facility visits under one rooftop so administrations can be
facilitated and planned through the span of a solitary visit, as opposed to tedious numerous
visits. Clinicians crosswise over fortes and teaches likewise work together on persistent results
as a group to guarantee better care.
2.3 Sharing data
The ability to share information transversely finished controls, qualities, medicate
stores, specialist's offices and emergency response gatherings and furthermore have on-ask for
access to diagrams by methods for mobile phones considers better and all the more propitious
essential initiative, particularly in fundamental conditions.
2.4 Streamlined work processes
EHRs increment profitability and productivity while eliminating printed material.
Patients and staff have fewer structures to round out, leaving clinicians with more opportunity
to see patients. Referrals and medicines can be sent rapidly, cutting sit tight circumstances for
arrangements and pickups. Programmed updates can tell patients when it's the ideal
opportunity for yearly checkups or caution them as they approach points of reference that
require customary screenings. With incorporated patient following, charging and protection
cases can be recorded in a convenient way.
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2.5 The power of information
Continuous information accumulation takes into consideration more noteworthy
personalization of care, enabling suppliers to address medical problems in a preventive way.
Additionally, 'enormous information' investigation and amassed persistent information might
have the capacity to caution suppliers to bigger wellbeing patterns, for example, potential flare-
ups and which influenza strains are noticeable amid every influenza season (Ross, Weill &
Robertson, 2016).
2.5 More noteworthy productivity and cost investment funds
Advanced records and joined particular strategies can generally cut definitive expenses,
including reducing the prerequisite for interpretations, physical diagram accumulating, coding
and claims organization, and moreover reassuring thought coordination and diminishing the
time it takes for printed duplicate exchanges among clinicians, labs, medicate stores and
prosperity outlines (Ross, Weill and Robertson, 2016).
2.6 Decreasing mistake
Digital records take into consideration better following and more institutionalized
documentation of patient collaborations, which can possibly lessen blunder. With computerized
paper trails, obscured penmanship in clinicians' notes or medicines is not any more an issue and
coding for strategies or charging is less demanding. Coordinated frameworks can likewise be set
to signal medication cooperation’s and different markers of potential damage (Ross, Weill &
Robertson, 2016).
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3.0 Information Management and Integration
Information management and integration has been a major challenge in healthcare
settings. This has been as a result of different data being handled in different departments
differing highly in terms of sensitivity. This has made it hard for these departments to be linked
since it has resulted into major data breaches. The Health industry has been the objective of
more significant information breaks than many other industries. The Identity Theft Resource
Center detailed that 44% of all ruptures influenced the medicinal services industry. This thinks
about to the moderately tiny 3.7% that influence the money related industry. Not exclusively
are information breaks in the medicinal services industry visit, however, they are expensive. As
indicated by a report by IBM and Ponemon Institute, human services information breaks cost
$363 per record, the most astounding rate among ventures. With the commonness and cost of
human services information ruptures, you may ask why the health industry is so powerless and
what makes it so appealing to programmers. There are some reasons why healthcare sector has
been a favorite goal of information breaches (America, 2009).
Private data can be utilized to perpetrate lucrative medicinal extortion Stolen electronic
therapeutic records permit digital hoodlums to acquire restorative administrations and items
under affectations. Restorative gear and medications obtained are then exchanged through the
Dark Web. Data, for example, protection and Medicare numbers can be utilized to record false
claims. As indicated by the Medical Identity Fraud Alliance, Medicare extortion cost $6 billion
over a 2-year time frame (Raghupathi& Raghupathi, 2014).
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Since medicinal services data can be utilized to acquire profitable items and
administrations, programmers offer social insurance data on the bootleg market for $10 per
record, 10 to 20 times more than budgetary data (Raghupathi& Raghupathi, 2014).
Clinical trials give the chance to take licensed innovation CenterWatch reports that, in
2013, the FDA's Center for Biologic Evaluation and Research endured a rupture of 14,000
records associated with clinical research. While a few information misfortunes in clinical trials
might be caused by the indiscretion of scientists, research might be focused by remote country
states that need to take pharmaceutical prized formulas (America, 2009). With the stolen
information, remote nations can offer new medications for sale to the public without paying for
innovative work. Breaks of clinical trial research can bargain the outcomes and make the
scientists lose fundamental financing for ebb and flow and future undertakings.
Restorative focuses are helpless against coercion through ransomware-HealthITSecurity
revealed the most recent in a string of ransomware assaults against medicinal services
associations. In May, Allergy, Asthma and Immunology of the Rockies, P.C. seen that they were
experiencing issues getting to records. Workers found a draft of a payment letter in the
framework. Fortunately, they had quite recently refreshed their firewall, however 6,851 records
containing individual human services data, test results, and Social Security numbers were
influenced (America, 2009). The assault on this Colorado-based medicinal services association
was gone before by assaults on MedStar Health and Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center.
Programmers exploit the earnestness of therapeutic care to compel association to pay ransoms.
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Hollywood Presbyterian payed $17,000 in bitcoin as opposed to hinder indispensable medicinal
services administrations (America, 2009).
Expanded utilization of cell phones leaves frameworks helpless against malware-
InformationWeek announced that 51% of specialists utilize tablets and 74% of them utilize cell
phones professionally. Straightforwardness Market Research predicts that the market for
versatile checking and symptomatic gadgets will top $8 billion by 2019.The notoriety of cell
phones in human services have expanded access to therapeutic administrations and enabled
patients to be more proactive about their wellbeing time permitting. Be that as it may, these
favorable circumstances are not without their dangers. Utilizing portable applications opens
doctor's facility frameworks to malware contaminations. Exchanging delicate social insurance
information over the Wi-Fi out in the open spots puts it in danger of being stolen or physically
seen by prying eyes (Brennan, 2017).
Exchange of information between individuals from restorative group opens delicate
information to unapproved get to. The openness of electronic wellbeing records adds to
chance. Electronic records make tolerant data less demanding for specialists to share so they
can counsel with each other on finding and treatment. Patients can likewise effortlessly get to
their human services data through patient entries. In any case, data may not be scrambled and
passwords might be passed along by individuals from a broad restorative staff until the point
that entrance is difficult to control (Brennan, 2017).
4.0 Conclusion
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Businesses can move toward becoming "unhealthy" by broken metadata associations,
an ailment to the business which is not easily noticeable all things considered, but rather one
that costs time, cash and dissolves businesses aggressive edge. The cure, an emphasis on
architecture approach adjusts the organization metadata, reconnects all the broken touch
points and builds correspondence and cooperation over the organization. With metadata being
connected all over the organization to flow smoothly between business process definitions,
applied information definitions and the consistent/physical executions, a business will start to
reestablish its agility and ”wellbeing”. By making the principal developmental stride in this
procedure the business will realize an upgrade of institutionalized business dialect and
information reliability, which greatly reduces the time taken to coordinate generation
frameworks in current business environment, and will develop into an architected organization.
5.0 Recommendations
Hospital information systems should be maintained to limit the danger of information
security. In any case, these frameworks need to keep up a fitting harmony amongst security and
execution. Doctors are under monstrous weight every day, and they should have the capacity
to get to and transfer information to the different frameworks they use without breaking a
sweat. There are numerous ways innovation merchants can help to guarantee doctor's facility
frameworks are both secured and useful. For instance, an expanding number of innovation
organizations are moving their servers to private mists that offer techniques for remotely
controlling the level of execution control. This gives the capacity to safely support execution
when healing facilities require quicker framework get to.
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