Semester 1: Electronic Circuits and Devices Report

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Electronic Circuits and Devices
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Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................6
LO1:.................................................................................................................................................7
1.1................................................................................................................................................7
1.2..............................................................................................................................................10
1.3..............................................................................................................................................12
1.4..............................................................................................................................................13
LO2:...............................................................................................................................................16
2.1..............................................................................................................................................16
2.2..............................................................................................................................................17
2.3..............................................................................................................................................17
2.4..............................................................................................................................................19
LO3:...............................................................................................................................................20
3.1..............................................................................................................................................20
3.2..............................................................................................................................................23
3.3..............................................................................................................................................25
4.1..............................................................................................................................................28
4.2..............................................................................................................................................33
4.3..............................................................................................................................................36
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4.4..............................................................................................................................................39
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................46
References......................................................................................................................................47
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Class A amplifier..............................................................................................................8
Figure 2: Class B amplifier..............................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Class AB amplifier...........................................................................................................9
Figure 4: Class C Amplifier.............................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Performance characteristics of class A amplifier...........................................................10
Figure 6: Performance characteristics of class B amplifier...........................................................11
Figure 7: Performance characteristics of class AB amplifier........................................................11
Figure 8: Circuit representation.....................................................................................................13
Figure 9: Graphical representation................................................................................................13
Figure 10: Circuit diagram for operational amplifier....................................................................14
Figure 11: Circuit analysis of operational amplifier......................................................................14
Figure 12: Graphical representation..............................................................................................15
Figure 13: Graphical representation of the operational amplifier.................................................15
Figure 14: Circuit representation of CE amplifier with feedback.................................................17
Figure 15: Graphical representation of CE amplifier with feedback.............................................18
Figure 16: Graphical representation of CE amplifier with feedback.............................................18
Figure 17: Gain and loss with feedback........................................................................................19
Figure 18: Gain and loss without feedback...................................................................................19
Figure 19: Armstrong Oscillator....................................................................................................20
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Figure 20: Hartley Oscillator.........................................................................................................21
Figure 21: Colpitts Oscillator........................................................................................................22
Figure 22: Analysis of Wien Bridge..............................................................................................24
Figure 23: Analysis of Colpitts oscillator......................................................................................24
Figure 24: Circuit diagram of Wien bridge...................................................................................25
Figure 25: Wien bridge circuit analysis.........................................................................................26
Figure 26: Graphical representation of the Wien bridge...............................................................26
Figure 27: Circuit of coalpit oscillator...........................................................................................27
Figure 28: Analysis of circuit........................................................................................................27
Figure 29: Graphical representation of the circuit characteristics.................................................28
Figure 30: Diode............................................................................................................................28
Figure 31: Amplifier Transistor: ON semiconductor....................................................................29
Figure 32: Operational amplifier...................................................................................................31
Figure 33: PC Power supply..........................................................................................................32
Figure 34: PN2222A, MMBT2222A and PZT2222 transistor amplifier circuit...........................33
Figure 35: Graphical representation of the diode behavior...........................................................36
Figure 36: Graphical representation of the behavior of transistor.................................................37
Figure 37: Waveform for operation amplifier...............................................................................37
Figure 38: Graphical Representation of behavior of power supply circuit operation...................38
Figure 39: Graphical Representation of the transistor amplifier circuit........................................39
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Figure 40: Diode stimulation.........................................................................................................40
Figure 41: Graphical representation of the results.........................................................................40
Figure 42: Fluctuations of voltage with time.................................................................................41
Figure 43: Transistor circuit representation...................................................................................41
Figure 44: Graphical representation of the Characteristics of transistor.......................................42
Figure 45: Operational amplifier circuit representation................................................................42
Figure 46: Graphical representation of the circuit characteristics.................................................43
Figure 47: Graphical representation of the circuit characteristics.................................................43
Figure 48: Circuit representation transistor amplifier...................................................................44
Figure 49: Graph representation of characteristics of transistor amplifier....................................44
Figure 50: Graph representation of characteristics of transistor amplifier....................................45
Figure 51: Circuit for power supply..............................................................................................45
Figure 52: Graphical characteristics for power supply circuit.......................................................46
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Introduction
The report is based on the analysis of different circuits based ion amplifiers. The report will
discuss different characteristics of the operation amplifier along with calculation for frequency as
well as practical's on the operational amplifier. The report will also highlight the concept test on
amplifier as well as discussion on the types of amplifier feedback with the practical
implementation as well as computation of the effect of negative feedback on amplifier
performance, application, as well as operation of oscillators, calculation related to the oscillators
performances, stimulations of circuits, adequate manufacturer datasheet, are identified for
different electrical circuit devices. The report will provide detail information about amplifiers as
well as the concept of practical's related to the test of amplifiers and oscillators.
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LO1:
1.1
The amplifier is basically for increasing the signal amplitude not disturbing the other waveform
parameters that include the shape of the wave as well as the wave frequency.
Amplifier Application Diagram
Class A
The amplifiers that consist
of the transistor of type
single switch as well as of
simple power are
categorized as class A
amplifier. It is the power
amplifier that is in the
si9mplest form. Class A
transistor remains biased
ON that help its induction
that is for a complete
cycle of input that can
generate maximum output
signal amplitude as well as
minimum distortion.
A circuit that requires
low power, as well as
the simple amplifiers
that are utilized in the
audio appliances,
requires a class A
amplifier.
Figure 1: Class A amplifier
Source: (Circuittoday, 2019)
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Class B
Class B transistor
always remains active be
it a positive cycle of
input or a negative cycle
of input, that is possible
due to the parallel
working of two
transistor respectively
for the negative and the
positive half cycle of the
input. The configuration
of the Class B amplifier
is generally termed as a
push-pull amplifier.
The efficiency of class
A amplifier is more than
the efficiency of class B
amplifier as a result so
these are generally used
on the application that is
for a low cost.
Figure 2: Class B amplifier
Source: (Circuittoday, 2019)
Class AB
Class AB amplifier is
formed by the
combination of class A as
well as class B amplifier.
The output of the class AB
amplifier is greater
compared to one single
positive input half cycles.
In class AB amplifier the
input, as well as the output
behaviors, differs as
compared to the input as
well as the output of class
A and class B amplifiers.
For the systems that are
complex as well as
formed by the
combination of more
than one circuits that are
the hybrid structures
utilizes class AB
amplifier as these
amplifiers are well
established as well as
have high maintenance.
Figure 3: Class AB amplifier
Source: (Circuittoday, 2019)
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Class C
The induction of
electricity in class C
amplifier occurs for a
small time interval. Class
c generally shows high
performance as in class C
amplifier the biasing
process is unique that
affect the amplifier
linearity. The activation
period of class C is small
as a result large amount of
distortion is created which
limits the use of class C
amplifier in many devices.
Basically in the frequency
that is required for radio
signaling. The activation
period of the class C
amplifier is generally half
of the input of the
sinusoidal wave.
Radiofrequency
oscillator, large
frequency repeaters as
well as the booster
amplifiers are the
common application of
class c amplifier.
Figure 4: Class C Amplifier
Source: (Circuittoday, 2019)
Apart from the above mentioned major types of amplifiers, other minor types include Audio
frequency amplifiers, R. F amplifiers, intermediate frequency amplifiers, wideband amplifiers,
ultrasonic amplifiers, Buffer amplifier, DC amplifier, operational amplifier, and video amplifier.
Also based on the properties of the output of the amplifier, the amplifiers are classified as a
current amplifier, voltage amplifier and power amplifier (Nilsson et.al, 2015).
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1.2
Performance characteristics of class A amplifier
Figure 5: Performance characteristics of class A amplifier
Source: (Elprocus, 2019)
Class A is not generally used for the stages of the output containing high power due to the
comparatively less efficiency of the amplifier. They have a single transistor for output switching.
Class A amplifier design is generally considered as one of the best design of amplifiers for the
excellent linearity, level of distortion of the signal is also low and high gain. This is considered
as the best sounding amplifier as compared to other classes of amplifiers.
Performance characteristics of class B Amplifier
Figure 6: Performance characteristics of class B amplifier
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Source: (Elprocus, 2019)
The performance of the class B amplifier is generally higher as compared to the performance of
class A amplifier, the drawbacks of the performance of class A amplifier governs the designing
of class B amplifier. The main problems in the performance that is heating and low efficiency of
class A amplifier are the guiding points towards the invention of class B amplifier. Due to the
absence of DC base bias electricity in class B amplifier have higher efficiencies.
Performance characteristics of class AB Amplifier
Figure 7: Performance characteristics of the class AB amplifier
Source: (Elprocus, 2019)
This is the most common design of the amplifier that is used in the designing of the power
amplifier. This amplifier is generally a class B amplifiers variation the only difference is that
both the devices inside the system are not permitted for conduction of electricity at the same
point of time that at crossover points of the waveform that eliminates the problem of crossover
distortion. In terms of efficiency as well as linearly class AB amplifier proved to be one of the
best compromises between class A and B amplifier (Baker, 2019).
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