Electronic Devices and Circuits: A Comprehensive Report
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Electronic Device and Circuit
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................5
LO1............................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Solution............................................................................................................................6
1.2 Solution............................................................................................................................8
1.3 Solution..........................................................................................................................12
1.4 Solution..........................................................................................................................13
LO2..........................................................................................................................................14
2.1 Solutions.........................................................................................................................14
2.2 Solutions.........................................................................................................................14
2.3 Solutions.........................................................................................................................16
2.4 Solution..........................................................................................................................17
LO3..........................................................................................................................................22
3.1.........................................................................................................................................22
3.2.........................................................................................................................................23
3.3 Solutions.........................................................................................................................26
LO4..........................................................................................................................................30
4.1 Solution:.........................................................................................................................30
Conclusion................................................................................................................................55
References................................................................................................................................56
1
Introduction................................................................................................................................5
LO1............................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Solution............................................................................................................................6
1.2 Solution............................................................................................................................8
1.3 Solution..........................................................................................................................12
1.4 Solution..........................................................................................................................13
LO2..........................................................................................................................................14
2.1 Solutions.........................................................................................................................14
2.2 Solutions.........................................................................................................................14
2.3 Solutions.........................................................................................................................16
2.4 Solution..........................................................................................................................17
LO3..........................................................................................................................................22
3.1.........................................................................................................................................22
3.2.........................................................................................................................................23
3.3 Solutions.........................................................................................................................26
LO4..........................................................................................................................................30
4.1 Solution:.........................................................................................................................30
Conclusion................................................................................................................................55
References................................................................................................................................56
1
List of Figures
Figure 1: Power Amplifier.........................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Class A power amplifier.............................................................................................8
Figure 3: Class B power amplifier.............................................................................................9
Figure 4: Class-AB power amplifier........................................................................................10
Figure 5: Amplifier circuit Design...........................................................................................11
Figure 6: Test Results of the circuit.........................................................................................11
Figure 7: I/O waveform of the circuit......................................................................................12
Figure 8: AC Analysis results..................................................................................................12
Figure 9: AC Analysis result (2)..............................................................................................13
Figure 10: CE Amplifier circuit design....................................................................................16
Figure 11: Fourier Analysis results..........................................................................................16
Figure 12: CE amplifier with feedback....................................................................................17
Figure 13: Test outcome...........................................................................................................17
Figure 14: Input Wave.............................................................................................................18
Figure 15: Output Wave...........................................................................................................18
Figure 16: I/O wave.................................................................................................................19
Figure 17: Input + Output wave...............................................................................................19
Figure 18: CE amplifier without feedback...............................................................................20
Figure 19: Graph of output.......................................................................................................20
Figure 20: Input and Output results.........................................................................................21
Figure 21: circuit for Wien-Bridge..........................................................................................22
Figure 22: Wein Bridge oscillator circuit.................................................................................24
Figure 23: Wein Bridge oscillator graph..................................................................................24
Figure 24: Collpitt Oscillator circuit design.............................................................................25
Figure 25: Collpitt Oscillator circuit test results......................................................................25
Figure 26: Wein-Bridge oscillator circuit................................................................................26
Figure 27: Wein-Bridge Fourier Analysis................................................................................26
Figure 28: Practical results Wein Bridge.................................................................................27
Figure 29: : Simulations results Wein Bridge..........................................................................27
Figure 30: Collpitt Oscillator circuit........................................................................................28
Figure 31: : Collpitt Oscillator practical results.......................................................................28
Figure 32: : Collpitt Oscillator simulation results....................................................................29
2
Figure 1: Power Amplifier.........................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Class A power amplifier.............................................................................................8
Figure 3: Class B power amplifier.............................................................................................9
Figure 4: Class-AB power amplifier........................................................................................10
Figure 5: Amplifier circuit Design...........................................................................................11
Figure 6: Test Results of the circuit.........................................................................................11
Figure 7: I/O waveform of the circuit......................................................................................12
Figure 8: AC Analysis results..................................................................................................12
Figure 9: AC Analysis result (2)..............................................................................................13
Figure 10: CE Amplifier circuit design....................................................................................16
Figure 11: Fourier Analysis results..........................................................................................16
Figure 12: CE amplifier with feedback....................................................................................17
Figure 13: Test outcome...........................................................................................................17
Figure 14: Input Wave.............................................................................................................18
Figure 15: Output Wave...........................................................................................................18
Figure 16: I/O wave.................................................................................................................19
Figure 17: Input + Output wave...............................................................................................19
Figure 18: CE amplifier without feedback...............................................................................20
Figure 19: Graph of output.......................................................................................................20
Figure 20: Input and Output results.........................................................................................21
Figure 21: circuit for Wien-Bridge..........................................................................................22
Figure 22: Wein Bridge oscillator circuit.................................................................................24
Figure 23: Wein Bridge oscillator graph..................................................................................24
Figure 24: Collpitt Oscillator circuit design.............................................................................25
Figure 25: Collpitt Oscillator circuit test results......................................................................25
Figure 26: Wein-Bridge oscillator circuit................................................................................26
Figure 27: Wein-Bridge Fourier Analysis................................................................................26
Figure 28: Practical results Wein Bridge.................................................................................27
Figure 29: : Simulations results Wein Bridge..........................................................................27
Figure 30: Collpitt Oscillator circuit........................................................................................28
Figure 31: : Collpitt Oscillator practical results.......................................................................28
Figure 32: : Collpitt Oscillator simulation results....................................................................29
2
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Figure 33: Diode layout...........................................................................................................30
Figure 34: Diode Layout..........................................................................................................32
Figure 35: Op-Amp Layout......................................................................................................33
Figure 36: Power supply characteristics..................................................................................34
Figure 37: Transistor Power Supply........................................................................................35
Figure 38: Diode output Graphical representation...................................................................35
Figure 39: Electrical characteristics.........................................................................................36
Figure 40: Forward Biased Characteristics..............................................................................36
Figure 41: Power Supply electrical characteristics..................................................................37
Figure 42: Power Amplifier characteristics.............................................................................38
Figure 43: Diode testing circuit................................................................................................39
Figure 44: Graph for Diode output...........................................................................................39
Figure 45: Transistor Circuit....................................................................................................40
Figure 46: Transistor circuit Input wave..................................................................................41
Figure 47:: Transistor circuit output wave...............................................................................41
Figure 48: I/O wave for Transistor testing...............................................................................42
Figure 49: Operational Amplifier Circuit................................................................................42
Figure 50: Transistor output graph...........................................................................................43
Figure 51: Test of Power Supply Circuit.................................................................................43
Figure 52: Power Supply AC to DC Graphical representation................................................44
Figure 53: Testing circuit of Transistor amplifier....................................................................45
Figure 54: Transistor amplifier circuit graph...........................................................................45
Figure 55: 1N4007 circuit diagram of diode testing................................................................46
Figure 56: Diode testing results...............................................................................................47
Figure 57: Transistor circuit.....................................................................................................48
Figure 58: Input wave..............................................................................................................49
Figure 59: Output wave............................................................................................................49
Figure 60: I/O wave.................................................................................................................49
Figure 61: Op-Amp circuit on Multisim..................................................................................50
Figure 62: Input and Output circuit..........................................................................................50
Figure 63: Power supply circuit...............................................................................................51
Figure 64: Testing results for power supply circuit.................................................................52
Figure 65: Transistor circuit.....................................................................................................53
Figure 66: 2N222 Circuit design..............................................................................................54
3
Figure 34: Diode Layout..........................................................................................................32
Figure 35: Op-Amp Layout......................................................................................................33
Figure 36: Power supply characteristics..................................................................................34
Figure 37: Transistor Power Supply........................................................................................35
Figure 38: Diode output Graphical representation...................................................................35
Figure 39: Electrical characteristics.........................................................................................36
Figure 40: Forward Biased Characteristics..............................................................................36
Figure 41: Power Supply electrical characteristics..................................................................37
Figure 42: Power Amplifier characteristics.............................................................................38
Figure 43: Diode testing circuit................................................................................................39
Figure 44: Graph for Diode output...........................................................................................39
Figure 45: Transistor Circuit....................................................................................................40
Figure 46: Transistor circuit Input wave..................................................................................41
Figure 47:: Transistor circuit output wave...............................................................................41
Figure 48: I/O wave for Transistor testing...............................................................................42
Figure 49: Operational Amplifier Circuit................................................................................42
Figure 50: Transistor output graph...........................................................................................43
Figure 51: Test of Power Supply Circuit.................................................................................43
Figure 52: Power Supply AC to DC Graphical representation................................................44
Figure 53: Testing circuit of Transistor amplifier....................................................................45
Figure 54: Transistor amplifier circuit graph...........................................................................45
Figure 55: 1N4007 circuit diagram of diode testing................................................................46
Figure 56: Diode testing results...............................................................................................47
Figure 57: Transistor circuit.....................................................................................................48
Figure 58: Input wave..............................................................................................................49
Figure 59: Output wave............................................................................................................49
Figure 60: I/O wave.................................................................................................................49
Figure 61: Op-Amp circuit on Multisim..................................................................................50
Figure 62: Input and Output circuit..........................................................................................50
Figure 63: Power supply circuit...............................................................................................51
Figure 64: Testing results for power supply circuit.................................................................52
Figure 65: Transistor circuit.....................................................................................................53
Figure 66: 2N222 Circuit design..............................................................................................54
3
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Figure 67: 2N2222 test I/O wave.............................................................................................54
List of Tables
Table 1: Amplifier Topologies.................................................................................................15
Table 2: Characteristics of Diode.............................................................................................30
Table 3: Diode electrical Characteristics.................................................................................32
Table 4: Pin configuration of 741............................................................................................33
4
List of Tables
Table 1: Amplifier Topologies.................................................................................................15
Table 2: Characteristics of Diode.............................................................................................30
Table 3: Diode electrical Characteristics.................................................................................32
Table 4: Pin configuration of 741............................................................................................33
4
Introduction
Electronic circuits and devices are the most important things these days. Whether it is
medical field, education field and IT industry or any professional business, electronic devices
are used at a very vast range of development. The use of electronic devices is everywhere
these days and that is why students need to go through this so that the innovation of new
technologies can be initiated.
In this report, electronic circuits like amplifier, oscillators, diodes, transistors, operational
amplifier are assessed and tested on Multisim software. Multisim provides a representation of
these circuits and shows the test results. This report consists these circuits design, their
manufacturer’s characteristics, electrical characteristics, their circuit design and also test
results are obtained and shown in the report.
5
Electronic circuits and devices are the most important things these days. Whether it is
medical field, education field and IT industry or any professional business, electronic devices
are used at a very vast range of development. The use of electronic devices is everywhere
these days and that is why students need to go through this so that the innovation of new
technologies can be initiated.
In this report, electronic circuits like amplifier, oscillators, diodes, transistors, operational
amplifier are assessed and tested on Multisim software. Multisim provides a representation of
these circuits and shows the test results. This report consists these circuits design, their
manufacturer’s characteristics, electrical characteristics, their circuit design and also test
results are obtained and shown in the report.
5
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LO1
1.1 Solution
Power amplifiers are used in the amplification of power that is transferred to its circuit. More
specifically, these kinds of amplifiers increase the amplitude of the output wave and hence
increase the strength of the input wave. Main characteristics of an ideal amplifier are
efficiency, gain signal, linearity and output power. But in the practical cases these
characteristics don’t always match with the results or output.
Figure 1: Power Amplifier
According to the configuration of circuits, the power amplifiers are divided into different
classes. Every circuit of various class of amplifies signals with multiple characteristics.
Following are the classes of the power amplifier that are basically used for amplifying the
audio signals and similar cases.
Class-A Amplifier
Class-B Amplifier
Class-AB Amplifier
Class-A Amplifier
Follow are the characteristics of the class-A amplifier.
6
1.1 Solution
Power amplifiers are used in the amplification of power that is transferred to its circuit. More
specifically, these kinds of amplifiers increase the amplitude of the output wave and hence
increase the strength of the input wave. Main characteristics of an ideal amplifier are
efficiency, gain signal, linearity and output power. But in the practical cases these
characteristics don’t always match with the results or output.
Figure 1: Power Amplifier
According to the configuration of circuits, the power amplifiers are divided into different
classes. Every circuit of various class of amplifies signals with multiple characteristics.
Following are the classes of the power amplifier that are basically used for amplifying the
audio signals and similar cases.
Class-A Amplifier
Class-B Amplifier
Class-AB Amplifier
Class-A Amplifier
Follow are the characteristics of the class-A amplifier.
6
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Class amplifiers are basically stable kind of amplifier that produces an appropriate output
in the ideal case and for the practical case, there is less distortion can be found on the
output waves.
This amplifier also produces high linearity or fidelity in its outputs. Linearity or fidelity
basically means that they can modify or increase the capability of the input signal and
won’t let the content of the signal changed.
This amplifier also produces a low level of distortion into the output signals or the waves.
When working on these amplifiers, the basic phenomenon is to amplify a wave without
changing the input signal content or making it distorted.
The amplifier’s design is quite simple that is another characteristic of this amplifier as it
makes it quite understandable.
This amplifier works for the low charge activity which means that this amplifier does not
have higher extra power input need to process it.
One drawback can be considered of this type of power amplifier which is that the output
produced is with high heat. This means that this kind of power amplifier produces heat
when it comes to producing an output range. This is the reason that this amplifier heats up
during any operation that is performed on it.
Class-B Amplifier
This is the second class of the power amplifiers. This amplifier is also a stable kind of
amplifier and as well as reliable to work upon. When working with the audio waves or
signals and amplifying them, reliability is a major concern that arises.
This class of amplifier although produces heat during the process of the amplification of a
signal wave but the quantity of producing the heat at the output in the wave is lesser than
it is in the class A amplifier.
This amplifier is basically constructed using 2 complementary kind transistors that work
with the negative and positive cycle. More specifically one works for the negative cycle
and another one work for the positive cycle.
This amplifier needs a voltage to start not alike than the class A amplifier. This amplifier
initiates when 0.7 volts are provided to the circuit.
As well as with the reliability and stability, this amplifier produces high efficiency in
working and hence produces required results.
Class-AB Amplifier
7
in the ideal case and for the practical case, there is less distortion can be found on the
output waves.
This amplifier also produces high linearity or fidelity in its outputs. Linearity or fidelity
basically means that they can modify or increase the capability of the input signal and
won’t let the content of the signal changed.
This amplifier also produces a low level of distortion into the output signals or the waves.
When working on these amplifiers, the basic phenomenon is to amplify a wave without
changing the input signal content or making it distorted.
The amplifier’s design is quite simple that is another characteristic of this amplifier as it
makes it quite understandable.
This amplifier works for the low charge activity which means that this amplifier does not
have higher extra power input need to process it.
One drawback can be considered of this type of power amplifier which is that the output
produced is with high heat. This means that this kind of power amplifier produces heat
when it comes to producing an output range. This is the reason that this amplifier heats up
during any operation that is performed on it.
Class-B Amplifier
This is the second class of the power amplifiers. This amplifier is also a stable kind of
amplifier and as well as reliable to work upon. When working with the audio waves or
signals and amplifying them, reliability is a major concern that arises.
This class of amplifier although produces heat during the process of the amplification of a
signal wave but the quantity of producing the heat at the output in the wave is lesser than
it is in the class A amplifier.
This amplifier is basically constructed using 2 complementary kind transistors that work
with the negative and positive cycle. More specifically one works for the negative cycle
and another one work for the positive cycle.
This amplifier needs a voltage to start not alike than the class A amplifier. This amplifier
initiates when 0.7 volts are provided to the circuit.
As well as with the reliability and stability, this amplifier produces high efficiency in
working and hence produces required results.
Class-AB Amplifier
7
After constructing the class A amplifier and class B amplifier, a combination of both the
amplifiers is created so that they can work with high efficiency and great output. Following
are the characteristics of the Class AB amplifier.
This kind of amplifier produces no cross over distortion. It means that when the input
wave or the signal is changing from the negative cycle to the positive cycle or changing
from the positive cycle to the negative cycle, there is no distortion is recorded. This kind
of distortion of changing cycles is known as cross over distortion.
As this is a combination of both the amplifiers, this amplifier produces efficiency and
reliability. Working with this characteristic, the amplifier works producing required
outputs.
Same as the class B amplifier, these amplifiers also operates with two transistors
connected in its circuit. One works for the negative cycle and another one work for the
positive cycle.
The most important characteristic of this kind of transistor is that it combines the
characteristic of both the amplifier of class A and class B. it means that this amplifier
works with plus points of both the amplifier and also minimizes the drawbacks of both
the amplifiers.
1.2 Solution
Class A Amplifier
This is the first class of power amplifiers in which the operating point of the amplifier is
adjusted in a way that when the current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout
a whole cycle of the input signal that is provided to this amplifier circuit. In this circuit the
load node remains connected to the collector circuit and this circuit then stays connected to
the by the output of the transformer. This type of power amplifier produces output with high
level of heat. This means that this kind of power amplifier produces heat when it comes to
producing an output range. This is the reason that this amplifier heats up during any operation
that is performed on it.
8
amplifiers is created so that they can work with high efficiency and great output. Following
are the characteristics of the Class AB amplifier.
This kind of amplifier produces no cross over distortion. It means that when the input
wave or the signal is changing from the negative cycle to the positive cycle or changing
from the positive cycle to the negative cycle, there is no distortion is recorded. This kind
of distortion of changing cycles is known as cross over distortion.
As this is a combination of both the amplifiers, this amplifier produces efficiency and
reliability. Working with this characteristic, the amplifier works producing required
outputs.
Same as the class B amplifier, these amplifiers also operates with two transistors
connected in its circuit. One works for the negative cycle and another one work for the
positive cycle.
The most important characteristic of this kind of transistor is that it combines the
characteristic of both the amplifier of class A and class B. it means that this amplifier
works with plus points of both the amplifier and also minimizes the drawbacks of both
the amplifiers.
1.2 Solution
Class A Amplifier
This is the first class of power amplifiers in which the operating point of the amplifier is
adjusted in a way that when the current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout
a whole cycle of the input signal that is provided to this amplifier circuit. In this circuit the
load node remains connected to the collector circuit and this circuit then stays connected to
the by the output of the transformer. This type of power amplifier produces output with high
level of heat. This means that this kind of power amplifier produces heat when it comes to
producing an output range. This is the reason that this amplifier heats up during any operation
that is performed on it.
8
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Figure 2: Class A power amplifier
This produces a low level of distortion into the output signals or the waves. When working on
these amplifiers, the basic phenomenon is to amplify a wave without changing the input
signal content or making it distorted. Here, the aim of the transformer is to provide a match
for the impedance generated in the circuit. This results in delivering the maximum power to
the load node. Class A amplifiers are basically stable kind of amplifier that produces an
appropriate output in the ideal case and for the practical case, there is less distortion can be
found on the output waves also produces high linearity or fidelity in its outputs. Linearity or
fidelity basically means that they can modify or increase the capability of the input signal and
won’t let the content of the signal changed. The amplifier’s design is quite simple that is
another characteristic of this amplifier as it makes it quite understandable. This amplifier
works for the low charge activity which means that this amplifier does not have higher extra
power input need to process it.
Class B Amplifier
This is another class of power amplifiers in which the operating point of the amplifier is
adjusted in a way that when the current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout
only the positive half cycle of input signal which is provided to this amplifier circuit. There is
a little unlike class A amplifier in class B amplifier. Number of transistor is used in this
amplifier is two that conduct only the half cycle. In other words it can be said that these
transistors conduct only the 180-degree cycle of the input wave. This amplifier initiates when
0.7 volts are provided to the circuit. As well as with the reliability and stability, this amplifier
produces high efficiency in working and hence produces required results. In the ideal case
9
This produces a low level of distortion into the output signals or the waves. When working on
these amplifiers, the basic phenomenon is to amplify a wave without changing the input
signal content or making it distorted. Here, the aim of the transformer is to provide a match
for the impedance generated in the circuit. This results in delivering the maximum power to
the load node. Class A amplifiers are basically stable kind of amplifier that produces an
appropriate output in the ideal case and for the practical case, there is less distortion can be
found on the output waves also produces high linearity or fidelity in its outputs. Linearity or
fidelity basically means that they can modify or increase the capability of the input signal and
won’t let the content of the signal changed. The amplifier’s design is quite simple that is
another characteristic of this amplifier as it makes it quite understandable. This amplifier
works for the low charge activity which means that this amplifier does not have higher extra
power input need to process it.
Class B Amplifier
This is another class of power amplifiers in which the operating point of the amplifier is
adjusted in a way that when the current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout
only the positive half cycle of input signal which is provided to this amplifier circuit. There is
a little unlike class A amplifier in class B amplifier. Number of transistor is used in this
amplifier is two that conduct only the half cycle. In other words it can be said that these
transistors conduct only the 180-degree cycle of the input wave. This amplifier initiates when
0.7 volts are provided to the circuit. As well as with the reliability and stability, this amplifier
produces high efficiency in working and hence produces required results. In the ideal case
9
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class B amplifier consist two devices that remain active and on that basis those are biased one
by one for both the negative and positive cycle.
Figure 3: Class B power amplifier
This amplifier is also a stable kind of amplifier and as well as reliable to work upon. In
comparison with class A amplifier, class B amplifier produces more relevant output and
works with providing the 25-30% higher efficiency. More specifically, these amplifiers
provide more than 60 per cent efficiency in an overall range. Also heat dissipation is
minimized in these amplifiers. When working with the audio waves or signals and amplifying
them, reliability is a major concern that arises. This class of amplifier although produces heat
during the process of the amplification of a signal wave but the quantity of producing the heat
at the output in the wave is lesser than it is in class A amplifier.
Class AB Amplifier
It’s a combined class of power amplifiers in which is a mixture of both class A and B class
power amplifier. The operating point of the amplifier is adjusted in a way that when the
current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout a cycle which is less in
comparison with signal wave but over and above of the half cycle of the input signal that is
provided to this amplifier circuit. In this circuit the load node remains connected to the
collector circuit and this circuit then stays connected to the by the output of the transformer.
Here, the aim of the transformer is to provide a match for the impedance generated in the
circuit. This results in delivering of the maximum power to the load node.
This kind of amplifier produces no cross over distortion. It means that when the input wave
or the signal is changing from the –ve cycle to the +ve cycle or changing from the +ve cycle
10
by one for both the negative and positive cycle.
Figure 3: Class B power amplifier
This amplifier is also a stable kind of amplifier and as well as reliable to work upon. In
comparison with class A amplifier, class B amplifier produces more relevant output and
works with providing the 25-30% higher efficiency. More specifically, these amplifiers
provide more than 60 per cent efficiency in an overall range. Also heat dissipation is
minimized in these amplifiers. When working with the audio waves or signals and amplifying
them, reliability is a major concern that arises. This class of amplifier although produces heat
during the process of the amplification of a signal wave but the quantity of producing the heat
at the output in the wave is lesser than it is in class A amplifier.
Class AB Amplifier
It’s a combined class of power amplifiers in which is a mixture of both class A and B class
power amplifier. The operating point of the amplifier is adjusted in a way that when the
current flows, it flows from the collector junction throughout a cycle which is less in
comparison with signal wave but over and above of the half cycle of the input signal that is
provided to this amplifier circuit. In this circuit the load node remains connected to the
collector circuit and this circuit then stays connected to the by the output of the transformer.
Here, the aim of the transformer is to provide a match for the impedance generated in the
circuit. This results in delivering of the maximum power to the load node.
This kind of amplifier produces no cross over distortion. It means that when the input wave
or the signal is changing from the –ve cycle to the +ve cycle or changing from the +ve cycle
10
to the –ve cycle, there is no distortion is recorded. This kind of distortion of changing cycles
is known as cross over distortion.
Figure 4: Class-AB power amplifier
As this is a combination of both the amplifiers, this amplifier produces efficiency and
reliability. Working with this characteristic, the amplifier works producing required outputs.
Same as the class B amplifier, these amplifiers also operates with two transistors connected in
its circuit. One works for the negative cycle and another one work for the positive cycle.
Using the class AB amplifier is an alternative method to overcoming the cross-over
distortion. Class AB amplifier uses moderate insulating angles of both Class A and Class B,
so in this AB class of amplifier topology we can see both Class A and Class B amplifier
characteristics. Comparable to class B, with two connected devices performing individually
throughout half of that same cycles, this has the same specification, but each unit is bias
separately so that they don't get over to the useless moment.
11
is known as cross over distortion.
Figure 4: Class-AB power amplifier
As this is a combination of both the amplifiers, this amplifier produces efficiency and
reliability. Working with this characteristic, the amplifier works producing required outputs.
Same as the class B amplifier, these amplifiers also operates with two transistors connected in
its circuit. One works for the negative cycle and another one work for the positive cycle.
Using the class AB amplifier is an alternative method to overcoming the cross-over
distortion. Class AB amplifier uses moderate insulating angles of both Class A and Class B,
so in this AB class of amplifier topology we can see both Class A and Class B amplifier
characteristics. Comparable to class B, with two connected devices performing individually
throughout half of that same cycles, this has the same specification, but each unit is bias
separately so that they don't get over to the useless moment.
11
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