The Impact of Electric Cars on Oil Producing Countries: Saudi Arabia

This dissertation investigates the impact of the growing adoption of electric vehicles on oil-producing nations, specifically focusing on Saudi Arabia. The study begins by highlighting the historical economic growth of Saudi Arabia, heavily reliant on its vast oil reserves and exports, and the increasing domestic oil consumption. It explores the environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel usage, including rising CO2 emissions and the adverse effects of climate change, emphasizing the need for a transition to renewable energy sources, particularly electric vehicles. The research examines the implications of electric car adoption on Saudi Arabia's oil revenues, economic sustainability, and environmental policies. Through a detailed literature review, the dissertation analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by the shift towards electric vehicles, considering the impact on car manufacturers, oil companies, and the overall economy. The study poses critical research questions, outlines specific objectives, and offers recommendations for Saudi Arabia to navigate the transition and mitigate potential negative impacts, ensuring a sustainable approach to the evolving energy landscape.

The impact of
electric cars on oil
producing
countries
A case of Saudi Arabia
User

Dissertation 1
Abstract
The paper seeks to contribute additional viewpoints and thoughts to the ongoing debate on one of
the highly discussed topic of the use of electric cars. The electric cars are recognized as one of
the best alternative or substitute method for saving the extreme use of energy. There has been
identified a significant increase in the usage of the fossil fuels and petroleum products in the past
few de cades in almost all the regions of the world. The continuous increase in the use of fossil
fuels in also regarded as one of the key outcome of industrialization which in return had
increased the demand for the various energy resources. The studies explain that the economic
development and success of the countries is much dependent upon the usage of energy. The one
of the major issue that raised theconcern of the government bodies as well as the organisations is
the excess level ofenvironmental degradation due to increaseuse of fossil fuels as well as their
rising negative impact on the environment and the lives of human beings. The continuously
increasing pressure upon the petroleum energy resources had resulted in environmental
sustainability issues and negative impact on water and land. All such issues and concerns pointed
the finger to one of the best possible solution i.e. to increase the use new and innovative products
which are based upon electricity rather than work upon the usage of fossil fuels. This had led to
the growth of electric cars in almost in entire world. The paper is developed to understand the
major impact of the use of the electric cars on the oil producing nation with a key emphasis on
Saudi Arabia. These electric cars have not only raised the question upon the revenues of the oil
producing companies but also their sustainability. With the help of a detailed and strong
literature review there will be discussed up the various impacts of the use of electric cars, the
negative implications for the oil producing nations and also demonstrating the significance of
these electric vehicles in present scenario. The paper will also providerecommendation s so that
there can besaved the nation from negative impacts and can have a b better approach towards the
usage of electricvehicles.

Dissertation 2
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Literature review..............................................................................................................................4
Understanding of the impact through theoretical lenses..............................................................9
Methodology..................................................................................................................................13
Findings and Discussion................................................................................................................16
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................20
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................23
Reflection.......................................................................................................................................25
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................26

Dissertation 3
Introduction
In past few decades, Saudi Arabia has relished and experienced huge economic growth, which
had resulted in increased per capita income. Saudi Arabia’s huge petroleum reserves and profits
attained from the export of petroleum have led to continuous economic growth and development.
The Saudi Arabia’s oil sector holds of a total of ninety percent of the export earnings, ninety
percent of the revenues and forty seven percent of the country’s GDP (Alkhathlan and Javid,
2015). Additionally, there has been a sudden increase in the national oil consumption in past few
decades in Saudi Arabia from 0.41 mbd i.e. million barrels per day in the year 1970 to 3.07 mbd
in the year 2013 and it is the total oil consumption which stands equivalent to one quarter of the
total oil production of Saudi Arabia GDP (Alkhathlan and Javid, 2015). Similar to this, the total
oil consumption of the OPEC had increased sevenfold in the past 40 years.
In respect to the population size and economy of the country, the consumption of oil is much
higher in comparison with that of the various advance industrialized nations. There is a total
consumption of around three million barrels oil on a daily basis which has resulted in increased
level of the CO2 emissions in the nation. There are increased level of environmental protection
issues in Saudi Arabia which are related to the oil and energy consumption behaviour of the
country and primarily because of the huge oil producing companies that supply oil to the rest of
the world. The consumption as well as the production of oil is rising with a rapid rate which is
threatening the environment with increased level of CO2 emissions and the emission of the
greenhouse gases.
The change in the climatic conditions and the continuously rising environmental issues has posed
a threatening global challenge for the masses and the entire humanity. There has been
experienced an ongoing rise in the temperature across the globe which had led to increased
number of issues comprised of environmental imbalances, spread of disease, scarcity of water
resources, reduction in agricultural production, rising sea levels, ecological imbalances and
frequent heat waves (Wang and Li, 2016). The primary reason which has been identified as the
key reason behind the continuously rising environmental issues and challenges is due to the
burning of the fossil fuels that is primarily take place due to rising use of vehicles that run
through the consumption of these fossil fuels supplied by the oil companies of Saudi Arabia. At

Dissertation 4
the present time, as a result of the increased level of fossil fuel extraction, there has been a
projected increased in the temperature of the Earth by around fuel extraction, the Earth’s
temperature is projected to increase by somewhere between 4°C- 6°C (Tsai and Champagne,
2016).
It would cause catastrophic damage to the lives of the human and the other species, therefore as a
society there was a need to have a collective measure for limiting the rise of the use of fossil
fuels so that the temperature could be below 2°C. And to attain the same, there is a need to have
a worldwide transition i.e. from the burning of the fossil fuels to the use of the renewable sources
of energy in an appropriate manner. The primary solution to the issue and the increasing
challenge of environmental unsustainability is the use of the electric vehicles. The major
emphasis of the study is to explain the development of the electric cars and in specific the
introduction of these electric cars and their impact on the oil producing countries having the key
emphasis on Saudi Arabia (Alkhathlan and Javid, 2015). In present time, people as well as the
companies are threatened by the concept of “green thinking” that forces both the buyers as well
as the producers to have a green i.e. sustainable and healthy approach towards the utilization of
the resources and their living habits. Since past decade, the use of the electric cars have suddenly
rise and the maximum of the global car ,manufacturing companies have started emphasizing on
producing highly effective electric cars so that there can be minimized the sue of oil and also
there can be decreased level of environmental pollution. But there are number of implications for
the oil producing countries of the increased use of the electric cars (Gomez Vilchez, Jochem and
Fichtner, 2013). The study will understand the impact of the electric cars of the oil producing
countries by keeping the major focus on the Saudi Arabia. With the introduction of the electric
cars, the car manufacturers and the oil and refinery organisations experience themselves in an
endangered situation and there are certain pressure posed upon the oil producing countries. Being
one of the major producer and export of oil, it is extremely challenging for Saudi Arabia to
sustain the pressure and threat posed by the continuous and increased use of the electric cars and
thus the paper will present several insights highlighting the major implications of Saudi Arabia in
the present scenario (Aljarboua, 2009).
Research Question

Dissertation 5
The primary research question of the study is to understand the impact of the electric cars on the
oil producing countries by analyzing it through the case study of Saudi Arabia.
Research Objectives
Following are the key research objectives of the study:
 The first research objective is to understand the introduction and importance of the
electric vehicles
 The second research objective is to understand the rationale behind environment
sustainability through the use of electric cars
 The third research objective is to understand the negative implications posed on Saudi
Arabia of the increased use of electric cars
 The last research objective is to understand the key impacts of the electric cars on the oil
producing nation and providing adequate recommendations to overcome the challenges.
Literature review
The key focus and emphasis of this part of the research is to understand that how the
development of the electric cars or the alternatively fuelled cars can impact the gas and oil
producing countries in present as well as from future perspectives including probable
countermeasures. The presence of crude oil is dominant in the lives of people as well as in the
societies across the globe and primarily in the transportation sector (Alshaye, 2015). There has
been a great threat posed by two particular concepts to the oil producing countries i.e. the
electrification of the transportation and the green thinking. The idea of eco-friendly lifestyle,
environmental sustainabilityand green living was come in existence twenty to thirty years back.
But in last few years, there was significant concern imposed on the developmentof the
electriccars so that the growing issues can be managed. People in present time are conscious in
respect with their habits and actions and are taking appropriate measures to reduce the impact of
their activities on their surroundings (Anderson and Anderson, 2010). A period of 15 to 20 years
back, when there was introduction of the development of electric vehicles and the hybrid mass-
production vehicles put the car manufacturers as well as the oil and refinery companies in an

Dissertation 6
endangered position (Badr, et al., 2009).There was a severe pressure on the oil companies to
maintain the demand for oil in the coming future. The environmental related issues are
considerablesignificant to the government as well as to the people which require intense attention
to be treated.
Taking environmental situations into mind, the most valuable and useful invention for today’s
world is electric cars (Baran and Legey, 2013). Electric cars are developed to curb the
environment pollution. These cars are the part of automobile which works with the help of
electrical energy. These cars play a key role in saving environment from hazardous problems as
they do not create any kind of pollution. A fast and strong acceleration is also generated with
help of this energy which facilitates human needs (Cohen and Naor, 2013). In 1960’s and early
1970’s were that years when pollution is increasing very rapidly. With the view of saving
environment, vehicles that run with the help of electricity were taken birth into the world of
automobiles. This was established on the basis of the restrictions posed by organisation of the
petroleum exporting countries (OPEC). By the starting of 1990, industries started producing
electric motor vehicles but were less in quantity (Curtis, 2009). By the year 2003, high degree of
competition in motor industry forced the producers to stop producing electric vehicles. EVs earn
greater success in 21st century than in 20th century because of advanced technology and better car
batteries (United Nations Environment Programme. Biofuels Working Group and United Nations
Environment Programme. International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, 2009).
Ozone depletion, global warming and greenhouse effect are some major concerns which again
give birth to the electric driven vehicles in the year 2008. As 2007-2008 are the years of
inflation, producers were engaged in producing low cost vehicles to overcome economic crisis
(Becker, Sidhu and Tenderich, 2009).
A change does not occur naturally, it was the result of human activities. This entire imbalance in
environmental conditions in last two decades is occurring because of the exploitation of
resources by humans. In the last few years, it was studied that atmosphere is adversely affected
because of the various gases presented in the environment (Dennis and Urry, 2009). The changes
occurred in climate patterns in past years were all because of these hazardous gases. The study
also discloses that fossil fuels are the main cause behind these harmful gases. To improve
environmental situations across the world, many government of different countries accepted

Dissertation 7
electric vehicles as it prevents the environment from getting polluted (De Almeida and Silva,
2011). These electric vehicles are considered as the most important invention for reducing
pollution from the environment. Electrically driven vehicles are the most convenient products as
it brings many advantages for environment. Some of them comprised of that these vehicles are
eco-friendly in nature which means it does not release any kind of by-product in the
environment. It will help in preventing greenhouse effects which is very beneficial for human
beings as well as for other species. It also reduces the usage of oil and other fossil fuels as these
cars work with the help of electricity and the electric cars works as the great substitution in the
place of those vehicles which harms the environment and generates pollution (Dale, 2015).
Significance of Electric Vehicles
Gasoline, petrol or diesels are the only fuels which are used in almost all the vehicles in the
world. With the growing world, non-OECD countries are demanding more fuel so that they can
develop much faster than other countries. On the other hand, OECD countries demand less fuel
than the non-OECD ones. BRIC-countries can be considered as the latest example who is
demanding more of these fuels for development of their countries.At the same time, producers in
Europe and North-America are engaged in bringing innovation by increasing the mileage-per-
gallon of the vehicles which use gasoline for consumption (Essen and Kampman, 2011). In early
time, there was quite less concern on electric cars until there was increased number of
environmental issues. As electric vehicles contain high development costs, it was less occupied
by countries but because of increasing pollution, now-a-days government is more concerned and
follow eco-friendly ways of transportation (Fantazzini, Höökand Angelantoni, 2011).For number
of years, there have been raised huge development costs by the hybrid and the electric vehicles.
There was a long road towards the development of the electric cars until the time the government
entities were not concerned for the issue of environment sustainability. To adjust with the new
environmental regulations both the cars makers as well as the government have raised their
participation in the introduction of electric cars (Ehsani, Gao and Emadi, 2009).
The direct linkage and correlation between the global warming and the emission of CO2has been
accepted across the world with a solid majority of the various scientific communities. The huge
damage which is caused because of intense global warming and the increased awareness of the
public had develop a challenge for reducing the level of emissions of carbon dioxide which gave

Dissertation 8
rise to the development of the various alternative vehicles to diminish the impact on the
environment (Freyssenet, 2011).There were taken a number of developmental steps and
initiatives before the introduction of a completely suitable electric car in the market. The first or
the primary step was “mild hybrid” where an internal combustion engine (ICE) was supported by
a small electric engine and the batteries were used to be recharged through the means of
regenerating braking energy. But the saving of the emission of carbon dioxide was modest and
the costs were immensely high. The second step was the “full hybrid” that offered a greater
electric engine as well as a battery in comparison with that of “mild hybrid” and thus there was
increased level of savings of carbon dioxide emissions but at more high prices (Finley, 2012).
There were expectations that there will be a decline in the overall costs of the electric cars once
there will be increased sales of the cars. Then .later to the “full hybrid”, there was introduced
“plug-in hybrid”. A “plug-in hybrid” is a vehicles or the electric car which is regarded as
completely equipped with increase battery power and engine which can be charged easily
through a grid (Rezvani, Jansson and Bodin, 2015). One of the features of the electric cars i.e.
the range extender provides increased range by having an integration of the efficient ICE i.e.
internal combustion engine which support in recharging the battery of the electric car (Larson, et
al., 2014). The last step that took place was the development and introduction of the completely
suitable electric car. The electric car is charged through a grid and with the help of battery it
operates (Nykvist and Nilsson, 2015). But still there is a long way to go for complete
electrification of the transport sector. The electric cars are dominatingly seen as the source of
reducing dependency upon the oil, for reduction of emissions of harmful gases and for effective
utilization of the capacity (Friedemann, 2016).
Strategies adopting by oil producing nations to overcome the impact of electric cars
Diversification
It is a fact that the fossil fuels are getting scarce day by day and the exploration of the sufficient
amount of gas as well as oil supplies are getting more difficult and challenging. And as a result,
the countries as well as the companies are admitting that there is an extensive need for
alternatives or there must be supplement business fields. And thus one of the strategies which are
being used by the oil producing countries is diversification of business fields. There has been

Dissertation 9
identified an overall decrease or fall in the production of oil as well as there are increasing
forecast that there will be a more decrease in the coming years (Gilbert and Perl, 2010).
Subsequently, it is essential that there must be a new energy policy so that the demand for oil
could be maintained. The strategy of diversification is used by the oil producing companies and
the industry because of the reason that people are moving and switching to the electric cars and
in that situation, there has been used strategy of diversification. The diversification in the oil
companies is in respect with the green investments as the oil companies are diversifying their
business fields to the green investments. If the companies will have more environment safe
business operations and have green business practices such as biofuel etc. then it will not only
help the oil producing countries to maintain the demand for oil but also in having new business
opportunities (Hacker, et al., 2009).
Prolongation
Prolongation can be better explained as an extended form of something so that there can be
attained the attention of new market or new customer base to have higher level of sustainability
in the market. In the transportation sector also there is huge dependency upon the fossil fuels and
the prolongation strategy will help the oil producing countries to maintain their market
leadership and save from the negative impact of electric cars. It is the fact that the major
proportion of the overall population whether being the individual, commercial, airborne or water
transportation is running upon the use of fossil fuels. Both the gas as well as the oil companies
together with the OEMs i.e. the original equipment manufacturers is working on the maintenance
of the business field. To increase and maintain the leadership of the fossil fuels, the oil demand
and the leadership of the oil producing countries in the transportation sector, the oil companies
should not only stick on development of the new and efficient fuels such as natural gas and
diesel fuels but find more reliable, sufficient and innovative sources of gas and oil which are
crucial for the oil industry (Hamilton, 2011). It is true that the exploration of the new oil field is
extremely challenging as well as difficult from technological perspective, therefore a new oil
source i.e. oil sands has been recognized in large quantity. For the oil sands, Northern Alberta is
home and it recognized as one of the largest oil deposits in the world. It is considered as the
second largest resource which is to be found in Saudi Arabia but there are challenges in respect
with the way the oil is trapped in the sand. There has been contained a large form of the crude oil

Dissertation 10
which required extraordinary attention for getting it out from the land and developing it in a form
where it is used as a fluid for travelling down the pipelines for getting refined into the
hydrocarbon and gasoline products (Helm, 2016). It clearly demonstrates that there is time when
huge attention is paid upon the strategies of developing as well as exploring new crude oil
sources to remain competitive in the energy sector this is might be because of the reason that the
oil producing countries may have that position that the complete electrification of the traffic is
still a very long way down the road and there is still a lot more time when the electrification of
the transport sector will be dealt with high intensity (Hawken, Lovins and Lovins, 2013).
Understanding of the impact through theoretical lenses
Porter Five Forces Model
The entry of electric vehicles and the impact of the electric cars can be better explained with the
well-recognized and renowned Porter five forces. The theory is utilized to gain a better and in-
depth understanding off the impact of the electric cars on oil producing nations and particularly
Saudi Arabia. The business environment is generally possessed the aspects of severe risks as
well as increased competition. The failure or the success of any new product or venture is
primarily depends upon its ability of an organisation and the economy’s structure to deal with
particular situations. As per the porter five forces theory, there are specifically five key
fundamental forces of the business competition (Hofmann, et al., 2016).
Internal Rivalry: The first force is the internal rivalry as there is rivalry between the competitors
in respect with the process of the commodities. There are different forms of rivalry which takes
place such as price competition as there is a demand for cheaper products. The other forms
comprises of extended services, extended warranty periods, introduction of new products,
marketing campaigns and advertising campaigns. There are a number of factors that influences
the intensity of rivalry that comprised of a number of equipped competitors, exit barriers, huge
differences among the products, huge cost of storage and high fixed cost and growth within a
particular economy (Inkpen and Moffett, 2011).
Threat of new entrants: There has been a huge threat to the oil producing companies as every
new entrant or competitor is often equipped with increased level of technology and amount of
capital to effectively penetrate the market by the means of increased cost for the producers,

Dissertation 11
lowering the process and therefore reduced the margin of profit (Kalghatgi, 2015). Yet, this
implies that the new electric cars or the entry of the electric vehicles had to overcome the barriers
to market entry. There are a number of factors that resulted in the barrier to market entry that
comprises of retaliatory measures, policies of Government, cost benefits, access to the market
channels, capital requirements, product differentiation and economies of scale (Homer-Dixon,
2011).
Threat of Substitutes: the threat of substitutes is high and a common challenge in number of
businesses because of two primary reasons. The first reason is that there has been limited the
margin of profit by the substitutes within an economy, therefore, it develops a price cap for the
products. the second reason is that the substitutes are able to decrease the market share of the oil
producing companies due to increased use of the electric cars by the masses across the globe and
thus the demand for the oil and gas are decreased which reduced the profits of the Saudi
Arabians’ oil and gas industry. There is a long process though, as the consumers require a
specific period of time for finding out the adequate substitute and then to switch to that product
or service (Karplus, Kishimoto and Paltsev, 2015).
Bargaining power of the consumer: there has been a huge impact on the companies of the target
group for any particular service or product. These target groups may demand a lowered price
range or improved performances or increased quality and thus player the various market
competitors off against one another (Kiani, 2017). The bargaining power of the consumers are
very high as they have a new and fascinating market which offers innovative products and
services to them. Thus as a result the oil and gas industry of Saudi Arabia had to face a number
of issues in respect with the negotiation of the buyers as a result of the entry of the electric cars
in the market. There are a number of factors which demonstrates the huge bargaining power of
the buyers such as low conversion costs, standardized products, significant amount of the sold
product and increased sales to a particular group (Khan, 2017).
Bargaining power of the suppliers: There is an increased threat of the huge bargaining power of
the suppliers. With the new market trends and changing market power, there can be posed a
threat by the suppliers of increasing the prices and cost as well as to lower the quality. The
bargaining power of the suppliers increase in number of situations such as increased conversion
cost n respect with the buyers, huge influence of the goods supplied on the cost structure of the

Dissertation 12
buyers, the sales volume to a particular party is reasonable small and thus, the market power can
be contrast to the buyers, unavailability of substitutes and a few number of suppliers have their
domination in the market and thus there is increased market power (Kley, Lerch and Dallinger,
2011).
Transaction Cost Economic and Strategic Disruption Theory
According to the TCE Theoretical aspect i.e. Transaction Cost Economics established by
Williamson, there are specifically three major factors i.e. frequency, uncertainty and specificity.
The key impact of electric cars upon the oil producing countries can be better demonstrated with
the use of Transaction Cost Economic Theory.
Specificity: This factor of the theory explains that the greater is the specificity of any particular
asset is, the higher are the resources invested by the suppliers for developing the asset more
tailored and customized as per the needs of the people or the buyers.
Uncertainty: This factor of the theory explains that the greater is the level of uncertainty is, there
is demonstrated that the organisation is operating in a more risky and turbulent market
environment (Kodjak, 2012).
Frequency: This factor of the theory explains that if a particular component or a raw material is
used or purchased with a high frequency then it shows that there are increased numbers of
similar transactions taking place.
The greater the above two afctors are including uncertainty and specificity, the higher are the
chances that the organisation will strive hard to internalize the handling of those transactions,
particularly in respect with the protection of the know-how on particular goods. The increased
internationalization resulted in increased transaction cost of the companies which can be
recognized as the price for protecting know-how. But with the increased in the third factor i.e.
frequency, there takes place an opposite scenario. In this particular situation, the maximum time
a particular transaction takes place, the more often there is standardization of the purchase which
can protect the know-how through a blanket contract and thus resulting in decreasing the
transaction cost (Averyt and Ramagopal, 1999).

Dissertation 13
Depends upon the situation of the current market, the organisation will find itself with a
particular transaction cost equilibrium, in respect with its transaction cost and market power
conditions. In a more competitive market or business environment, such as the automotive, gas
and oil industry, the competitors are intense on disruption of the shifting and equilibrium of the
transaction cost of the organisation for decreasing the competitiveness. It is usually attained in a
systematic manner and is known as “strategic disruption”. The strategic disruption may comprise
of various governing bodies for protecting the organisations or oil producing companies from the
huge competition posed by the electric cars such as Local Content Regulations and the Rules of
Origin.
Rules of Origin: The RoO are also similar to the local content regulations which are imposed by
the ruling or the government bodies. The key function is to effectively control the amount of the
raw materials or the goods in respect with their origin. There is not only shown the proportion of
the goods which are produced domestically, it also demonstrates from where the goods come
from.
Local Content Regulations: The LCRs or the Local Content Regulations are the regulations
which are imposed by the governing bodies to ensure that there has been fulfilled a particular
quota for the usage of the domestic goods at the time of production.
Both the RoO and the LCRs can be categorized as the non-tariff barriers and thus can be
recognized as the barriers for the market entry for the potential and the new business competitors
(Kromer, Bandivadekar and Evans, 2010).
Theory of Monopoly: Saudi Arabian Oil Industry
A pure monopoly can be understand as a single supplier in the market who rules or dominate the
market through huge supply because of unavailability of substitutes or suppliers. The impact of
theelectric cars on the oil producing countries can be better explain and understand with the
monopoly approach in respect with the Saudi Arabian oil industry (Lippman, 2012).
The transportation sector is highly dominated by the oil products with an overall percentage of
ninety five. The transportation and the automotive industry are highly depended upon supply of
oil which is majorly from Saudi Arabia as it is the recognized supplier of oil and fossil fuels.

Dissertation 14
Saudi Arabia holds a string monopoly in supplying oil and taken huge benefit of this monopoly
in the market and the transport and automotive industry (Miller and Sorrell, 2014).The major
power is in the hands of OPEC and the oil market is dominated by few extreme oil producing
countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Tran, UAE, Kuwait and few other. Therefore, there has been
a monopoly of these countries in the production and supply of oil. There are number of benefits
gained by these companies with monopoly such as there is a strong market share and extended
supply to the global regions, extensive revenues and profits with huge customer base as well as
both businesses, government entities and other retail groups and sectors as the primary customers
(Mitchell and Mitchell, 2014).
There has been a complete destroy and damage of monopoly of the oil producing companies
with the introduction of the electric vehicles in the consumer market and primarily the electric
cars. With the increased demand for oil and the associated negative impacts on the environment
and on the lives of human being, there was introduced the electric vehicles to reduce the
pollution as well as to decrease the continuously increased use of the fossil fuels (Newman,
Beatley and Boyer, 2009).The introduction of the electric cars was the major factor behind the
destruction of the monopoly of the oil producing countries as there has been a sudden change in
the market scenario as these electric vehicles are considered as the most significant substitute of
the ;petroleum based transportation (Woolsey, 2012).As already discussed, the transportation
sector is the highly dependedsector upon the oil producing countries and thus, there has been
gained a monopoly be these nations. But the electric vehicles n only work as a substitute or
alternativebut also help in having continuous economic development of the countries as there use
of energy and improved environmental conditions (Morrow, et al., 2010).
Methodology
This chapter of the research paper will help in tracking the research path which is to be followed
by the researcher for carrying out the findings of the research. The research methodology is
based upon the research methodology developed by Sauders. It will be a multistage process
which will be followed in a particular order for undertaking and completing the research study.
The exact number of the stages differed according to the research but the following research will
comprise of formulation and clarification of the research topic, reviewing of the literature,

Dissertation 15
research designing, data collection, data analysis and writing up (Saunders, 2011). In the
research process there will also be included rationalised examples to have a better understanding.
The various journal articles which have been used also suggest that the research is
straightforward as well as rational in nature (Saunders, et al., 2009). There are particularly two
methods i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods for research which are exploited in maximum
of the researches. The research methodology provides a complete description of the approaches
as well as the tools which are being utilized in the research for data collection and for data
analysis. This following chapter will select one of the two methods for data collection i.e. either
qualitative or quantitative. It will provide a basis in respect with in what manner the author had
acquired the info. The research methodology particularly looks at offering a strong framework by
which method there has been carried out the research in order to attain significant info for
facilitating credible and reliable information for resourceful learning (Creswell, 2013).
Data Collection Methods
There are particularly two key and significant research methods for the purpose of data collection
i.e. the quantitative method and the qualitative research method. The researches as well as
various studies require both the methods for fetching most appropriate info, outcomes and
accurate results of the study undertaken. There are enormous reasons behind taking use of these
methods for research and for the purpose of data collection. Following are those specific reasons
behind the use of these two particular research methods:
Quantitative Method Qualitative Method
 The key and the major focus of the
quantitative research method are on the
testing and the verification of the data.
The research try to verify that the data
used is accurate and is appropriate for
the research.
 The key emphasis of the quantitative
data or the research method is on the
various social events and the facts
 The key and the major focus of the
qualitative research method are on the
understanding of the data where the
data is comprehended from various
lenses.
 The key emphasis of the qualitative
data or the research method is on the
understanding of the view point and

Dissertation 16
which have already been stated there in
past researches or studies.
 The approach of quantitative research
is based upon the critical and logical
aspects where interpretations are not
formed rather there is developed a
logical reasoning on the basis of which
the results are analysed.
 The quantitative research is objective in
nature which develops a specific
distance from the data.
 In the quantitative research, there is
performed hypothesis testing by
developing a number of hypothesis for
the research
 Then quantitative research used as a
research method is completely result
oriented where an outcome or result is
identified from the research
undertaken.
the notion of the respondents rather
than the facts or figures for gaining a
meaningful insight from the data.
 The approach of qualitative research is
based upon the rational and
interpretational aspects where
interpretations are formed for
analysing an evaluating the data.
 The qualitative research is subjective
in nature which develops closeness
with the data.
 In the qualitative research, there is
performed no hypothesis testing.
 Then qualitative research used as a
research method is completely process
oriented where an outcome or result is
identified from the explorative
research (Neuman and Robson, 2014).
In this paper, there will be used qualitative research instead of the quantitative research as there
are number of factors which are responsible for taking use of the qualitative research. Following
are those factors which are responsible behind taking the use qualitative approach:
Explanatory research: The study is explanatory in nature which means that there is a need to
explain a number of mechanisms or linkages which could cause a number of things and there a

Dissertation 17
qualitative research method is more useful and fruitful for this study as here there is a need to
explain the impact of the electric cars on the oil producing countries.
Uncover trends: The other reason or factor behind taking sue of the qualitative research is that it
is not only explanatory in nature but it also helps in uncovering the various trends in opinions
and view points and drive in-depth into the research problem or issue.
Occur naturally: The third key factor behind the selection of the qualitative research is that it
helps in describing a social phenomenon in a very natural way such as in this report the social
phenomenon is the .introduction of the electric cars and their impact on the oil producing
countries. So, to explain it naturally and without making any attempt to manipulate or modify the
issue or the situation the qualitative research is used. Thus, the research has been used to just
understand and describe the issue.
No hypothesis: One of the major reasons behind taking use of qualitative research for this study
is that there is no hypothesis development as there is particularly no sample size and for the
research or the impact the whole Saudi Arabia has to be targeted. Thus, the reason of no
hypothesis development and no sample size, the qualitative research has been selected.
Data Collection and Secondary Source
For the specific research paper, there will be used secondary research. The key reason behind
taking use of the secondary research is that it offers adequate information and argument for the
readers which will help in getting a clear understanding of the challenges and the issues or the
impacts posed by the electric cars on the oil producing countries and primarily in Saudi Arabia.
The secondary research would comprise of the sources such as research reports, magazines,
journals, newspapers, government reports and other authenticated sources for collecting data
(Bryman and Bell 2015). The accessible findings on the existing info on journals and books will
be made use as a part of the secondary research.
Findings and Discussion
Saudi Arabia is one of the globally leading oil producers across the globe. The nation is
dominated by the huge supply and use of petroleum and fossil fuels. According to the reports of

Dissertation 18
WHO i.e. World Health Organization, the capital of Saudi Arabia i.e. Riyadh is one of the most
air contaminated regions in the world (Towler, 2014). The extensive activities of extraction of oil
and transportation directly lead to environmental sustainability challenge in Saudi Arabia. There
are governmental practices which are in respect with reducing the harmful impact of increasing
usage of automobiles so that the introduction of electric vehicles does not threaten the oil
producing companies of Saudi Arabia (Thomas, 2009).
Following are the various findings of theresearch which effectively help in drawing a better and
clear vision of the impact of electric cars on the oil producing countries:
Rise of Electric Cars
(Source: Randall, 2017a)
There has been found that there is a sudden increase in the sales and usage of the electric cars in
almost all the regions of the world. As per the reports and data collected, kit isanalyzed that by
the year 2030, there is a forecasted increase of 20 million sales of the electric cars. Such a big
number is definitely a huge threat and risk for the sustainability of the oil producing countries.
But therefore, it is a probable figure which might increase too. Thus, the growing sales and
manufacturingof the electric cars is a major threat for the sales of the usual; automobiles which

Dissertation 19
are non-electric. This will not only capture the automobile market but also will decrease the
overall share of the oil and gas based automobiles (Owen, Inderwildi and King, 2010).
Electric-car Boom
(Source: Randall, 2017a)
The impact of the electric cars on the oil producing countries is continuously rising and one of
the key factors behind the impact is the development of new and innovative models in the market
of the electric vehicles or the electric cars. In present time, the overall percentage hold by the
electric cars is just one percent of the overall intern national vehicle sales but in respect with the
traditional carmakers, they are striving hard to have significant transformations. In the year 2018,
Volkswagen will invest in electrification with an Audi SUV as well as the 1st high-speed U.S.
charging network for competing with the superchargers of Tesla. There are promising cars from
the end of Tata Motors as well as in respect with its Volvo Cars and Jaguar by the year 2020.
There will be great road ahead in the growth and boom of electric cars with General Motors Co.,
VW, Mercedes-Benz and several other new and innovative models of electric cars. By the year

Dissertation 20
2020, it is forecasted that there will be a total of more than 120 different and innovative models
of electric cars across the globe (Paraskova, 2017).
Big crash of oil market
(Randall, 2017b)
With the continuous rising use of the electric cars, there are certain negative impacts on the oil
producing countries. There are certain predictions which have been done in respect with the
impact of the electric cars. With the increasesales of the electric cars, there will be simultaneous
decrease in the demand for oil. There are number of factors which are responsible behind the
decline in the oil demand from these oil producing countries. One of the major reasonis the
decreased prices of the batteries as if the companies will have low transaction cost or low cost of
the batteries then there are high chances of selling the electric vehicles at low cost. Getting
electric vehicles at an affordable price will surelyincrease its sales and thus will decrease the
demand of oil from these nations. The other various afctors that give rise to the sales of
electriccars is the governmental supports. If the Government imposes less taxes or pay subsidies
to the companies manufacturing electric vehicles then there are high chances that the prices of
the electric vehicles remained cheap and thus people can buy these cars easily which will in
return increase its sales and so decrease oil demand and bring a crash in oil market

Dissertation 21
(Rafieisakhaei and Barazandeh, 2017). The next key factor is selling products at low profit
margin as if the companies will sell their products at low profit margin they can keep the prices
low which can help in fetching increased sales. Thus, all these factors are responsible for
increasing the sales of electric cars and the as an aftermath the crash or breakdown of the oil
market (Penuelas and Carnicer, 2010).
Role of Batteries
(Randall, 2017b)
The increasing sales and usage of electric cars is mostly depended upon one single factor and
that factor is the make-up and use of the batteries for the electric vehicles. It has been found that
one third of the overall cost of the electric cars is based upon the cost of the batteries. In earlier
phase, the batteries for the electric vehicles used to be highly expensive and so they were not
affordable buy general masses. This perspective of the electric vehicles was one of the factors
behind the barricaded success of the electric cars across the globe. But in present scenario as well
as in future, there will be batteries which will be highly affordable and will be cheap. The lower
the cost of the batteries is, the higher is the production and sales of the electric vehicles (Thomas,
2009). The link between the cost of the batteries and the cost of the electric cars is that if
companies get affordable prices then they tend to sell the cars at reasonable prices. Thus, the
demand as well as the sales of the electric cars will increase. Therefore, this illustrate a direct

Dissertation 22
impact of the price or cist of the batteries on the sales of the electric cars and so the effect of the
sales on the demand of oil (Randall, 2016).
Conclusion
The electric cars may be recognized as the future vehicle but the issue is to forecast a particular
time period for happening such thing from global context. The initiate steps have already been
taken but still there is a long road or the electric vehicles to be accessible to each and every
individual in terms of reliability, competitiveness and affordability as other common vehicles.
There has been an expected increase in the urbanization, the global population, demand for travel
and economic growth, there has been experienced a number ofenvironmental and energy based
challenges by the transport and automotive industry. The oil consumption by the road transport is
expected to increase in a dramatic way across the globe. In addition, to the present oil demand,
the rapid industrialization and motorization in the non-OECD nations will also increase the
demand for oil which will lead to increased prices of oil, political instability, economic burden
and energy insecurity in the countries. Furthermore, the introduction of the electric vehicles and
development of more efficient electric cars can help in avoiding the issues of excessive level of
greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions with the use of vehicles. The electric cars not
only help in environment sustainability but also in accomplishing the various climate objectives.
During the phase of industrialization, the major challenge that came across was of environmental
degradation. Water, air and land pollution has been considered as the key challenge for the
countries and petroleum as an energy source is considered as the major factor behind the
increased level of pollution across the world. It has called for the adoption of the innovative
products and regulation for the new energy sources so that there can be prevented increased level
of environmental degradation. Since the period of nineteenth century, the individuals, companies
and the government entities are highly enthusiastic for developing electric vehicles. The
electrically driven cars or the vehicles are regarded as the most efficient alternatives. The
researchers and the theorists have been continuously attempting for making the automotive
industry more fascinating and the automobiles more effective and thus there was introduction of
the electric cars. In present scenario, there has been a distinctive energy source such as electric
vehicles. The electric vehicles or the electric cars not only gained huge support across the globe

Dissertation 23
but also been considered as one of the best alternative for the gas and petroleum based
automobiles. In the 21st Century, the electric vehicles have gained immense success and growth
because of high acceptance of the electric vehicles from government bodies, people as well as
the business organisations with the aim of catering to the environmental requirements. Since
2002, there has been a sudden increase in the sales as well as demand of the electric cars and
other electric vehicles. It was because of the development as well as the advancement of the car
batteries which could be a consistent source of energy.
With the introduction and increased demand of the electric cars, the primary impact was posed
on the oil producing countries as there takes place a situation where a number
ofnegativeconsequences had to befaced by the oil producing countries and primarily Saudi
Arabia with the introduction ofthe electric cars in the market. the increasing usage of the electric
cars have suddenly resulted in reduced dependency upon the oil fuels and thus the demand for oil
and petrol get decreased suddenly which not only diminished the overall revenue of the oil
industry but also have resulted in unsustainabilityof the oil producing companies of Saudi
Arabia. As soon as the dependency upon oil is decreasing, there has been an increasing threat for
the oil producing companies and also for the oil industry of Saudi Arabia. Even though the gas
and oil industries are currently might not facing a severe threat to their sustainability of moving
into the business of electric vehicles as one of the alternative for automobiles. But just after few
years, it will be a big issues and major threat for the companies and the oil industry with the
decreased demand for the fossil fuels. The significance of decreasing global dependence upon
the oil will be one of the biggest challenges in the upcoming phase.
By applying approaches and theories like porter five forces, strategic disruption, monopoly
competition and transaction cost economics; it has been analyzed and concluded that the oil
producing countries have a dual reaction towards the threat posed by the electric cars as the
substitute products for the gas and petroleum vehicles. The first reaction was that the companies
and the oil producing industry started taking use of strategies comprising of prolongation and
diversification to overcome the threat and turned out into an opportunity and secondly by having
a sort of delay in the usage of the electric cars. Whereas, the various companies of the oil and gas
industry of Saudi Arabia are striving hard to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their
products so that they only can offer the customers with similar kind of substitutes such as

Dissertation 24
gasoline or natural gas so that the people do not switch to the electric cars referred as
prolongation. There is also an immense need that the oil and gas industry must also diversify
their field of business so that they can sustain one or the other source of generating revenues. In
respect with the electric cars or electric vehicles, the oil producing companies of Saudi Arabia
might try to decrease the growth of the electric cars by bringing a change in the governance
structure.
The reason behind is that the oil producing companies of Saudi Arabia possess a fear of losing
the support from the government such as tax benefits because of the increasing environmental
degradation and other harmful and negative aspects due to increased use and dependency upon
the fossil fuels. The government entities are pressurized to offer their support as well as monies
to support the electric vehicle technology because of its rising benefits for the societies across the
globe. From the papaer4, it can be concluded that there are two powerful arguments, the first is
that the various oil producing companies of Saudi Arabia could have started that the charging of
the electric cars might also affect the supply of the power in various sectors. And second is that
they might the batteries which are in use does not offer that adequate range for the day-to-day
traffic and thus have to be disposed rapidly at the end of their lives. On the other hand, it is
evident the complete electrification of the automobiles is a slow and gradual process which will
need huge capital and time for bringing improved capabilities and efficiencies in the products.
Thus, till that time the oil producing companies must find some other alternative ways to
achieving sustainability and to stop the diminishing of their profits.
Recommendations
To overcome the negative implications of the use of electric cars on the oil producing countries
there is a need to take effective steps and actions. Following are some of the recommendations
which might be helpful in saving the oil producing companies of Saudi Arabia as well as other
various countries from the negative impacts:
Demand for oil in various other sectors
The transportation sector is the one which solely accounts for approximately more than half of
the total oil demand across the world. But there are various other sectors too which have a

Dissertation 25
continuous and high demand for oil such as marine transportation, river, and railway and air
transportation (Tamayao, et al., 2015). All these products have an increase demand for petroleum
products for their day to day operations. therefore, it is recommended that the oil producing
countries must have their focus on these sectors and must have a huge supply of oil to these
sectors so that there can be increased demand and excessive consumption growth. These sectors
are also the major sectors and are other ley ways of transportation where the electric cars do not
put any sort of impact on the demand of oil. Thus, there mustbe supplied oil in these sectors at
nominal prices so that demand can be raised (Richardson, 2013).
Reduced carbon and GHG emissions
The next key recommendation to save from the negative aspects of the electric cars on the oil
producing countries is that there must be taken measures to reduce the emission of carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases. One of the most primary reason behind they introduction of the
electric vehicles and electric cars is the growing amount of pollution which raised the concern of
the organisations as well as the government bodies (Russo, Morrone and Calace, 2015). The
burning of the fossil fuels resulted in increased level of pollution and to overcome this issue,
there have been introduced electric cars. So, if the transportationsector decreases the amount of
the emission of these harmful gases then automatically the demand for the usual vehicles driven
by petrol or gas will be increased and there will be a balance between the sales of the electric
cars and the usual cars. Thus, with the help of decreased emissions and increase green practices
there can be saved the declining of the oil producing countries (Rubin, 2011).
Decline in Production
The next recommendation to overcome the impact of the electric cars on the oil producing
countries is that there must be a decline in the overall production of the oil. The higher the
production of oil is, the greater is the pressure upon the companies to supply and with the
introduction of the electric cars the demand is decreased so the supply of oil to eth various
foreign countries (Sperling, 2013). To overcome this challenge, there is a need that the oil and
gas companies must limit their production capacity so that there is a little pressure to have sales.
Thus, it is recommended that by limiting the overall production of oil, the negative implications
can be managed (Scheer, 2013).

Dissertation 26
Reduced prices
Another recommendation which might be useful for the oil producing countries to get rid of the
negative impact of the electric cars is that they must reduce the prices of oil (Sperling and
Gordon, 2009). The one of the major factor responsible for the growth of the electric cars s that
the prices of the batteries used in the electric vehicles have reduced and now the batteries are
available at affordable prices. With low cost batteries the companies are able to produce electric
cars at reduced cost process. Thus, with reduced cost price and adequate profit margin there
could be offered the electriccars at nominal prices to the customers who in turn increase the
demand for the cars (Sorrell, et al., 2010).On the other hand, with the increased prices of oil, the
people are switching to other alternatives. In that case, if the oil companies started selling the
petroleum products at low prices then here might once again attained increased attention of the
masses and high demand for cars driven by petrol or gas. Thus, it is recommended that there
must be lowering down of the prices of oil so that demand can be raised (Sorrell, 2015).
GHG policies and regulation
The government is required to implement as well as promote “green transport policies” for the
means of resource accessibility, socioeconomic prosperity, geopolitical affluence, infrastructure
development planning, resource availability, resource portfolio diversification and long-term
sustainability of the nation for maintaining high income from supply of oil. If the country will
have safe production of oil and have a better and improved green use of the fossil fuels then there
can be retained the demand for oil in future (Shiva, 2016).
Reflection
Being a student and undertaking the research, on the basis of my personal observation and
understanding, it has been analyzed that there is a great importance of performing such
researches as they not only offer an in-depth understanding of any topic but also empowers the
individual to get insights of a number of factors while conducting the research. I have gained
immense knowledge of various aspects of a topic which so highly debating and to know all these
knowledgeable aspects offer not only great satisfaction but also zeal to read and research more
often. There are a number of learning attained by being a part of the Graduate School of

Dissertation 27
Management that comprises of developing listening characteristics, increased participation,
focused approach and time saving. With the help of the learning offered by GSM, I now analyze
the situations and things with a more focused and practical approach which not only help me in
my academic career but also will be supporting in improving my personal as well as professional
career. From the workshop, research and academic go through I have learned that at
thetimeofperformingresearchor thesis, it is essential that there must be very proactive and
particular in selecting the sources as the selecting most accurate and correct sources is the key to
develop a more string appear rather than just picking up info from any end. I also understood that
there is also a need of guidance by your teachers, friends and colleagues so that a more open and
extended way of understanding could be gained and a b better paper could be framed. The key
importanceof this researchis that it helped in enhancing the use of my analytical and critical
thinking so that an ore clear view could be gained from the study. The understanding and
insights gained will also help in in my future professional environment as there had attained
learning in respect with proper time management as well as importance of feedbacks. In the
GSM and in the research project, I have gained a number of feedbacks from my professors which
have helped in dealing it various situations and academic flaws. By taking those feedbacks in a
constructive manner, I have improved in number of fields. In a similar way, it would surely build
by professional career by working upon the feedbacks and improving oneself every next day. the
one of the major thing which would support my personal , academic as well as professional
career will beeffectiveplanning as the complete researchundertake was effective planned which
not only saved my lot of time but also helped in managing deadlines and working in a well-
structured way. This is one of the most insightful learning which will offer me enormous
advantages in life.

Dissertation 28
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