The Impact of Electric Cars on Diesel/Petrol Vehicle Sales in London

This research project investigates the impact of electric cars on the sales of diesel and petrol vehicles in London. The study begins with an abstract that summarizes the research, followed by an introduction that provides the background, rationale, aim, objectives, and research questions. A comprehensive literature review explores the concept of electric cars, their environmental benefits, and their impact on the market. The methodology section outlines the research approach, including the research philosophy, research design, and data collection methods. The findings are presented and discussed, with a focus on the changes arising from the manufacturing and adoption of electric cars in London. The project concludes with an overall evaluation, answering the research questions and highlighting the contribution to existing knowledge. The report also includes details on the structure of the dissertation, providing a clear understanding of each chapter's purpose and content. The literature review examines the concept of electric cars, their environmental benefits, and their impact on diesel and petrol vehicle sales in London. The study also highlights the benefits of electric cars, such as minimizing emissions and saving money. The project also discusses the infrastructure of electric vehicles in London and the impact of electric cars on the environment and public health. The study also explores the changes arising from manufacturing electric cars in London.

Research project

ABSTRACT
The project is mainly initiated about impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol
vehicles in London. Electric cars are beneficial for environment as they minimize the emission
and save money. Fueling with the electricity given benefits not available in the conventional
internal combustion engine cars. Aim of present investigation is to examine the impact of electric
cars on sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London. In this research, a literature review was
carried out using secondary references such as texts, journals, academics, and internet sources,
among others. The primary goal of doing a literature review is to ensure that the research goals
are met in a thorough manner. In doing the research methodology part, research onion was
conducted. In this research, interpretivism research philosophy was chosen because it provides
the theoretical information regarding the particular subject area. Inductive research approach was
selected because it enhances the understanding about the particular concept and develop the new
theories related with impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London. The
primary data collection method was used to gather information. The biggest advantage of this
approach is that it saves time and provides new material. In this, survey research strategy has
been used because it is effective in collect the information from large number of respondents.
Discussion has been conducted as it consists the findings related to literature review. The
conclusion provides overall evaluation about the whole research work.

Title: The impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol cars in London”.
INTRODUCTION
Background of Research
An electric car is a vehicle that is driven by one or more electric vehicles that are powered
by energy contained in rechargeable batteries. Electric cars emit no exhaust and have minimal
emissions as compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. An electric car is a type of
alternative fuel vehicle that is propelled by electric motors. The main benefit of using electric car
is to minimize the emission and save money also (Behrendt, 2018). Fueling with the electricity
provides benefits not available in the convention internal combustion engine vehicles. While an
electric car's power supply is not directly on-board battery, electric cars with motors driven by
other energy sources are referred to by a variety of names. Solar cars are mostly electric cars that
use solar panels as a power source. Electric vehicles are electric cars that are powered by a
gasoline engine. London has ambition to be ultra- low emission vehicle (ULEV). The main
motive of launching the electric cars in London is to clean up air of London and rid Capital of
polluting vehicles. As part of the Mayor's Transit Strategy, the Mayor wants to make London's
transportation low carbon by 2050, as well as increase air quality. To do this, London is
promoting and accelerating the transition to zero-emission technology, such as hybrid vehicles,
as part of an electric vehicle system delivery programme.
Rationale of Research
The rationale behind conducting this investigation is to examine impact of electric cars on
sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London. The electric car is useful because there is no need to
pay the diesel or petrol to keep car running. No emission and no fuel is main point that attracts
several people to the electric cars. The present investigation is conducted in personal and
professional context. In the personal context, understanding of the learner regarding the electric
cars and the benefits related with it can be enhanced (Chodakowska, 2018). Learner can able to
know about the impact of the electric cars in London. Other than this, in professional context the
skills and core competencies of learner can be enhanced. This will also enhance the research and
analytical skills of learner so that there will not be any complexity faced regarding the research
and getting positive research outcomes.

Research Aim
The aim of this research is “To examine impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol
vehicles in London.”
Research Objectives
 To examine concept of electric cars.
 To identify the benefits of electric cars to environment.
 To examine the impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London.
 To determine the changes arising from manufacturing electric cars in London.
Research Questions
 What is the concept of electric cars?
 What are the benefits electric cars to environment?
 What is impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London?
 What kind of changes arising from manufacturing electric cars in London?
Chapter structure
The dissertation is long piece of academic writing on the basis of original research. structure
of dissertation is based on area that is divided into different chapters. Structure of dissertation is
based on the area that is divided in different chapters. Various chapters included in dissertation
structure mention below:
Introduction- It is the first and primary chapter in research. It set up the topic, purpose
and also relevance of dissertation. The introduction chapter consists background of research,
research aim, objectives, questions and rationale of an investigation (Contestabile, Tal and
Turrentine, 2020).
Literature review- It is second chapter and mainly conducted to gain understanding of
academic work that exist already on topic. It consists secondary sources used for collect
information such as books, journals, scholars and internet sources.
Methodology- This chapter explains how research conducted and allowing to assess
validity. It considers various levels of the research onion, such as research philosophy, research
methods, research choices, data collection, sampling, and data interpretation (D’Adamo and
Rosa, 2019).

Results- This chapter presents facts that research searched. It is mainly considered the tables
and graphs to illustrate the outcomes.
Discussion – It is related to explore meaning and implications of research in context to
research questions. It is based on the literature review in which information collected by
considering secondary sources.
Conclusion- It should answer research question, leaving with clear understanding of
central argument. In this chapter, this is necessary to show how findings are contributing to the
knowledge in area (Dasseiv, 2021).

LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is an examination of academic texts on a certain subject. Writing a
literature review entails looking for and objectively analysing related articles. It should support
theoretical arguments that is being made and demonstrate that author has grasp of main findings
related to topic. In this section, information has been collected on impact of electric cars on sales
of diesel or petrol vehicles in London. Regarding this subject area, there has been secondary data
collection method used. Other than this, literature review gives critical assessment of sources that
collected regarding the particular area (Enyedi, 2018).
Concept of electric cars
As per the opinion of Hall (2021) An electric car is a type of alternative fuel vehicle that
primarily relies on electric motors for the propulsion rather than traditional methods. Electricity
can be used to power hybrid electric cars as a transportation source. They have potential of
minimizing pollution of the city through having zero tail pipe emission. In addition to this,
vehicle greenhouse has savings are based on how electricity is to be generated. On-board battery
packs provide electricity to electric vehicles. They have higher acceleration and a reasonable
peak speed, but their batteries have a lower energy density than fossil fuels. It ensures that
electric cars have a limited range between charges and that recharging will take a long time.
Electric vehicles are a more practical mode of transportation because they can be recharged
quickly and cheaply. These are supposed to bring about a revolution in the car industry, with
reduced city emissions, less reliance on international oil imports, and higher fuel prices. Other
than this, electric car infrastructure is not to be capable of finishing long trip in similar amount of
the time as comparison to gasoline care because to frequent and also long recharge time. London
is forefront of zero emission revolution with more than 20000 electric vehicles and around 1700
electric taxis. In London, there are almost 90% of car trips are less than the 10 km. It is making
the electric vehicle a better choice for emission free ship tip in London (Gómez Vilchez, 2019).
There is not any excise duty on the vehicles to pay on electric vehicle and the grants are available
from the central government in order to encourage people to buy one. The electric vehicle charge
point network of London is global leader. In beginning of year 2020, there were around 5000
charge point. In regards to this, rapid charge points are necessary to support the Londoners as
well as businesses in order to make switch from diesel to the electric. They permit the high

mileage users for an instance freight, taxi drivers and the fleet operators to charge electric cars
quickly. Rapid charge point delivery programme is being led through Transport for the London
with support from London boroughs. It will provide 300 rapid charge points through end of year
2020. In context to the new network being installed through private sector. On the other hand,
Mayor is working with the London Council to assists the London boroughs install the slower
standard points on the residential streets consisting the retrofitting lamp columns.
Benefits of electric cars to environment
On the basis of your opinion Moses (2020) Electric cars are appealing in the world where
minimizing pollution as well as carbon emission is developing concern for several people. They
minimize emission which contribute to the climate change, improving public health and
minimizing ecological climate. Electric vehicles are completely environmentally friendly since
they operate on an electrically driven engine. Since it mostly relies on renewable fuels, it does
not release smoke or poisonous gases into the atmosphere. They are superior to electric vehicles,
which are powered by gas and emit pollution. Electric motors are more efficient than internal
combustion engines when it comes to accounting for complicated power distribution plans.
Electric cars are more effective to contributing to green and healthy climate. Producing batteries
for the electric vehicles needed additional energy and capital, resulting in a larger environmental
footprint from the point of purchase (Hancké and Mathei, 2020). The Electric cars generate
various impact on the maintenance as well as operations. They are heavier and can emit brake,
road dust, and tire particulates, but regenerative braking can reduce brake particulate emissions.
Aside from that, when compared to diesel or petrol engines, they emit the least amount of
greenhouse gases and air pollution during their lifetime. The biggest advantage of electric
vehicles is the commitment they can provide to improving air quality in cities and towns. It
minimizes the air pollution and provide clean streets for cyclists and pedestrians. According to
reports, one electric vehicle on the road will save 1.5 million grams of CO2. Electric cars can
help reduce noise pollution, particularly in cities with low speeds. Other than this, fueling with
the electricity provides some benefits not available in the conventional internal combustion
engine vehicles. Due to electric vehicles are react quickly, electric cars are responsive and have
better torque. Electric vehicle is more digital connected than the conventional vehicle with
several electric car charging stations giving option to control the charging from smartphone app.
Electric vehicles can reduce pollution that cause smog and climate change, reducing

environmental degradation and improving public health. Other than this, transportation
represents big source of the pollution. To overcome from this issue, vehicles on roads should be
clean. In regards to this, vehicle emission harm not only planet but health of people. Air
pollutants which come from the gasoline can cause many health related issues such as respiratory
ailments and cancers. As comparison to this, Electric vehicles emit no pollutants into the
atmosphere. Car manufacturers are focusing their efforts on environmentally friendly
components and automotive manufacturing. Other than this, electric vehicle will develop the less
emission than comparable gasoline powered car. When it comes to generating near-zero well-to-
wheel emissions, not all energy supplies are created equal. If primary motive of a person is to
buying an electric car is to be green, it should be considering to powering car with renewable
energy source that can generate at home (Holmberg and Erdemir, 2019).
Impact of electric cars on sales of diesel or petrol vehicles in London
As per perspective of MacLellan (2021) Sales of petrol and diesel minimize with sales of
the conventional combustion engine vehicles and also fuel retailers are mainly pushed to begin
envisioning new flow of income. Fuel retailers see enhancement in the electric vehicles use
having more impact on business in future. In next 3-5 years, there is more influence on how
business developed and followed through changes in consumer behaviour. Fuel retailers must be
determined to move into a new age in order to succeed in a changing market ecosystem. In this
regard, forced budget cuts imposed on energy companies as sales decline could tighten supplies,
causing a surge in oil prices and making electric cars more appealing. The electric vehicle is
mainly expected to be 30% of new sales of car throughout 2040. In context to electric car, fuel
efficiency standards as well ride sharing are main trends which will minimize consumption of oil
in years. Demand for the oil will develop slower. London ban the diesel and petrol car sales
throughout 2030 in the zero emission bid (Hubka, 2019). The vehicles which can complete a part
of journey with zero emission for an instance plug in cars or hybrid still allowed to sold until
2036 as part of ambitious policy. It has been announced about stop selling the new petrol and
diesel cars from 2030 in London. The electric cars help in minimize the pollution. Diesel cars
responsible for the vast bulk of NOx emissions on the roadside. As a result, eliminating diesel
and gasoline cars from the highways should aid in improving air quality. For decades, air quality
has become a significant source of concern. When the government lost court challenges over
attempts to reduce nitrogen-dioxide levels, the issue took on new significance.

Changes arising from manufacturing electric cars in London
According to viewpoint of Brennan (2021), Moving from the internal combustion to the
electric power does more than minimize the tailpipe emissions. Electric vehicles are safer for the
environment over the course of a person's life. Vehicles would emit more greenhouse gases
during the production process than a typical fuel vehicle because the batteries in electric cars
need more materials and energy to build. Electric cars produce the less emission that mainly
contribute to the climate change as well as smog than the conventional vehicles. From
manufacturing the electric cars in London, there are some positive and negative changes are
arising (Illgen and Höck, 2018).
Positive changes arising from manufacturing the electric cars
Cheaper to maintain- Price of electric cars may be similar to diesel and petrol cars, cost
of running is cheaper specifically over full lifetime of vehicle. From special government grant
and tax incentives to increased fuel efficiency, minimum electricity cost and maintenance needs,
an individual could spend less on electric vehicles that current car. In regards to this, electric cars
are designed to be efficient and there are mainly different components which empower vehicles
such as motor, on- board charger and inverter (Sovacool, Kester and Heida, 2019).
Better for environment- By choosing to drive an electric vehicle, you can help to reduce
toxic air pollution caused by exhaust emissions. It has zero exhaust emissions but develops
degree related to the greenhouse gas emission when this is charges from electricity grid.
Safe to drive- Electric cars are subjected to the same fitness and inspection practices as
gasoline-powered vehicles. Electric vehicles are easy to drive as they have a low centre of
gravity, which keeps them upright on the ground in the event of a collision (Jones, 2019).
Cost effective- Using an electric vehicle would be prohibitively expensive. With the
advent in technology, both repair and expense have decreased. The cost of batteries was pushed
down by mass manufacturing and tax incentives make it effective.
Negative changes arising from manufacturing the electric cars
Charging time- Electric vehicles take longer to charge, and this is due to battery power
and charger rpm. A standard wall charger takes about 8 hours, whereas a supercharger takes just
an hour. Several chargers will fail and it will take almost two hours to charge a fully discharged
battery (Vaughan, 2021).

Difficult to search charging station- Many electric vehicle charging stations can be
found in various parking lots along the side of the road in some places. In electric vehicles, road
trips can be difficult. An individual cannot take their home charging station on the road with
them. In this respect, more charging stations are primarily coming up across the world, and there
are many people driving electric vehicles in London, so there might not be any drawbacks for lo.
Service for the electric vehicles- Exact servicing cost are unknown for these types of the
vehicles. Several service centres are known for the duping and consumers are facing the false
issues on cars. Electric cars will lead to causing issues in this area (Mazur and et. al., 2019).
Infrastructure for the electric cars- Most talked about point concerned to Electric car is
infrastructure given through country for them to be more convenient. It mainly leads us to
charging points which are necessary for electric cars. The electric cars cannot use on the
highways practically as there is not any charging points across highways (Wappelhorst and et.
al., 2020).

METHODOLOGY
The technique with which an investigator sets out a problem-solving solution is known as
research methodology. It allows reader to evaluate critically validity and reliability of study.
Research onion was developed through Saunders et. al. (2007). It mainly illustrated stages that
should be covered when developing research strategy. When viewed from outside, every layer of
opinion explains detailed stages regarding research process. The research onion is an important
progression for designing research methods. The versatility of study onion makes it useful for
any kind of research methodology (Kapustin and Grushevenko, 2020). Various layers included
in research onion mention below:
Research Philosophy
It is described as a set of beliefs about the existence of truth that are being examined. It is
underlying explanation of nature of the knowledge. Positivism and interpretivism are two
different types of research philosophies. The positivism research philosophy takes view that
knowledge is exist outside of what is being studied. It is based on the quantitative research
method and provides the authentic information and facts. On the other hand, interpretivism
research philosophy emphasize influence that cultural and social factors can have on person
(Leung, Burke and Perl, 2020).
Justification: The interpretivism research philosophy was included in the current
investigation since it gives the best interpretation about impact of electric cars on sales of diesel
or petrol cars in London. It consists the new theories regarding the specific subject area and
getting positive research outcomes.
Research Approach
This is the second layer of the research onion, and it shows different methods that an
investigator might use when performing some kind of inquiry. There are two kinds of analysis
methods: inductive and deductive. Deductive research approach tends to be flow from generic to
particular. Other than this, inductive approach is helpful when there is less availability of
research on topic (Logan, Nelson and Hastings, 2020).
Justification: The present research is mainly consisting inductive research approach as
this approach helps an investigator to move in opposite direction from the research question to
the observation.