Emergency Management: Principles, Stages, and Incident Analysis

This report delves into the principles of effective emergency incident management, outlining crucial aspects such as comprehensive planning, anticipation of hazards, collaborative efforts, risk-driven strategies, coordination among agencies, leadership and control, the role of science and technical advice, and the importance of media communication. It details the stages of recovery, including rebuilding, restoration, and rehabilitation, while also considering the scrutiny from the community, media, and politicians, and addressing the significant costs involved. The report emphasizes the need for thorough debriefing processes, including single-agency and inter-agency approaches, comprehensive record-keeping, the involvement of various agencies, and continuous evaluation. Two emergency incidents are discussed, the Grenfell Tower fire and the Parsons Green terrorist attack, highlighting the role of public services, specifically the Metropolitan Police. Additionally, the report examines the international emergency incidents like Hurricane Irma and Maria, providing a comprehensive overview of emergency management practices.

Integrated Emergency
Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO3..................................................................................................................................................1
P5 Principles of effective emergency incident ...........................................................................1
P6 Stages of recovery..................................................................................................................3
M3 needs for debriefs and reviewing..........................................................................................4
LO4..................................................................................................................................................5
P7 Examples of emergency incident...........................................................................................5
M4 role of the public services.....................................................................................................6
D2 Evaluation of real world emergency incident.......................................................................7
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Emergency refers to a situation where a huge risk is to health, property, life or
environment. It needs immediate management process to control the life of people during
incidents and take them to a safe place. Mitigation, preparedness and recovery are phases of
emergency management. Metropolitan police service is undertaken for public service. It is a
service provider which provides support to people in London. Their role is to keep community
safe either directly or indirectly. This assessment outlines the principles of effective emergency
incident. It also frames the stages for recovery in an emergency incident case. In this assessment
two emergency incident cases are discussed which explain the role of public service in brief.
This also evaluates a real world emergency incident which shows its type and action taken.
LO3
P5 Principles of effective emergency incident
Emergency management refers to the management of emergency cases in organisation by
the use of resources that are available at that time. Metropolitan police service is an organisation
which operated for emergency incidents (White, 2016). Their aim is to decrease disasters or
harmful effects which affect human beings or any other beings. Emergency management is not
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Illustration 1: Emergency management
Source: (Anderson County Texas 2019)

disaster management, it is a part of disaster management. Emergency management deals with
emergency cases only. Let's take a case of Grenfell Tower fire in which 72 deaths occurred in
addition to 70 people injured. Principles of effective emergency incident are explained below:
Comprehensive : - It refers to preparing and storing information of emergency functions
from mitigating, responding and recovery process. Hazards that are caused in Grenfell tower is
fire. Flats of tower are get surrounded by fire and caused too many deaths. Emergency
management of Metropolitan police service need to be ready and need to keep a comprehensive
analysis for all type of hazards that can occurred at any time (Kapucu and Hu, 2016).
Anticipation: It refers to forecasting of hazards that can occurred in future due to
climatic changes. Like heavy rainfall creates problem for human beings. So, in Grenfell tower
fire case emergency management prepare their equipments in advance for recovery process so
that recovery process gets done in less time and do not cause too many affects.
Collaborative: In this principle, working together is focus of emergency management.
For health safety of people, it need to work in group and save them in emergency incident. In
Grenfell tower fire case, fire extinguishers work together to extinguish fire and save people from
incident. It also becomes easy to have effective result in recovery process by working together
(Ernst, Mladenow and Strauss, 2017).
Risk driven: emergency incident operates by taking risk to save people for harmful
effects. It can be accident case where emergency is requires. In Grenfell tower fire case, it is risk
driven for metropolitan police service to save inside people who are living in flats. Risk is for
both people who are saving and who are fighting inside to save.
Coordination: In this, employee who work in emergency management need to
coordinate with each department. In Grenfell tower fire, metropolitan police coordinates with fire
extinguishers to extinguish fir in less time. It is like a multi agency frame work which helps to
get effective results form emergency incident recovery (Nohrstedt, 2016).
Controlling: In this, a supervisor or leader is positioned for controlling of recovery
process for emergency incident. In Grenfell tower fire incident, metropolitan police makes ten
different leaders with their team and distributes work to save people. This mechanism guide
people to save others from harmful affects. It makes easy to control and monitor the process.
Science and technical advice cell: For recovery of harmful affects or disaster, it need
technology to solve them. In Grenfell tower, technology helps metropolitan police to see the too
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much affected area where people are struggling to save from fire. Technological equipments like
Drone makes the process easy and efficient. Advice can be taken form technical department for
solving incidents.
Media: In this, media plays a very important role as emergency management gets to
some information from media. It also helps management authorities of Metropolitan police to
spread awareness among public about Grenfell Tower fire. Media is a tool to which all people
are connected and collect information from them regarding the latest news.
P6 Stages of recovery
In Grenfell Tower fire incident, metropolitan police follows recovery stages for getting
efficient results. Metropolitan service keeps London communities safe operates at face to face
level or behind the scenes. Recovery stages are explained below:
Rebuilding, restoring and rehabilitating: disasters that are made naturally or man-
made affects life, infrastructure, property, and all social and cultural relationship. This need a
recovery process to rehabilitate the same conditions that are before. Like in Grenfell Tower fire
case, metropolitan police service takes responsibility of restoring infrastructure as same as it
before. Those flats which are occupied by fire need a maintenance and renovation in
infrastructure. This is a recovery stage where restoring is done efficiently (Bartoli and et.al.,
2015).
Subject to scrutiny from community, media and politician: disasters that are occurred
need to seek permission from legal authorities for recovery process. Like in Grenfell Tower Fire
case, metropolitan Police service seek permission from communities of London for helping
injured people. Communities and media support police service due to which recovery process
become efficient.
Cost : this stage is major factor for any recovery process. Recovery needs a big amount
of money for supporting injured people and for restoring same infrastructure. Financial need is
needed in case of Grenfell Tower fire incident (Curnin and et.al., 2015). Metropolitan police
service take the help of central government and politicians for meeting financial need. To avail
resources to injured people need a huge amount of money is supported by metropolitan police.
Preparedness : in this stage, employees of organisation are prepared for recovering
process of any disaster. Like in Grenfell tower fire case, metropolitan police train their
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employees by giving exclusive training against any disaster. They prepare them in such a way
that they are ready to take risks means to put their life in danger to save others. Metropolitan
police service works for welfare of other peoples in London.
M3 needs for debriefs and reviewing
Debriefing is process to identify improvement areas in an incident. It is responsibility of
organisation to train employees in such away that they can identify the important areas which
need improvement and recovery tools. If it is a gold or silver or bronze commander or any other,
it is responsibility of all to establish such areas at an early stage so that recovery process is done
at easy and advance level.
Single-agency and inter-agency debriefing: - debriefing is done at both individual level
and group level. Single agency means it id operating alone for identifying improvement areas
and make process to implement for its recovery. While in inter-agency, more than one agency
work together for making recovery process efficient (Zhang, Weng and Huang, 2018). For
example, in Grenfell Tower fire incident, metropolitan police service works together with fire
extinguisher service to identify more crowded areas for extinguishing fire immediately. It gives
efficient result to take injured people from flats and lead them for cure process.
Comprehensive record keeping: For identifying affected areas which caused harmful
affects to people, need to keep record for future reference. After recovery process, a formal
enquiry is done by government authorities to check the effectiveness of recovery. Like in
Grenfell Tower fire incident, central government and Grenfell tower management authorities
asked metropolitan police service about injured people recovery and infrastructure recovery.
Agencies: For recovery process, small and big agencies are hired by management
authorities for making recovery process efficient. Small agencies on their level do the renovation
work for recovery of infrastructure in Grenfell Tower fire incident. Local authorities are
supported by other local partners for effective recovery process by following local resilience
forum.
Continuous evaluation : It is necessary for continuous evaluating the areas where
disaster can occur. It decreases the chances of getting more harmful effects. Like in Grenfell
Tower incident, daily evaluation is done in affected areas to check the effectiveness of recovery.
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It also gives information regarding the cause of incident and helps to make strategies for
effective recovery management by emergency management authorities.
LO4
P7 Examples of emergency incident
Let's consider an example of Parsons Green terrorist attack which is a UK based
emergency incident. On September 15, 2017, an explosion occurred in a district line train on
Parsons Green Underground station in London. 30 people are injured in this incident and they are
referred to hospital for treatment. It is almost burned injuries due to bomb explosion in train.
Bucket bomb is time based which contains TATP explosive chemical. District line train is filled
with school children and community people. Bomb is kept inside a shopping bag by terrorists.
Ahmed Hassan's a teenager boy is responsible for this terrorist attack. But this is found that this
terrorist attack is unstable because too many errors found in construction of bomb because 1
ounce of TATP is enough to blow car doors. Therefore, bomb was partially exploded not full.
Ahmed Hassan entered UK in 2015 illegally and explosion occurred in 2017. So, it is been
analysed that he is gone under an exclusive training for this terrorist attack. This incident is
classified as a Jihadist terrorism by Europol.
Let's consider an example of International emergency incidents be Hurricane Irma and
Maria 2017 incident. Is formed on august 30, 2017 and dissipated on September 13, 2017.
Hurricane Irma is an extreme Cape Verde hurricane observed in Atlantic oceans. Irma is the first
category 5 hurricane which strikes Leeward islands and then followed to Maria i.e., after two
weeks. It is the strongest hurricane after Katrina in 2005. National hurricane centre monitored a
tropical wave over western Africa on august 26, 2017 (Chittaro and Sioni, 2015). Within two
days, it became one of the strongest hurricane wave and entered cape Verde islands on august 30,
2017. It is based on scatterometer data ad satellite estimates done by national hurricane centre.
On September 4, 2017, hurricane entered in category 4 and it continued for approaching to
leeward islands. After robust period, it entered in category 5 with a speed of 175 mph. After
eight hours at that time, landfall occurred in Irma along the northern coast of Barbuda. It was at a
speed of 180 mph. After this, hurricane is about decreasing speed on 155 mph on September 8.
But later, it again increases its speed and entered in category 3 with a speed of 165 mph. At last
on September, hurricane took a turn towards Florida in subtropical edge. Then it made a landfall
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in Florida at a speed of 13 mph categorised in category 4. In this overall hurricane, on September
5, Dominican republic provides a humanitarian satellite coverage by activating international
charter on space and major disasters. Georgia governor Nathan Deal declared a state of
emergency in six coastal countries. On September 6, state of emergency was expanded to 30
countries.
M4 role of the public services
Public services refers to a service process which is provided by government authorities to
people or organisation either directly or indirectly. It is liked via a social agreement between
government and authorised concern company. If public services do not provide service then,
concern authority go for economic sector for support. Public services are related to fundamental
human rights, ambulance corps, and the voluntary fire department (Watt, 2017).
For example in UK based emergency incident, metropolitan police is chosen for public
service. Role of metropolitan police in Pearson terrorist attack in 2017 is to find guilty person
who is responsible for this attack. On 17 September, a statement is made by metropolitan police
secretary that there is no evidence found against ISIL behind the attack. According to
metropolitan police, a hundred of detectives are hired for investigation purpose. On 46
september, Kent police founded Ahmed Hassan at the port of Dover as a terrorist offence. Whole
sea port is analysed by police for recovering of items by Ahmed Hassan. Later, total seven man
were arrested in whole investigation process. After investigation from these seven man, hassan
was arrested in case of murder and to put life of people in danger based on explosion. Other six
man were released without charge. On 23 march, he was imprisoned for 34 years means since
2052. This how metropolitan police played their role in emergency incident and reach to a result
of finding persons who are behind these incidents (Ferguson and Lavalette, 2017).
In case of natural calamities, no one is responsible behind the incident. People and
government need to save them self or alone only. Public services provide support to people who
are in need and faced problem during hurricane Irma and Maria in 2017. They provide path for
them by arranging another safe place where they feel comfortable to live. Public service provide
support and aid people either directly or indirectly.
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D2 Evaluation of real world emergency incident.
Emergency accident can be natural or man- made. Like fire incidents are man-made but
earthquake, hurricanes are natural disasters. But both are categorised under emergency incidents.
Emergency incidents require too much analysis, evaluating, monitoring ad controlling for better
results and to find the cause behind incidents (Eppinga and Pucko, 2018).
Like in parson's terrorist attack, evaluation is described below:
Incidents Type Actions taken Collaborative
agency
lessons
Parsons
terrorist
attack 2017
Terrorism
attack
In this, 30 people are dead
and more than 70 people
are injured. Ahmed
Hassan was imprisoned
for 34 years by
metropolitan police
(Preston, 2018).
Metropolitan
police and fire
voluntary
agencies.
Public services
need to be prepared
for any emergency
incident in advance
so that recovery is
done in less time
and easily.
Hurricane
Irma and
Maria 2017
Natural
calamity
It started on 30 august
2017 and dissipated on 9
September 2017
(Chardon-Maldonado,
and et.al., 2018).
Forecasting
scientist and
national hurricane
centre
Need to be more
alert during
forecasting.
CONCLUSION
This assessment summarised about emergency incident cases. It explained the principles
involved in emergency management process like anticipation, collaborative working,
comprehensive process, media, science and technical advice cells. It also explained the stages of
recovery. Mitigation, preparedness and recovery are the phases of an emergency management. In
stages of recovery restoring, rehabilitation, single and inter-agency are hired for efficient
recovery process. Examples of emergency incidents are discussed based on UK and
international. Parson terrorist attack is considered as UK based emergency incident whereas
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Hurricane Irma and Maria is considered as international emergency incident. Metropolitan police
investigated the terrorist attack too much and finally reached to the person who is behind the
incident. Hence, it can be said that public services are the supporters of human and environment
which are always prepared to take risks for aiding. Finally, this assessment is concluded by
evaluating real time world example of emergency incident in which type, action take, lesson to
be learned are discussed.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bartoli, G. and et.al., 2015. A novel emergency management platform for smart public
safety. International Journal of Communication Systems. 28(5). pp.928-943.
Chardon-Maldonado, P. and et.al., 2018, December. Coastal Ocean Response to Hurricanes Irma
and Maria. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
Chittaro, L. and Sioni, R., 2015. Serious games for emergency preparedness: Evaluation of an
interactive vs. a non-interactive simulation of a terror attack. Computers in Human
Behavior. 50. pp.508-519.
Curnin, S. and et.al., 2015. A theoretical framework for negotiating the path of emergency
management multi-agency coordination. Applied ergonomics. 47. pp.300-307.
Eppinga, M.B. and Pucko, C.A., 2018. The impact of hurricanes Irma and Maria on the forest
ecosystems of Saba and St. Eustatius, northern Caribbean. Biotropica. 50(5). pp.723-
728.
Ernst, C., Mladenow, A. and Strauss, C., 2017. Collaboration and crowdsourcing in emergency
management. International Journal of Pervasive Computing and
Communications. 13(2). pp.176-193.
Ferguson, I. and Lavalette, M., 2017. After Grenfell Tower. Critical and Radical Social
Work. 5(3). pp.265-267.
Kapucu, N. and Hu, Q., 2016. Understanding multiplexity of collaborative emergency
management networks. The American Review of Public Administration. 46(4). pp.399-
417.
Miller, P.W. and et.al., 2019. Persistent Hydrological Consequences of Hurricane Maria in
Puerto Rico. Geophysical Research Letters.
Nohrstedt, D., 2016. Explaining mobilization and performance of collaborations in routine
emergency management. Administration & society. 48(2). pp.135-162.
Preston, J., 2018. Grenfell Tower: Preparedness, Race and Disaster Capitalism. Springer.
Watt, R.G., 2017. Grenfell Tower fire–a tragic case study in health inequalities. British dental
journal. 223(7), p.478.
White, C.M., 2016. Social media, crisis communication, and emergency management:
Leveraging Web 2.0 technologies. CRC press.
Zhang, Y., Weng, W.G. and Huang, Z.L., 2018. A scenario-based model for earthquake
emergency management effectiveness evaluation. Technological Forecasting and
Social Change. 128. pp.197-207.
Online
Anderson County Texas 2019. [Online]. Available through.
<http://www.co.anderson.tx.us/page/anderson.Emergency>.
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