Analysis of Electric Vehicle Failures in the Indian Market

This research report delves into the reasons behind the failure of electric vehicles in the Indian market. The study begins with an introduction outlining the research background, rationale, aims, and objectives, followed by a theoretical background and conceptual framework. A comprehensive literature review explores the significance of electric automobiles, the evolution of hybrid vehicles in India, and factors contributing to the failure of EVs, alongside recommendations for promoting their adoption. The research employs a detailed methodology, including data collection and analysis, culminating in an interpretation of findings. The report concludes with a summary of findings, recommendations for improving the EV market in India, and a reflection on the research process. Key issues addressed include inadequate infrastructure, consumer behavior, and policy gaps that hinder EV adoption in India. The report emphasizes the need for improved charging infrastructure, consumer education, and supportive government policies to foster the growth of the electric vehicle market.

Research Project

Table of Contents
TITLE:.............................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Research Background..................................................................................................................1
Overview of topic........................................................................................................................1
Rationale of research...................................................................................................................2
Research Aim..............................................................................................................................3
Research Objectives....................................................................................................................3
Research Questions.....................................................................................................................3
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH FOCUS...................................................3
Conceptual Framework...............................................................................................................5
JUSTIFICATION AND CONTEXTUALISATION.......................................................................5
How will building existing body of knowledge..........................................................................5
Importance for implement electrical vehicle...............................................................................6
Importance of present research...................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................8
Significance of electric auto-mobiles..........................................................................................8
Evolution of hybrid vehicles in India..........................................................................................9
Factors responsible for failure of electric vehicles in India........................................................9
Effective recommendations to promote electrical vehicle in the country.................................10
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
Ethics.........................................................................................................................................17
Reliability and validity..............................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION....................................................18
Data Analysis............................................................................................................................18
Data interpretation.....................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, REFLECTION.................................28
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................28
Recommendations.....................................................................................................................28
Reflection..................................................................................................................................29

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................30

TITLE:
“Failures of electric vehicles in India.”
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
India in one of the top ten automotive market presently in the world and due to increasing
buying potential and steady economic growth of the middle class population is enhancing the
sales of automotive industry. But there are various reasons of failures of electric vehicles in
India. In order to identify these factors or reasons, researcher will identify various aspects of
electric vehicles and their failure in India. India is clearly lagging behind in terms of setting up
basic infrastructure (Bertness, 2018). The electric car owners can not charge until they go back to
their home because of improper infrastructure in India. The researcher will use various research
methodologies, primary and secondary sources of data in order to collect relevant data and
information related to the subject or topic of this study. This Research will also include a brief
literature related to the failure of electric vehicles in India which will help to identify the reasons
why electric auto-mobiles failed to achieve success in the country (Shin, Kim and Lim, 2018).
This research proposal will develop a structured procedure to examine the information of the
subject and further conduct a significant research to analyse the factors that contribute in the
failure of electric vehicles in India and provide significant recommendations on the same.
Research Background
Vehicle is the sources which is used to transport things, individuals, animals, etc. from
one place to another. There are different types of vehicle which are used for the purpose of
travelling from one place to another. There are different types of vehicles such as petrol, diesel,
electric. Cart, etc (Bhat and Jadhav, 2016). This research is based on failure of electric vehicle in
India. There are various components such as lack of awareness among individuals regarding
electric vehicle, etc. so there is failure of electric cars. It is important to make clarity regarding
some factors through positive impact on sales can be achieved. India is the country which is
densely populated so in this case, there is high demand for vehicles. But electric vehicles get
failed in India because of less demand.
Overview of topic
While conducting this research, information is collected by analysing personal experience
of India. Pollution is major problem in India, so scope and growth of electric vehicle is more.
1

There are many benefits of electric vehicle such as less emission of green house effect, more
health benefits, energy security, etc. So there are benefits of electric cars as per individual's and
social point of view. But there is negative impact on sales of electric cares (Daziano, Sarrias and
Leard, 2017). So in this research, there is discussion about significance of electric vehicles,
factors which are the reason for failure of electric cars and at last there are some
recommendations through which these cars can be famous in Indian market.
Rationale of research
Importance of this research is to identify importance of electric vehicles. This also
enhance knowledge about measures through which measures can be planned for reducing
pollution. This research helps to identify reasons of failure electric vehicle and provide some
recommendation through which it can be popularised. Pollution is the issue which is major in
India, so with conducting this research, it is easy to understand measures through which electric
vehicles can be marketed. Researcher have interest in auto- mobile sector, so this makes this
research more relevant because candidates will conduct it with full energy and zeal (Deb and et.
al., 2018).
Significance of the research
With the help of present research reasons for failure of electric vehicle in India can be
identified. With the help of present research, importance of electrical vehicle can be successfully
develop in India. Therefore, it helps to reduce air pollution from the environment in successful
manner. (Jhunjhunwala, Kaur and Mutagekar, 2018). With this regard, it can be stated that air
population can be reduced with using different strategies and techniques. It will helpful to focus
on appropriate work system that can establish desired results in India. Hence, it can be stated that
solution to reduce air pollution from the country in systematic manner. It will assist to focus on
desired level of results that can be established to maintain proper functioning. With the help of
electric auto mobile country will gain several advantages in systematic manner (Bresler and
Stake, 2017).
Developing electric vehicle is also essential for reducing greenhouse gases so that
emission also positively develop at workplace. In this consideration, it can be stated that India
can focus completely to reduce negative impact from the transportation. It assists to go further
and eliminate need for fossil fuels. Moreover, electric vehicle are cheaper to run and maintain so
that safety improvements can be successfully consider with energy security. With the help of
2

rechargeable batteries, appropriate uses of energy can successfully develop that assists to meet
with common hybrid car (Brinkmann, 2014). It also aids in improvement of efficiency and
exclusively ascertained more desired level of results. Car pollution is one of the major cause of
global warming so that it need to emit which contribute one fifth of the country in appropriate
manner. Greenhouse gases also reduced which rise and worldwide develop effectiveness.
Research Aim
“To identify the reasons for the failure of electric vehicle in India.”
Research Objectives
 To determine the significance of electric auto-mobiles
 To identify evolution of hybrid vehicles in India
 To examine the factors responsible for failure of electric vehicles in India
 To provide effective recommendations to promote electrical vehicle in the country.
Research Questions
 How to determine the significance of electric auto-mobiles?
 How to identify evolution of hybrid vehicles in India?
 How to examine the factors responsible for failure of electric vehicles in India
 What are the effective recommendations to promote electrical vehicle in the country ?
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH FOCUS
Increasing level of air pollution in Indian cities has been a reason of concern for the car
manufactures and policy makers. Around 25 cities in India are within the 100 most polluted
cities in the world. The cause of increasing air pollution in Indian cities is highly related to
different sources but the transport sector makes a great contribution as well (Bresler and Stake,
2017). It is essential to minimise the emissions from the transport sector in order to control the
increasing pollution in the country. The negative impacts of air pollution on health of human and
economy are also major concern and hence to control the adverse effect on environment, policy
makers are using various options. Electric vehicles have been observed as an useful technology
or option and certain national governments have impressively implemented effective policies for
promoting the technology. Indian government is eager to promote electric vehicles as a green
mobility alternative and is also consider it as a most effective solution for reducing air pollution
in the cities (Dobryden and et.al., 2017). In India, electric 3 wheeler vehicles have been a little
3

successful but on the other electric 2 wheelers, 4 wheelers and buses failed to attract customers.
There are various reasons that contributes in the failure of the electric vehicles in India.
Maximum Indian people prefer petrol, gas or diesel driven cars, they do not seem to be ready to
buy and utilise the electric cars because of their slow speed, slow pick up and non-availability of
charging centres in the cities or locality of the area. According to the society of manufactures of
electric vehicles, only 22000 units of electric vehicles were sold in India by March 2016
including only 2000 cars. In addition to this, sales of electric cars increased at a high rate of 94%
in global market due to other countries such as Europe, US and China (Khan and et.al., 2017).
The major reason contributing to the failure of the electric vehicles is lack of technology and
significant infrastructure to support manufacturing of electric vehicles in India. Efficient
elements such as batteries with high density are still a challenge in India. Owning an electric car
in India feels like having a vehicle on leash. Battery charge time, range and distance between
charge stations surely are concerns every electric vehicles purchase needs to make sure all
around the world. If a user can not get from one point to another without getting the vehicles
charge than he or she will definitely resit in buying electric vehicles. The people can not recharge
their vehicles anywhere between the routes as India is not much developed in terms of
infrastructure. There is a high level of development required in the country so that electric
vehicle users can easily charge their 2 wheelers, 4 wheelers or buses. It is very important to
develop a strong and high technology infrastructure in the country so that electric vehicles can be
promoted in a more effective way. Although charging infrastructure is not the only driver or
factor for failure of electric vehicles in India. Along with the charging infrastructure there are
other factors consist the cost of electric vehicles, dovetailing incentives with green policies,
preferential policies and consumer education. The charging time for electric vehicles is another
issue for users of electric users. In order to travel for a specific distance it is very necessary for
the electric vehicle to be fully charged. But it takes a long time to charge a vehicle that consumer
essential time of the users. It is highly important for developing high density batteries so that
customer can travel longer distances by charging once. Therefore, it can be summarised that
India is facing many challenges in order to promote electric vehicles in the country and it
requires a lot of development to motivate people for buying electric 2 wheelers and 4 wheelers.
4

Conceptual Framework
Research is the in- depth Investigation or study of specific topic in order to give
conclusion and recommendations over it so this is long process. In order to understand research
topic properly and conduct research in systematic manner. Research is divided under different
chapters (Fotuhi-Friuzabad and et. al., 2016).
Chapter 1: Introduction: In this there is introduction about research topic which consist
of overview of research topic with its rationale. This is chapter through which reader gets
knowledge about aims and objectives for which research is conducted. Hence it is easy to get
overview and research topic.
Chapter 2: Literature review: Literature review ids detailed information about objectives
which are set in introduction set. In this section, information is collected through authentic and
reliable online sources, books, journals, etc. This is the section in which secondary data is
collected from authentic sources.
Chapter 3 Research Methodology: Research methodology is the section in which tools
and techniques which are used to conduct research are analysed. This helps reader to understand
which technique is implemented and how is it beneficial. In order to understand which technique
is used and reason behind it, this section enhance knowledge.
Chapter 4 Data Collection and Interpretation: Data is required to analyse view about
research topic. This is the chapter in which information collected from the primary source and
then interpretate. This gives overview of respondents about failure of electric vehicle in India. As
per this chapter information is collected through primary research and then its interpretation is
given.
Chapter 5 Recommendations and Conclusions: This is chapter in which conclusion on
the basis of collected data is provided. As there is discussion about reasons of failure of electric
vehicle in India is analyse, so recommendations are provided to overcome it. At last there is
refection which provides researcher's point of view, issues, etc. while conducting research. This
also provides information about areas which are enhanced in completion of research.
5

JUSTIFICATION AND CONTEXTUALISATION
How will building existing body of knowledge
The present research is important for identifying failure of electric vehicle in India. This is
because; it ascertained solution for development of electric vehicle in the country. Therefore, it
can be stated that effectiveness can be successfully develop with consideration of reducing
pollution and expenses. With the help of electric vehicle, more systematic and appropriate
outcomes will be developing which would be helpful to increase lifestyle of people. Main benefit
of the electric vehicle is environmental safety that increases several other advantages that would
be beneficial to focus on more effectiveness (Gopal, Witt and Harris, 2015. Electric cars are also
effective in term of cost so that it can be said that expenses can be reduce easily. Hence, it helps
to increase GDP and more development of the country is also ascertained with successful
advantages and effectiveness. Furthermore, it can be stated that large part of the country's cost
remain same so that they can easily develop more significant advantages at workplace.
Furthermore, it can be said that customers have come to expect fuel efficiency with every new
vehicle so that it differentiate with line-up and something truly valued as per choice of people.
With the help of present research, solution for air pollution problems can be identified.
Therefore, it assists to focus on goals and objectives that can be accomplish with innovative
functioning. Furthermore, usefulness and advantages can be successfully build with electrical car
in India.
In the present research, there are several advantages with implementation of reasons for
identifying reasons of which is cause of greenhouse gases. Electric cars are 100% eco-friendly so
that it provides proper safety in the environment as it runs on clean energy source. They are also
better than the hybrid cars because it considers hybrid running on gas produce emission. This
topic has been selected to maintain security and reliability because there are fewer moving parts
so that there is lower maintenance costs. On festive season, it can be stated that fastest level gas
powered that is refuelled under five minutes. In addition to this, pollution effects also create
impact on health of human so that chemical effects need to be reduced. Breathing polluted air
puts at higher risk which create several other problems issues. Electric vehicle is better for India
because it assists to reduce using of fuel so that several costs associated in this can be reduced
successfully. Moreover, it can be stated that electric vehicle can lead with different sources of
spending and saving when it is compared to conventional (Saxena, Gopal and Phadke, 2014).
6

Importance for implement electrical vehicle
Cost to run electric vehicle is slightly more complicated. In addition to this, pay gas
pump type fee every time EV battery can be charge that are used to counts towards electric bill.
As a result, it can be stated that decreasing in price also assists to focus on renewable energy and
advance technology that would be beneficial to consider successful policy implementation. Fuel
used to power car is only one factor that assists to focus on the vehicle maintenance costs which
can be stack up over the time. With the help of comparison, it can be stated that internal
combustion engine is cost disappear so that universal vehicle expenses like tire and brake
changes, insurance and structural repair that included with EV owners avoid many repeated cost
that is associated with engine upkeep.
Importance of present research
A great reason to go with electric vehicle is wealth of federal and state incentives
available. It rebates ans assists to include typically higher cost for electric car. As a result, it
makes financial feasibility which change constantly and important to know what kinds of
incentives that are available in front of each person (Nykvist and Nilsson, 2015). Availability of
incentives is also coupled with continuously falling cost that made investment with smart energy
and money decision. Furthermore, electric vehicle are also assists to deal as per lifestyle of
person when it is compared to myriad cost surrounding ICE purchase and maintenance. In order
to choose EV can be intelligent fiscal decisions.
7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Significance of electric auto-mobiles
Electric cars are the vehicles which run partially with electricity. They have electric
batteries which can be recharge after use. According to Jordan Donaldson, 2019 electric cars are
more prominent in society because these are affordable and environment friendly. Electric cars
have positive impact in lives, environment and pocket as well. So there is personal and social
benefits which makes it more relevant in market. In India, there is major problem is because of
pollution, so in this case, electric cars give major benefits. Greenhouse gas emission are caused
due to pollution from trucks, cars, etc. So this can also reduces. As there is no fuel in electric
cars, so there is no harm to environment. Usually car maintenance, carrying and running cost is
more, hence this is cost savy as well. There are some benefits of using electric car which is
discussed as under-
Economic growth- Electric car is result of growth and development of country, because
this is the result of innovation and invention taken place in society (Habeeb, 2017). When new
techniques is launched, then there are different investors which wants to invest, people purchase
electric car, so there is regular financial monetary is possible. This helps to boost economic
growth of country.
Positive impact on health- This give better impact on health of people residing in
society. There are many people who are suffering from skin infection, asthma, bronchitis which
cause due to carbon dioxide, benzene, etc. Driving experience of electric care is better than fuel
car. This makes these cars more popular in current market. These cars are more comfortable, so
individuals can travel for longer distance with no back issuers.
Energy saving- There is requirement of low energy and electricity for electric cars. This
is the reason these are more beneficial which helps to consume energy in best and relevant
manner. Electric cars can be charged with energy which is generated from remaining in
generator. So this helps to use wasted energy for running cars.
Environmental benefits- With use of electric auto mobile, there is better use of energy,
so this is better and effective for environmental concept as well (Kappagantu and et. al., 2015). It
gives less emission which helps to understand changes which gives positive impact on
8

environment concept. These cars does not promote smog and other harmful elements, so in this
case there are some changes which helps to maintain wildlife, health of human beings and plants.
Evolution of hybrid vehicles in India
According to Claire Evans, 2019 Hybrid cars refers to the car which is manufactured by
consisting two types of car i.e. electric car and traditional car. In these cars, there is collusion of
electric and petrol or diesel engine in one car. There are many people who use car for different
purpose, hence in this case there are some environmental, health issues which gives an idea of
hybrid car. With use of hybrid car, there are positive impact on satisfaction of consumers. Hybrid
car has combination of petrol and electric car, so they are more durable. In 1997, Toyota Prius
has launched hybrid car. At that time around 250000 cars are sold which creates an benchmark in
industry. This car does not big, fast and beautiful but buyer purchase it because this was first
petrol- electric car. This car wins most prestigious award “European car of 2005” which gives
prevalence on road.
Purchase purchase Prius car because they are not polluting environment and without
paying any penalty, they are contributing for keeping environment safe. They are ready to pay
changes higher purchase cost in lieu of it (Karacalioglu and Bukley, 2015). Hybrid cars are more
comfortable and convenient because they are safe while driving. This makes more fame for
hybrid cars. In India, there is issue of traffic as well, so in this case with use of hybrid cars ,
government also promotes it this makes people to buy hybrid car because they are getting tax as
hybrid cars are taxed at around 12% which is low as compared to traditional car i.e. 43% (Why
the future is hybrid, 2019).
Factors responsible for failure of electric vehicles in India
In India, electric cars are not so famous in India because of different factors. According
to Agamoni Ghosh, 2019, there are some challenges which results in failure of electric cars in
India. These are discussed as under-
Over cost- In India price of electric cars is more. This is because there is issue in lithium-
ion batteries which cost more. User asked to subsidise the battery which makes them understand
by changes which are taking place in external market. In order to deal with it Niti Ayog is
working over it.
Lack of techno- friendly- In India various organisation such as Maruti, Bajaj, Mahindra,
Toyota, etc. which have weak research and development activities. So in India, people are also
9