University Name: Electrical and Electronic Control: Smart Grid Review

This report provides a comprehensive overview of smart grid technologies, focusing on electrical and electronic control systems. It examines various articles that discuss the implementation of smart grids, including the use of multi-agent systems, microgrids, and intelligent controllers for load frequency control. The report highlights the challenges associated with smart grid implementation, such as communication network reliability and the need for efficient recovery strategies after power disturbances. It also explores different control approaches, including distributed control schemes and hierarchical control methods. The report emphasizes the importance of real-time testing, interoperability, and the development of standardized frameworks for smart grid applications. Furthermore, the report discusses the use of various tools and platforms, such as GridLab-D, OPNET, and AMAS, for simulation, modeling, and the design of smart grid systems. The analysis covers the application and development of real time testbeds for multi-agent interoperability, and the adaptation of control measures to improve the efficiency, reliability, and security of smart grids.

Running head: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CONTROL
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC CONTROL
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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General background
The idea of Smart Grid is a popular innovation in the field of digital technology. This
helps in two-way communications, taking place between utility sectors and customers. The
concept of the smart grid helps in the domain of sensing which is along the lines of transmission
of electricity. Some of the components which is related to the concept of the Smart grid are
computers, controls, automation, equipments and new technologies. In this context, it can be
stated that the sector of working which is related to the working of the smart grid would be
implemented only in the sector of the electrical grid which would be directly responding to
digitally and quickly to the sector of electrical demand. The implementation of the smart grid is
mostly done in different areas due to the factor of the efficiency in the transition of the electricity
and the quicker restoration of the electricity after the disturbance of the power. The database in
the concept is updated in the domain of run time which directly ensures the sector of the
effectiveness of the proposed recovery strategy. In the sector of the deployment, it can be stated
that the application which is developed using the platform may be directly be deployed without
any form of modification which should be done manually. The main demand of the concept is
related to the reduction of the peak demand which would be directly beneficial in the sector of
the lower rates of the electricity. The customers would also be directly benefiting from the
concept due to the factor of the power generation system which majorly includes the renewable
system of energy, and on the other hand, there is also an improvement in the sector of the
security.
The ideas of Smart Gris is also seen as an effective opportunity. This is unprecedented to
develop the energy sector for the present era. The new era would be directly including reliability,
efficiency and availability which would be contributing to the environmental and economic

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sector. It can be stated here that during the period of transition it can be stated that it would be
directly carrying technology improvement, testing and consumer educations. In the sector of the
different articles which are discussed below, it can be stated that different discussion area which
is related to the working of the smart grid and the concept and components which are linked to
the working are explained in details. In the different article, it is directly proved that the control
approach which is proposed is very much reliable and is considered to be robust against the
communication network which is directly satisfied in the condition of jointly connected. The
sector of research in the indicated area can be stated to be very much crucial in the domain of the
implementation of the standard of work which is linked to the device. In the following points
explanation of the different concepts are taken into consideration which is explained below:
Article 1
The article focusses in the idea to use technologies and agent. These are related to
service-oriented ideas in the area of intelligent energy system [1]. The main focus point is related
to the research which is ongoing and the development activities which are related to the smart
grid.
The main problem which is stated in the article is related to the deployment which is
massive in the sector of distributed resources of energy for example supply-demand balancing,
aggregation as well the concept of diagnostic relating to the fault detection.
The main solution to the problem which is detected in the article can be resolved using
the technology and concept like multi-agent system or the architecture which is service oriented.
The solution would be directly supporting intelligent, flexible and management of power grid

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which is active. Here, formal tool like UML or Unified Modeling Language is helpful to
demonstrate systems. This is done through standardize structure for easy understanding.
Article 2
Here the author has related the designing and implementation related to simulation,
recovery and modeling related to Smart Grid. The main problem which is investigated in the
domain of discussion is related to the failure propagation which is in the smart grid (SGs) which
directly complicates and prolongs the time of recovery which is related to the fault which has to
be resolved.
The solution which is related to the problem can be stated to be in the sector of
completeness and efficiency relating to the power system capacity to implement the recovery
action [2]. The main concept which is related to the concept can be related to the performing of
the communication process and on the other hand deployment of the locally distributed
databases.
In order to undertake the multi-agent framework for Smart Grid, GridLab-D is an
efficient tool. The software is an innovative power distribution system simulation and analysis
tool. This provides important data for users designing and operating distribution systems. This
also uses the wishes to take benefits of current energy technologies.
Article 3
The idea of distributed control scheme is seen to be widely accepted. This is examined
for the micro grid system. Fir this various distributed generators are considered. In the article
different form of comprehensive case studies are focused under the different environment of

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communication which is conducted to validate the effectiveness of the nonlinear approach of
control.
One of the problems which is related to the concept can be seen in the sector of the
foundation of the distributed scheme of control the network communication may not always be
reliable [3]. The main impact of the problem would be seen in the sector of deterioration of the
performance of the system, and it can even lead to the factor of the collapse of the system.
The main solution of the problem is related to the implementation of a nonlinear
hierarchical approach of control. The concept directly enables the sector of voltage and
frequency regulation relating to an islanded AC microgrid using an unreliable network of
communication.
For understanding the distributed non-linear hierarchical control regarding AC micro-grid
through unreliable communication can be done through algebraic graph theory. This includes
linear algebra and understanding graph invariants.
For understanding distributed multi-agent system on the basis of load frequency control
the hybrid system theory can be deployed. This analyzes behavior of dynamical systems. This
includes technological systems by various modeling formalisms including continuous models.
Article 4
Here, the article is related to intelligent controller for LFC or Load Frequency Control.
This is deployed to the environment of smart grid under the topology of communication. This is
done through multi-agent technology of the system. The main problem which is detected in the
sector is related to the network induced affect, the changes in the communication topology and

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the concept of the time delay [4] . The main problem which is addressed in the sector is related to
the reduction of the communication burden which is related to the network.
The main solution to the problem is seen in the sector is related to the implementation of
even trigger method of control which can be used in the domain of the reduction of the
communication burden of the network. The result of the research which is being conducted in the
area is related to the validation of the feasibility of the proposed control as well as the capacity
which is related to the multi-agent system for the operation of the load frequency control in the
smart grid with the changes in the communication topology.
In order to develop and apply real-time tested for multi-agent system interoperability
under the scenario of hierarchical micro grid control, artificial intelligence tools can be used.
Here, the foundation of FIPA or Intelligent Physical Agents intends to develop the inter-operable
agent communications having semantically meaningful messages.
Article 5
Here, the primary focus is on application and development. This is related to real time
testbed, regarding interoperability of multi-agent. The main problem which is seen in the
discussion of the article is related to the utilisation of the independent microgrid of the private
domain that is installed constantly and standardised framework of interoperability [5]. This is
majorly required in the domain of the defining of the model of behavioural aspects relating to the
plug and play and expandability.
The main solution of the problem is related to the development of intelligent electronic
devices (IED) prototypes and the actual setups relating to the microgrid. The result which was

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generated in the sector of the demonstration was made in both of the domains relating to
distributed and decentralised approaches of control.
Here, the platform for developing multi agent application and to include accurate
communication modelling, OPNET is an effective standalone tool. This is a discrete-event
simulator and has been using the idea of simulation time.

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Article 6
The authors focusses on discussion related to multi-agent system. This is seen as the
method related to the choice of realizing distributed critical application of Smart Grid. The main
domain of problem which is identified in the article is related to the solution which is not
available in the sector of system development which is difficult and ready and validated for
deployment.
The solution to the problem which is stated above is related to the design of a novel
platform which is related to the problem domain and resolves the problem [6]. The main design
which was implemented in the sector is related to the framework of development which is multi-
agent standard and a communication industry standard industry relating to the simulator network
which helps in the domain of efficiency of the smart grid.
Here, AMAS or Adaptive Multi-Agent System can be deployed. This is helpful to
overcome difficulties and maintain the bioprocess.
Article 7
The authors focusses on the idea of the proposed distributed system. This is related to the
approach of operations through forming various energizes micro gid through distributed
generation.
The main problem which is identified in the report is related to the utilisation of the
power control of quality and can be stated to be very much connected to the large microgrid
before the aspect of the restoration of the main grid.

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The main solution of the problem is related to the distribution of the multi-agent scheme
of which is designed for the aspect of designing using local communication for the discovery of
the global information as input which is related to the optimisation which is directly suitable for
the requirement of autonomous communication after the disastrous event [7] .
Here, the resilient distribution system through micro grid formation as any natural
disaster take place can be determined through power distribution analysis and simulation tool.
Here, PowerGAMA is an open-source package for market analysis and power system grid. This
is a lightweight toll of simulation for analyzing integration of renewable energy to huge power
systems.
Article 8
Here, the idea if related to develop various areas of adaptation. This includes controlling
measures that consists of related network multi-agent system. This also involves the working
related to that idea.
The main problem which is related to the context of the article is related to the solution
which is related to the control aspect of the Volt/Var control problem which is faced in the
distributed feeder. In this context, it can be stated that limitations and constraints which is related
to the power system network and communication as well as the uncertainties of the measurement
of the sensors which are adopted need to be specifically analysed relating to the design of the
network multi-agent system.
The main solution to the problem can be related to the development of a costimulation of
the platform which is related to the build by the integration of the two tools of simulation which

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are electromagnetic transient program EMTP and the network of communication simulator
Riverbed –OPNET modeller [8].
Here, Riverbed Modeler tool consists of various suite of technologies and protocols with
smart development of environment. Here, modelling of all kinds of technologies and network
types includes TCP, IPv6, MPLS, OSPFv3, VoIP and so on.
Article 9
The articles considers the rise in connections related to distributed generation of feeder.
These are related to the medium voltage. This has put emphasis over the area of reference to
photovoltaic units. The main focus point of the report is related to the secondary VCC scheme on
the distributed multi-agent approach.
The main problem which is seen in the sector of working which is related to the
discussion of the paper is related to the analysis of the distributed VVC of the performance when
it is shared in the cellular network [9] . This is mainly taken into consideration in the sector of
the cellular network which is used in the cooperative adjustment of the PV inverters reactive
power output.
The main solution of the problem is related to the concept can be directly be linked to the
sector of the analysis of the specific information development and technology communication
co-simulation of the platform. For this ASSET is an effective tool for providing RF coverage,
cell parameter, capacity and different neighbor planning for cellular networks.
Article 10

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Here, the primary focus is related to adaptive real time of VVO/CVR tailored
algorithm. This is distinct from the levels of targets and system topology. The main discussion in
the report is related to the variations which are required in the intelligent agent system.
The main problem which is seen in the sector is related to the development of the data
structure which is related to the working of the VVO/CVR and the concept of the working which
is linked to the sector of working.
The main solution which is related to the concept is developed to the sector of working of
the concept so that the desired result can be achieved from the sector of working relating to
VVO/CVR [10].
Here, MACSimJX can be implemented. This provides the ways for advanced modelling
and developing different types of multiagent driven control systems.

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References
[1] Vrba, Pavel, et al. "A review of agent and service-oriented concepts applied to intelligent
energy systems." IEEE transactions on industrial informatics 10.3 (2014): 1890-1903.
[2] Meskina, Syrine Ben, et al. "Multiagent framework for smart grids recovery." IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems 47.7 (2017): 1284-1300.
[3] Cai, He, and Guoqiang Hu. "Distributed nonlinear hierarchical control of AC microgrid via
unreliable communication." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9.4 (2018): 2429-2441.
[4] Singh, Vijay Pratap, Nand Kishor, and Paulson Samuel. "Distributed multi-agent system-
based load frequency control for multi-area power system in smart grid." IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics 64.6 (2017): 5151-5160.
[5] Cintuglu, Mehmet H., Tarek Youssef, and Osama A. Mohammed. "Development and
application of a real-time testbed for multiagent system interoperability: A case study on
hierarchical microgrid control." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9.3 (2018): 1759-1768.
[6] Perkonigg, Fidelis, Djordje Brujic, and Mihailo Ristic. "Platform for multiagent application
development incorporating accurate communications modeling." IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics 11.3 (2015): 728-736.
[7] Chen, Chen, et al. "Resilient distribution system by microgrids formation after natural
disasters." IEEE Transactions on smart grid 7.2 (2016): 958-966.
[8] Bottura, Riccardo, and Alberto Borghetti. "Simulation of the Volt/Var control in distribution
feeders by means of a networked multiagent system." IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Informatics 10.4 (2014): 2340-2353.

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[9] Borghetti, Alberto, et al. "Synchrophasors-based distributed secondary voltage/VAR control
via cellular network." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8.1 (2017): 262-274.
[10] Manbachi, Moein, et al. "Real-time adaptive VVO/CVR topology using multi-agent system
and IEC 61850-based communication protocol." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 5.2
(2014): 587-597.