Research Report: Challenges in Deploying and Adopting Electric Cars

This research report investigates the challenges associated with the deployment and adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The study focuses on consumer perspectives, market dynamics, and technological advancements within the automotive industry, particularly in the context of the Oman market. The report explores various barriers to EV adoption, including price sensitivity, charging station accessibility, range anxiety, and consumer experience, while also examining the role of social reinforcement and government incentives in promoting EV uptake. The methodology incorporates literature review, a detailed analysis of consumer resistance, and the identification of key opportunities and challenges for the development of the EV market. Findings include demographic data, non-demographic factors, and an ANOVA table, which are discussed in detail. The report concludes with implications for both the industry and policy makers, offering recommendations for overcoming barriers and accelerating the transition to electric mobility. The research also considers the impact of innovation resistance and the evolution of EV technology, including the shift towards more efficient charging technologies. The report is a valuable resource for students and professionals seeking to understand the complexities of the EV market.

Running head: RESEARCH REPORT
Challenges of Deploying and Adopting Electric Cars
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3
Aims and objectives.....................................................................................................................3
Problem statement.......................................................................................................................4
Market overview..........................................................................................................................6
Plug-in electric vehicles...........................................................................................................6
Changing technologies.............................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................12
Price...........................................................................................................................................13
Changing station ability.............................................................................................................14
Range anxiety............................................................................................................................15
Experience.................................................................................................................................17
Social reinforcement..................................................................................................................17
Drivers of EV adoption and market success..............................................................................17
Innovation and technology transition....................................................................................17
Government actions influencing EV uptake..........................................................................18
Incentivizing EV uptake........................................................................................................20
Disseminating the information..............................................................................................21
Other factors affecting the EV market share.........................................................................22
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................24

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Research philosophy..................................................................................................................24
Research approach.....................................................................................................................25
Research design.........................................................................................................................25
Research strategy.......................................................................................................................26
Data collection method..............................................................................................................26
Sample and sampling technique................................................................................................27
Data analysis process.................................................................................................................27
Methodology summary..............................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION..............................................................29
Findings.....................................................................................................................................29
Demographic data..................................................................................................................29
Non-demographic factors......................................................................................................34
ANOVA table........................................................................................................................36
Summary....................................................................................................................................44
References......................................................................................................................................46

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
In the most hectic part of human life, the most important part is the vehicle. It reduces the
time of transport and thus people can find the benefit of reaching the destination quickly rather
than using public transport. As per the quotation of spearing in the modern days of the world, life
has become very much fast forward and hence it is seen that the current community has moved
their importance to have their source of transportation rather than waiting for the public transport
(Garling and Thogersen 1999). Currently, the human population has increased day by day and so
has the number of vehicles on the road. The number of vehicles is likely to be increased to 600
million in the year 2050. The vehicle price at the beginning has not been evaluated that much.
But as time had passed the brands got evaluated, acceleration efficiency and the size, design, and
price (Rolim et.al. 2012). The sale of conventional cars has been increased massively. The
company had consequences with fuel efficiency since the automobile sector had its burden on the
environment in many ways. Another problem is associated with fossils fuels. Since most
conventional cars had used fossil fuel which brings environmental costs and majorly increases
the overall transportation cost to 14% of the global greenhouse gas. Thus the emission is
expected to reach 50% in the year 2030 (Egbue and Long 2012). Hence the electric cars have
taken the place of conventional cars. These save a lot of energy and are typically much more
convenient than the old vehicles (Oliver and Rosen 2010).
Aims and objectives
The study aims to understand the customer challenges of buying electronic vehicles. The
car dealers of Oman face competitive market enforcement and thus it ensures the challenges of
comprehensive market strategies. On the other hand, the process aims to overcome the overall
barriers and attract buyers to buy a good number of electronic cars. The research aims to be

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effective for the government as well as for the automobile industry (Krause et.al. 2013). Hence it
could ensure sustainability to the business.
Problem statement
The adaptation to the EV is used to solve many problems in the early stage and most of
the car dealer has introduced this process over the products. Hence the data say that only 1% of
the passenger car has this facility in the market. Since most of the development had faced
attention to the deliberations of the sustainability for the process. Thus generally the main
questions are what to adapt. Thus one of the main problem for this case will be the customer
resistance and failure to adapt the innovation process (Ram 1987). Yet there is a need for a little
bit of research to the study for the betterment of the consumers. Hence as per the conducted
research, only a few numbers of scholars have resisted introducing the innovation while the
others have disagreed with the fact (Sheth 1987). However, resiliency takes the aspects that the
marketers need to be aware of the consequences of the marketers and be sure about the personal
factors that could resist the process. Hence for this study, only the innovation resistance could be
ensured to reach mobility. Therefore through this process, the innovators have looked to address
the below questions-
 To identify the key opportunities and barriers for the development of the EV
market from both the industry and the business perspective.
 To assess the adequacy and the current policy
 To address the barriers and maximize opportunities.
 To investigate the particular challenges of developing a new changing
infrastructure.

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To attend a constructive and comprehensive answer to the queries the main criteria have
been divided into two parts namely consumer perception of EV as the innovation. Here the
overall process is intended to achieve the evaluation of the EV characteristics. Hence it is
important to identify and adopt the barriers. Lastly, the main important area is to drive the
possible barriers to accept innovation techniques. Some sub-questions could also be followed in
this case. These are-
 How the evaluation technique uses resistance?
 How consumers resist?
 What the adaptation barriers?
Hence the adaptation of barriers has used to examine the indirect effect of the consumer
resistance. Thus the car involvement technique has made to use the techniques. The whole
process is related to the mass production and consumerism. The functional benefits to the value
have made all possible changes to the EV and thus made the process more attractive to the
customers. There are some specific questions to the process which are needed to be followed.
The innovation exposure had fully affected the consumer perception and the incentives to be
drawn over the functional benefits to these process which have been much attractive to the
consumers. These are as follows-
 The relevant drivers of the EV perception.
 Effective consumer characteristics.
 The possible effects of the buying incentives

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Market overview
Plug-in electric vehicles
The light-duty technology is at the improving stage. The value proportion to this
technology is improving for the automobile manufacturers and the battery prices are falling
concerning the cost of the vehicles. Hence the driving range is likely to be increased in the
process. On the other hand, the manufacturing process is likely to be more improved with the
installation of LED techniques. On the other hand the big car manufacturer companies like
Porsche, KIA, Mitsubishi, Volvo, and tesla. Hence except tesla almost all the companies have
gone through the LED lights installed on their high priced ranged cars (Taefi, et al., 2015).
Hence it can also be said that most of the automobile makers have pledged to the public that to
enhance the PEV line up. On the other hand, to increase the PEV model usage there is a need to
increase the overall Salesforce automation and avoid payment of fines. Hence to avoid payment
of fines there is needed to add some additional policies and processes. Thus the same aspect is
expected to add some extrinsic value and influence to drive economics in OMAN.

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Hence It is also seen that the number of the PVP models has been expected to be Increased by
the year 2025 with more than 23 countries are expected to be predicted both in the earlier and
to the later stage if possible. On the other hand, it is also seen that conventional cars have
been used massive conventional cars who have been highly dependent upon fuel-efficient
cars. Since these cars have been fully run of fossils, therefore these cars are of non-
environmental friendly cars. Hence these cars cause massive threats to the environment and
thus it will not be a good option to consider on. On the other hand, the greenhouse gas
emissions have also been a massive threat to the environment. Hence the different transport
systems had proved to be less than 14% of the total number of vehicles plying on road. It is

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also predicted as per the survey that the total number of cars plying on road will be expected
to reach by 50 percent within the year 2030. Hence these cars emit a high amount of carbon
dioxide and the rest of the climate had imposed certain changes in the environment as well as
to the people as well. However, these products have not been used in conventional cars. These
cars emit a high amount of the greenhouse gas and the same had contributed to the
greenhouse effects. On the other hand, the Bloomberg data have also been collected regarding
the process. Here section 8 had been providing the commitment of the commercial
automakers who used to forecast the initial cost related to the process as well as the spur
adaptation. The PEV process is very much useful for modern-day industry players. As per the
data, the new energy finance will be expected to be increased in the prised parity by 2025 in
the current and the later date. The forecast had shown that in the revised upwards system the
forecasts are calculated is between 10 to fifty percent of the new vehicle sales that are
expected to be exposed by 2040 in the PEV model.
Changing technologies
The PVP techniques are improving surely with the 3 stages of the PVP model. The level
1 of the model deals with the regular model of electric and data is generally used in the
workplace. Hence a connector cable is generally used to be included in the general PEV model.
The battery capacities are generally determined by the millage. The level 2 of the aspect is used
to change in the high power from 7kw to 22 kw. Hence the overall process is meant to be very
much convenient for the places like malls, cinemas, parks, hotel, and tourist spots. On the other
hand in section 7 of the law, it has been clearly stated that for the case of DCFC or direct current
fast-changing is only high powered PEV process available and the public sector transport areas
are also applying the same process. However, the overall expenses have been increased

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drastically and the same DC process is opted to be installed in the country like OMAN. It has
also been said that the DC power can relatively power up to 50kw to 60 kW. However, car
companies like tesla can look to increase the power to 145 kW. Hence that power is considered
as ultrafast and is claimed to be increased to 200 kW in just 8 minutes. However, the users are
looking to be getting ultra-fast charging stations which are already available in the US and
Europe. On the other hand the new model of Audi e- tron or Porsche mission e 2019 edition is
very much capable of having to increase the power up to 350 kW of the power draw. While
others are expected to follow the same process in the future.
The recent improvement to the process is very much challenging over the standardized
asset values. In a current survey, it had been seen that 495 drivers are likely to adopt the first
charging techniques. Hence they are initially planning to purchase or lease the new DC
techniques. On the other hand, 82 percent are not likely to have this process accepted. 29 service

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stations are likely to upgrade the existing system which could increase the power levels. There is
a wide range of businesses which had ranged from the home, depot or another public transport
system. These technologies are initially absent from the PEV process. Between the time period
2012 to 2013 and before the emergence of the DCFC, the same had paved the way for PEV
solution. On the contrary, the concept had been used highly by tesla through a direct partnership
with an Israeli company and Renault. These things, however, did not reach proper heights and
thus the place had been declared as bankrupt with 1400 vehicles being destroyed. Hence Tesla
Company had not driven towards the single demonstration battery swap process in 2016.on the
other hand, 30 factories have scheduled to be declined with a need for specially designed
vehicles since they are of high quality and also ensure security. The battery swapping has seen a
high resurgence primarily in china. Hence in the year 2018, it is been tendered to install 1100
more charge stations as per PEV maker. The company has set up 100 battery swap stations in
Beijing. Hence tesla had also reported to had taken a new initiative in the year 2017 with some
improved battery fit technologies. The technologies had been initially used in the vehicle like
rickshaw (Haddadian et al., 2015).

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Here as per the process, it can be said that in countries like OMAN the use of a new
vehicle and changing network could be remotely controlled via smartphone. There are certain
websites like plugshare.com or zapmap.com that provide the public charging infrastructure, as
well as some areas, are opted to provide some real-time data structure. On the other hand, the
same process is also followed in the battery swiping issue which is proven to be the most useful
technique in china where the Chinese PEV automaker company named NEO had started the first-
ever business operation plan in china. The battery stations of the company had been operated in
countries like Shenzhen. As per the stats generated the overall PEV maker as on May 2018 had
been expected to be increased to 1100 more by 2020. Beijing electric vehicles had look to set up
more than 100 battery vehicles are to be set up in the overall Beijing country. Tesla Company
had initially taken out the new patient in the year 2017 for a battery swapping g technique that
could be fit for the aspect. On the other hand, the battery swap techniques could be used in the
three-wheeled rickshaw vehicles. The PEV concept had initially launched by the tesla company
within the year 2012 to 2013. However, the trails had been considered as bankrupt in the year
2013 with less than 1400 vehicles been deployed overall. Hence the tesla company had retired its
single demonstration between the battery swap stations in the year 2016. Hence some factor has
been Initiated to the contribution of decline which includes the specially designed vehicle is
falling of DCFC cost and the other aspects. Hence there is a requirement of some guaranteed
drivers and the automakers had swapped the batteries into those vehicles which are of very much
high quality and there are no void warranties. The final technological development on the PEV
changing had made the availability of the remote charging technology had made the interactive
changing maps on the process.