Electronic Circuits Practical and Simulation Report

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Electronic Circuits and Devices

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
LO1..................................................................................................................................................5
(1.1)..............................................................................................................................................5
(1.2)..............................................................................................................................................6
(1.3)..............................................................................................................................................9
(1.4)............................................................................................................................................11
LO2................................................................................................................................................12
(2.1)............................................................................................................................................12
(2.2)............................................................................................................................................14
(2.3)............................................................................................................................................14
(2.4)............................................................................................................................................15
LO3................................................................................................................................................19
(3.1)............................................................................................................................................19
(3.2)............................................................................................................................................22
(3.3)............................................................................................................................................23
LO4................................................................................................................................................24
(4.1)............................................................................................................................................24
(4.2)............................................................................................................................................33
(4.3)............................................................................................................................................36
(4.4)............................................................................................................................................41
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................47
References......................................................................................................................................48
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List of Figures
Figure 1: power amplifier.............................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Circuit of Class A..........................................................................................................6
Figure 3: waveform of input and output in operation B............................................................7
Figure 4: Circuit of AB configuration.........................................................................................8
Figure 5: Practical test on Amplifier...............................................................................................9
Figure 6: Wave resulting Output with inputs..................................................................................9
Figure 7: Evaluation of Simulation for the given Circuit..............................................................10
Figure 8: Practical test on Operational Amplifier..........................................................................11
Figure 9: Fourier Analysis.............................................................................................................11
Figure 10: Feedback amplifier...................................................................................................12
Figure 11: Positive Feedback......................................................................................................13
Figure 12: Negative Feedback....................................................................................................13
Figure 13: Circuit designed for applying Feedback......................................................................14
Figure 14: Circuit with Feedback.................................................................................................15
Figure 15: Analysis of Circuit.......................................................................................................15
Figure 16: Without feedback circuit..............................................................................................16
Figure 17: Without Feedback Analysis.........................................................................................16
Figure 18: Simulation of without feedback circuit........................................................................17
Figure 19: Circuit with Feedback..................................................................................................17
Figure 20: Analysis of frequency based on the given values and gain..........................................18
Figure 21: Block diagram of oscillator......................................................................................19
Figure 22: Hartley Oscillator......................................................................................................20
Figure 23: Wien Bridge Oscillator.............................................................................................20
Figure 24: Pierce Oscillator........................................................................................................21
Figure 25: Wien Bridge Oscillator................................................................................................22
Figure 26: Analysis of Wien Bridge Oscillator.............................................................................22
Figure 27: Wien Bridge Oscillator................................................................................................23
Figure 28: Analysis of Wien Bridge Oscillator.............................................................................23
Figure 29: Colpits Oscillator.........................................................................................................24
Figure 30: Analysis of Colpits Oscillator......................................................................................24
Figure 31: Diode Datasheet.........................................................................................................25
Figure 32: Inner circuit...............................................................................................................26
Figure 33: Datasheet for transistor............................................................................................27
Figure 34: Datasheet for OA.......................................................................................................28
Figure 35: Datasheet of electricity for OA................................................................................28
Figure 36: Data Sheet for input circuit......................................................................................30
Figure 37: Datasheet for output Circuit....................................................................................31
Figure 38: Datasheet for electricity............................................................................................31
Figure 39: Datasheet for transistor amplifier Circuit..............................................................32
Figure 40: Information about Diode 1N3891A.............................................................................33
Figure 41: Information about Transistor – 2N3947.......................................................................33
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Figure 42: Information about Operational Amplifier – LM741H.................................................34
Figure 43: Information about Power Supply-LM340T-8..............................................................34
Figure 44: Information about Transistor Amplifier – 2N3947......................................................35
Figure 45: Image of anode and Cathode of Diode....................................................................36
Figure 46: Condition Graph for Diode......................................................................................37
Figure 47: Image of NPN transistor...........................................................................................37
Figure 48: Condition graph for transistor.................................................................................38
Figure 49: Graph of OA testing..................................................................................................39
Figure 50: Condition graph for transistor amplifier Circuit...................................................40
Figure 51: Diode Circuit................................................................................................................41
Figure 52: Diode-Analysis Practical Result..................................................................................41
Figure 53: Diode DC analysis........................................................................................................42
Figure 54: Transistor Circuit.........................................................................................................42
Figure 55: Transistor-Analysis Practical Result............................................................................43
Figure 56: Operational Amplifier Circuit......................................................................................43
Figure 57: Operational Amplifier-Analysis Practical Result.........................................................44
Figure 58: Power Supply Circuit...................................................................................................44
Figure 59: Power Supply-Analysis Practical Result......................................................................45
Figure 60: Transistor Amplifier Circuit.........................................................................................45
Figure 61: Transistor Amplifier-Analysis Practical Result...........................................................46
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Introduction
In this report, the concept of Electronic Circuits and Devices has been explained in which, it has
shown about the feedback amplifier and its application, types and its effects on an amplifier.
There is a brief description of the power amplifier and their application & classification. This
report also discussed the Oscillator and its types and application, the manufacture data sheet is
also shown off some equipment like a diode, transistor, power amplifier, transistor amplifier, and
power supply-Circuit and numerical practical is also has done on the respective present topic in
this report. Some tests also have done on the circuit given in the question, and some Circuit is
also has been analyzed, basically, by this report, the basic doubts and concept of a person can
easily vanish on electronic circuits and devices and it gives a familiarity about this topic.
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LO1
(1.1)
Power Amplifier: There are several signals in the amplifier when the signal of audio is
modified into the signal of electric, and before the power amplification there are various voltage
amplification should be done in the amplifier and just before the amplification goes to the
loudspeaker or audio the loudspeaker the power amplification will be done. As the amplifier
increases the voltage amplification than on the other hand this power amplifier increases the
power of the amplifier, basically, the power amplifier is also used to modify the Direct current
into Alternate current. The main function of the power amplifier is to increase the Power
intensity in the input function.
Figure 1: power amplifier
Source: (Tutorialspoint, 2018)
The Power amplifier has divided according to the mode of its operation and there are four types
of the operational power amplifier and named as:
Class A: Class A is the type of amplifier in which the current of collector will flow at every time
throughout the signal's lifetime.
Class B: In Class B of power amplifier the collector current will flow only when the positive half
cycle of the input signal will be inactive mode.
Class C: In the power amplifier class C is said, when the current of collector will not be able to
flow till the half-cycle, this is known as class C.
Class AB: In this Class, the characteristic of both classes A and B will be included and can be
used together for future purposes.
These are the Operational characteristic of power amplifiers class A, B, C & AB.
5

(1.2)
Performance Characteristic of class A, B & AB:
A class:
As previously it has been stated that Class A is a type of Power amplifier which flow collector
current every time throughout the life cycle of an input signal. In Class A of power amplifier, it
can easily amplify the small signal with a negligible breakage or distortion of the signal.
Figure 2: Circuit of Class A
Source: (Tutorialspoint, 2018)
In the above figure, it can be seen that the transformer is situated at the collector in the circuit in
the form of Load. The transformer will help in the matching of impedance, and providing the
high power to the load, the output and input will be the same in this class. The output in this class
will be of low power.
B Class:
As, in previous question the Class B of power amplifier is clearly stated that when current of
collector will be only able to flow the current till half positive cycle of input signal, then that
class is said B. The transformer biasing in this class has done in a way that at the signal of zero
there will be no flow in the current of collector and at that state is said to be voltage cut-off.
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Figure 3: waveform of input and output in operation B
Source: (Tutorialspoint, 2018)
When current will flow in half positive cycle at that time the circuit will be in the forward bias
direction, after the completion of positive half cycle when negative half cycle is about to start
than the current or voltage of collector will be cut-off than at the time of negative half cycle the
direction of the circuit will be reversed bias. In this class of Power amplifier, there is no need for
equal and opposite output.
AB Class:
AB Class which is clear by its name that this Class is the mixture of both A & B. This class is
used to eliminate the disadvantages of each other and use their respective advantages together.
There is a problem arrived which named as cross distortion, in this problem both the transistor
will be switched-off or cut-off at the same time while the circuit is in transition situation, in that
case, a class of positive half cycle is needed, so there is only a class AB which can solve this
problem by using the advantage of both the classes. So, In-class AB the transistor is in the form
of push-pull which is conducting more in the positive half cycle and conducting less in the Full-
life cycle. This is a brief description of the class AB.
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Figure 4: Circuit of AB configuration
Source: (Tutorialspoint, 2018)
8

(1.3)
Figure 5: Practical test on Amplifier
This practical is performed on a machine which is providing the practical results to us. This
Amplifier will generate the result in a waveform that can be analyzed by the graphical
presentation.
Figure 6: Wave resulting Output with inputs
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In this above wave representation, the blue waves are the outputs corresponding to the pink color
input waves. This graph is clearly representing the performance of the Amplifier. This analysis is
done with the help of Fourier series so output waves are the sinusoidal waves.
Figure 7: Evaluation of Simulation for the given Circuit
This is AC analysis done for the Amplifier to know the practical result about its frequency by
changing the range of frequency.
10

(1.4)
Figure 8: Practical test on Operational Amplifier
Figure 9: Fourier Analysis
All the results are identified by following all the design criteria and in the above image all the
values are mentioned according to a particular time and this result will be shown as the
simulation and it validates the simulation and all the previous results identified for the Amplifier.
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