Griffith University 6007ENG: Industry Affiliates Program Report

This project planning report outlines a study on electric mobility as an alternative to traditional thermal vehicles within the Industry Affiliates Program at Griffith University. It assesses the socio-economic and environmental effects of electrified transportation, focusing on models for sustainable assessment and the adoption of electric vehicles. The report details the project's purpose in evaluating the economic benefits of switching to electric vehicles, particularly considering power rates and fuel costs. Expected outcomes include analyzing the potential of electric vehicles for sustainable transportation, optimizing vehicle mixes, and exploring vehicle-to-grid technology. The study also covers the environmental impacts of alternative fuel trucks, aiming to inform decision-makers on sustainable transportation strategies. The report includes risk assessment and ethical considerations relevant to the project.

Your School goes here (e.g. Griffith School of Engineering)
Griffith University
Course code (e.g. 6007ENG) – Industry Affiliates Program
Your Project Planning Report Title Here
Your Name Goes Here (Include Full Name and Student Number)
Date of Submission (Include Year and Trimester)
Industry Organisation name
Industry Supervisor name (where appropriate)
Academic Supervisor name
A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Your degree program goes here
The copyright on this report is held by the author and/or the IAP Industry Partner. Permission
has been granted to Griffith University to keep a reference copy of this report.

XXXXCOURSE CODE – Industry Affiliates Program, Trimester X, 20XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Project Background.............................................................................................................1
2 Purpose of the Project.........................................................................................................1
3 Expected Project Outcomes................................................................................................2
4 Methodology to be Adopted and Project Schedule............................................................2
5 Risk Assessment.................................................................................................................3
5.1 Risk Assessment Matrix..............................................................................................3
5.2 Identified Risks............................................................................................................5
6 Ethics Issues Related to the Project....................................................................................7
7 REFERENCES...................................................................................................................8
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1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Transport has turned out to be one of the sectors with regard to energy intensity around the
globe. It accounts for a 41% level of the final consumption of energy at the national level
those results in a lot of emissions of pollution as well as greenhouse gases to not less than
23% in the kingdom atmosphere. The energy used by the transport sector is mainly derived
from petroleum products which are imported wholly from without the boundaries of the
various countries. This dependence on energy is hence to a great extent a possible
explanation of the heavy energy bill weight and hence the balance of payments [1].
The negative effect as a result of numerous means of transport is of importance on the
surrounding. In a bid to lower the same, the mobility needs have profoundly been reviewed
and more learning acquired regarding the patterns of travel of users. This step forms the basis
as well as purpose of the project perceived to be important in a bid to enhance new and better
mobility modes more ecological as well as friendlier to the environment. It is within the very
context that electric mobility is created as an alternative mode of transport to the thermal
vehicles [2]. The electric car is normally advanced as a potential solution for such energy as
well as economic state. Should it be in existence for more than a century, it is just for less
than a decade it is revisited and brought back to life and once more becomes an actual option
for the numerous motorists.
The project evaluated and came up with integrated sustainability assessment modes which are
among them socio-economic as well as Environmantal effects of an electrified sector of
transportation. In the early years, four modelling attempts were established. Such models are
an integrated sustainability assessment model for electric vehicles, life impact model of
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alternative options of fuel, stochastic cost stimulation model as well as electricity mix
sustainability model for electric vehicles. The four modeling attempts were brought together
in the later time frame of project to form a dynamic simulation model of electric vehicles
adoption which was inclusive of an elaborate cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment among
them uncertainties which will incorporate the social, economic as well as environmental
effects of electric vehicles [3].
2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
This examination looks at the degree to which explicit utility EV power rates, in mix with
fluctuating neighborhood fuel costs, can be appeared to give vehicle operational financial
advantages of changing from ordinary to electric vehicles (EVs). The setting for the
examination is the resurging enthusiasm for EVs, incorporating module mixture electric
vehicles (PHEVs) and unadulterated battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A few set up and new-
passage automakers have now reported their goal to market these vehicles in the 2010 to
2012 time allotment and in a couple of cases have effectively done as such. The fundamental
objective of this examination is to pick up customer market and strategy bits of knowledge
identified with the most recent power rates in California and over the United States (U.S.)
that have been produced for EV reviving. At present, there are noteworthy other buy
motivators for shoppers to change to electric-drive vehicles, including a noteworthy
government program that would spare customers up to $7,500US per "new qualified module
electric drive vehicle" through an expense credit that goes through the finish of 2014 (1).
There likewise are different state-level projects, for example, the California Fueling
Alternatives Rebate Program whose first stage simply finished, which presented to $5,000US
for qualified electric and other elective fuel vehicles for a couple of years (2). These projects
were set up to energize the early commercialization of EVs for their natural and energy use
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benefits, however they are not expected to toward the end in the more drawn out term when
relative EV expenses to customers are relied upon to have declined.
Past investigations of the general financial matters of PHEVs have discovered that lessening
the expense of PHEV batteries is basic to their capacity to accomplish practical ozone
depleting substance (GHG) decreases contrasted and different methodologies. There
additionally are significant exchange offs identified with vehicle structure, where bigger limit
battery PHEVs will have increasingly costly battery packs in a flat out sense however lower
costs per kilowatt-hour (kWh) when communicated in those terms (3). Concerning cost
viability in decreasing GHGs, one examination found that with flow battery costs, PHEVs
require low-carbon power to be savvy or critical government sponsorships to bring down
customer costs (4). The investigation found that battery costs beneath about $500US per kWh
can prompt sensibly savvy PHEVs for GHG decrease, contingent upon the carbon power of
the power age and the estimation of the carbon decrease per ton. The investigation further
discovered that in the event that PHEV battery expenses could reach $200US per kWh, at that
point PHEVs could be financially economical for shoppers and society even missing the
thought of GHG benefits and the age technique.
3 EXPECTED PROJECT OUTCOMES
Going by the most current data, the United States of America is getting late with regarding to
taking actions towards attaining sustainable transportation. Transportation represents more
than 25% of the total energy of the United States of America and more than 90% of energy
consumption is linked to petroleum as the source of energy. The share of transportation of
United States of America carbon emissions from consumption of fossil fuel has been
established to be about 30% within the last twenty years. These figures have unfortunately
not gone down during the last four decades [4]. Electric vehicle have in this regard gained a
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rapid interest around the world and is taken into consideration as a possible alternative
strategy that can be used for sustainable transportation. The research team concentrated on
seven areas of research as:
Passenger vehicles: The calculations of state specific carbon as well as energy footprint of
alternative vehicles for passengers among the hybrid, plug-in hybrid as well as battery
electric vehicles are done to completion. Besides the environmental effects, the economic as
well as social effects linked with the alternative passenger vehicles are as well quantified [5].
Optimum mix of vehicle in the United States of America is approximated depending on their
socio-economic benefits against environmental effects. The trade-off among such bottom
lines which include macro-level economic, environmental as well as social effects has been
evaluated. It will be established that environmental benefits of electric vehicles is greatly
dependent on generation mix of electricity.
Electric vehicles regional optimizer & market penetration model: The common uncertainty in
optimization of the transportation fleets as well as prediction of future market penetration of
electric vehicles will be addressed through the development of two novel integrated models:
 Electric Vehicle Regional Market Penetration
 Electric Vehicle Regional Optimizer
With the use of such two models, decision makers are able to make a prediction of the
optimal combination of various drivetrains including gasoline, gasoline extended range
electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as well as all-electric electric vehicles and
the penetration of the market of the electric vehicles in various regions of the United States of
America for the period 2030. Still, with the use of the method of Explanatory Modeling and
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Analysis, the uncertainties associated with the life cycle costs, water footprints as well as
environmental damage costs of the studied types of vehicles will be modeled for various
regions of electricity grid in United States of America [6].
The benefits of implementation of the developed Electric Vehicle Regional Optimizer model
is that the various decision makers are able to explore combinations that are most appropriate
of electric vehicles of all kinds against internal combustion engine vehicles depending on
their judgment of the significance of society cost against costs of environmental benefits. As
with regards the developed Electric Vehicle Regional Market Penetration decision makers are
able to do a verification of the impacts of the actions of government on penetration of future
market of electric vehicles. This aids in testing various circumstances to take note of the
responses of consumers to the effected policies. The created model of system dynamic
simulation aids in running numerous scenarios in the determination of the sustainability
effects of electric vehicles [7].
Vehicle-to-Grid technology: The use of vehicle to grid technology with regard to sustainable
transportation will be evaluated. vehicle to grid technologies make use of idle electric battery
power as tool for grid storage in mitigation fluctuations from the various sources of electric
power as well as aid supply backup in case of an emergency. The outcomes indicate the
system is able to lower the cost of the needed grid electricity besides providing for a net zero
building. The findings as well indicate that consumption of grid electricity for such case is
able to lower the power used by a contemporary building by to the tune of 68%. It was
established Battery-Electric transit as well as school buses have greater capacity of battery as
compared with passenger vehicles rendering them more feasible candidates for vehicle to grid
service. There is a great potential to monitor operation associated with emissions by using
vehicle to grid service for delivery trucks as well as school buses [8].
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Class 8 heavy duty trucks: A method of hybrid life cycle assessment was adopted in
analyzing as well as making comparisons of alternative fuel powered Class 8 heavy duty
trucks with the traditional trucks. The findings indicated that battery electric heavy duty
trucks perform better than all other kinds of trucks in general in spite of their increase in costs
as well as emissions linked to generation of electricity. Suppose electricity is produced from
sources of renewable energy using BE trucks is able to improve the life cycle performance of
truck alongside ambient quality of air to significant levels.
Delivery trucks: As a result of the common stop and go operation alongside long periods of
idling when driving along the congested urban regions, the electrification of the commerce
delivery trucks provide an opportunity for saving. In this study, the environmental effects of
the different alternative fueled delivery trucks among them battery electric, diesel electric
hybrid as well as compressed natural gas trucks were taken through an analysis. The
analytical findings demonstrate that in as much as the battery electric delivery trucks are of
zero tailpipe emission, electric trucks are not anticipated to be of lower environment impacts
in comparison to the other alternatives [9]. The use of alternative fuel trucks is able to
mitigate the environmental effects even though the first cost of such trucks is relatively
higher in comparison with the conventional diesel trucks. A life cycle assessment on
economic input-output hybrid was carried out alongside Multi-Objective Linear
Programming to investigate different combinations of delivery truck fleets as well as to offer
an elaborate analysis of fleet performance. The findings show that when fuel economy tends
to be high and yearly mileage is low, the conventional diesel trucks can fulfill the needs in
both cases with significantly low costs. On the contrary, in circumstances of low fuel
economy and high levels of utilizations, hybrid vehicles turn out to be a preference.
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Valid to Home technology: As a result of great flexibility of the electric vehicles as well as
plug in electric vehicles in the interaction with power grid, they are able to play a
fundamental role in power system of the future. Valid to Home technologies may make use of
idle electric vehicle battery power as a tool for storage of electricity to take charge of the
variations in renewable electric power supply to offer electricity for the building during peak
time as well as aid in supplying electricity in case of emergency and power outages [10]. The
aim of this research is to integrate use of vehicles to home technology with a building that is
optimally designed to meet the need of a net zero energy building. It will be established that
vehicle to home technology is able to significantly lower the cost of electricity via storage of
electricity in battery during off-peak alongside depleting it when it gets to the peak hours.
This examination is moderately limited in extension, concentrating on the distinction between
fuel costs among EVs and correlation vehicles in various utility administration regions. It
doesn't adopt a more extensive lifecycle strategy as in past investigations that incorporate
vehicle capital costs, battery capital expenses, and the full scope of working costs as in
Delucchi and Lipman, for instance (14). Or maybe this examination is intended to add to
better utility rate comprehension and contributions to those investigation types and to extend
after some time to turn into a more extensive vehicle working cost appraisal model that
incorporates extra parts of working cost contrasts of new vehicle types. The creators
additionally note that the service organizations utilized in this investigation don't comprise an
irregular example and along these lines the induction to different utilities is constrained.
Additionally, power rates were thought to be the equivalent for the timeframe analyzed in the
examination (mid-2008 through mid-2009). Also, no affectability investigation was directed
on the vitality use (in watt-hours per mile or kilometer) of the EVs and the impact on yearly
fuel cost reserve funds. Moreover, some "arrangement" PHEV plans have all electric drive
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and utilize the gas motor just to energize the battery with a generator after the underlying
battery charge is depleted. As these vehicles are relied upon to be moderately effective even
in this "charge supporting" mode, they can be required to offer extra fuel cost investment
funds contrasted and traditional vehicles that the creators don't investigate and incorporate
here.
4 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED AND PROJECT SCHEDULE
The aim of the survey was to interview a section of the households of a region made up of
major people of not less than 18 years old. An online platform set aside to questionnaires
production as well as sharing was chosen:
To get major segments of survey questions attended to by interviewees
To enable a fluidity for collection as well as posterior treatment; and
Get to a great number of respondents drawn from various groups. The aforementioned
platform can transfer the gathered data to software for statistics including Xlstat, SPSS, and
Statview among others. Collection of data will be carried out in two various ways:
On-line which is composed of structured as well as simple forms providing instantaneous
collection of large number of answers alongside simple tools for manipulation?
Face-to-face is composed of physical interviews providing an actual insight regarding the
opinions of the interviewee alongside more elaborate answers [11].
Methods of sampling
In a bid to ascertain an efficient representativeness of sample with regard to target population,
the method of simple random sampling was chosen. Hence, all probable combinations pulled
of the demographic compositions have similar chances to be chosen. In other terms, all the
aspects of population have the same probability to form part of the sample [12]. The size of
theoretical sample was determined as per the equation below:
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22(1)dZPPn-= in which Z which is 1.96 is representative of the values provided in the normal
law table having a confidence level of 95%, d is the error in sampling otherwise tolerated
margin of error while P is the fraction of people that had their behavior calculated. P is
calculated to be 0.5 for the case of an infinite demographic composition ([13]. When P=0.5, a
threshold of confidence of 95% and an allowable margin of error +/- 5%, which is equivalent
to 0.05, the magnitude of the theoretical sample is as shown:
n= Z2 P(1−P)
d2 ≈385 respondents
Hence, 385 respondents would be needed to generate a maximum margin of error of 5%
found at 95% level of confidence. Upon determination of the needed theoretical sample TS,
there is need to estimate the number of beginning units to ensure the needed theoretical
number. A pilot survey is needed to this extent as this is s study of a minute population
sample surveyed of the total 385 respondents, taking into consideration the rates of non-
response, the invalidity of the chosen units considering errors as well as imperfections
alongside of the eligibility which define the answers that are supposed to appear on the list
[14]. The formula below is used for the starting sample:
ED=TS × 1
(NonRR ) × 1
IR × 1
ER
In which TS defines the theoretical sample, Non_RR defines the non-response rate, ER the
eligibility rate even as IR defines the invalidity rate. It should be remembered that collection
of the acquired data was conducted in two different ways:
On-line which is composed of structured as well as simple forms providing instantaneous
collection of large number of answers alongside simple tools for manipulation-the online
survey is used in enabling maximization of the chances of obtaining a desirable response rate.
In other words, an answer cannot be received to an inquiry without it being in a completed
form [15].
Face-to-face is composed of physical interviews providing an actual insight regarding the
opinions of the interviewee alongside more elaborate answers. These were adopted with the
aim of limiting the abandonment of respondents, giving reassurance to them for instance on
number of remaining questions [16].
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5 RISK ASSESSMENT
The following risk assessment matrix was used in carrying out this project
5.1 Risk Assessment Matrix
Likelihoo
d
Consequences
Catastrophi
c
(Cat)
Major
(Maj)
Moderat
e
(Mod)
Minor
(Min)
Insignifican
t
(Ins)
Almost
Certain
(AC)
Extreme
(E)
High
(H)
High
(H)
Mediu
m
(M)
Low
(L)
Likely
(L)
High
(H)
High
(H)
Medium
(M)
Mediu
m
(M)
Low
(L)
Possible
(P)
High
(H)
Mediu
m
(M)
Medium
(M)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
Unlikely
(U)
Medium
(M)
Mediu
m
(M)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
Rare
(R)
Medium
(M)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
Low
(L)
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