Report: Integrated Emergency Management, Public Services, and Planning

This report provides a detailed analysis of integrated emergency management within the United Kingdom, focusing on the legal frameworks and the roles of public services in emergency planning and response. It begins by outlining the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 and other relevant legislation, emphasizing the responsibilities of various governmental bodies, including Category 1 and 2 responders, and the role of the Cabinet Office and Local Resilience Forums. The report further explores different types of emergencies, such as natural disasters, technological failures, and health crises, detailing the responsibilities of public services in anticipation, preparedness, integration, and civil protection. It also analyzes the role of the military in providing support during emergencies, covering the processes of military support in different situations. The report highlights the Joint Emergency Services Interoperability Programme (JESIP) and underscores the importance of effective coordination and cooperation among various agencies to ensure an efficient response to emergencies, meeting the legislative requirements of emergency planning.

Integrated Emergency
Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
ACTIVITY.......................................................................................................................................1
P1 Legislation and guidance regarding how public services should deal with emergency
incidents......................................................................................................................................1
P3 Role of public services in emergency planning.....................................................................5
P4 Analysing the responsibilities of the public services for meeting the legislative requirement
of emergency planning................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
.................................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Integrated emergency system is the system or framework that guides and allows different
levels of government of the country to work collectively for mitigating, preparing, responding
and recovering from the various types of emergencies and disasters. Such disasters include
natural calamity like flood, earthquakes, terrorists attacks, technological failures etc (Azzone,
2018). The government has formed a National Health Service, NHS for dealing with emergency
management in the country. The present report will cover the legislation that is concerned with
how the public services shall deal with emergencies, importance of planning and preparedness
for emergency circumstances. Further, the report will highlight the circumstances and process of
military support during an emergency situation and the responsibility of public services in
meeting the legislative requirements of emergency planning.
ACTIVITY
P1 Legislation and guidance regarding how public services should deal with emergency incidents
There are legislation that provides a direction regarding how public services needs to
tackle the emergency circumstances in the country. These are given below:
Civil Contingencies Act, 2004 : This is an act of Parliament of United Kingdom that has
laid down the provisions for the emergency planning and responding for the all the levels of
government ranging from local authorities to national governmental departments. The above
mentioned act has replaced the Civil Defence and Emergency Powers law. The current
legislation provides the guidelines and duties for the public authorities in the event of emergency
situations while the former legislation provided regulations and duties for only local authorities,
fire authorities and police authorities in the United Kingdom.
The act is segmented into three parts such as :
 Part 1 lays out the obligations of certain organisations for preparing for different types of
emergency incidents ( Category 1 & 2 responders).
 Part 2 lays out the additional powers for government in case of extensive scaled
emergency.
 Part 3, this provides the auxiliary provisions that supports the other two parts.
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Cabinet office : The cabinet office is a department of the British Government provided
with the responsibility of supporting the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of the country. It
comprises various parts such as cabinet committee that performs the task of coordinating
government objectives through different departments. It has the responsibility of strengthening
the civil services by ensuring that civil bodies are organised in an effective and efficient manner
and possesses the required capabilities of executing government's objectives of managing the
country in the best way possible (Bailey, 2018).
There are different types of emergency events that are mentioned below:
Natural disasters : The emergency situation arises when a natural disaster occurs in the
country in the form of flood, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornado, mudslides, heavy rains, extreme
temperatures that have the potential of harming the lives of flora, fauna and human species to a
significant level.
Technological disasters : Technological disasters caused by the adverse human activities
and events can also give rise to emergency situation in the United Kingdom. For example,
industrial explosions, chemical radiations, accidents caused during the time of transporting
hazardous materials such as oil or gases. Another instance is falling of bridges due to
engineering and technical drawbacks at the time of construction, failures of dams buildings,
power lines and mines comes under the category of technological disasters. These disasters are
the result of accidental failures of the human made activities (Kuril, 2018).
Heath disasters: These refers to the circumstances where a particular factor affects the
health of the people in the country. This includes outbreak of infectious and contagious diseases
such as flu, Ebola or non infectious diseases such as obesity, diabetes. The following diseases are
the prime concern of the medical authority in UK because majority of young population in the
country are prone to obesity and diabetes.
Hostile : These creates emergency situations due to outbreaks of community behaviour
such as terror attacks leads to end of lives of people, war between the countries or within the
country amongst different communities, riots, stampedes etc (Osborne, 2018).
`Local Resilience Forums (LRF) : It is a forum formed for police department of the
country under the requirements of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 of the parliament. The LRF
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allows the police authorities and other responders to access to a forum for consulting,
collaborating and disclosing information with each other for creating a favourable environment
for planning for the emergency situations and the strategies for responding such events.
P2 Defining public services whi have the statutory responsibilities in planning and responding to
emergency incidence
Public service is a service provided by an agency or department of the government of the
country to the people that comes within its jurisdiction. These are provided by the way of public
sector organisations that are controlled or operated by the state. Example of such services are;
police, fire brigade, air force, military etc.
The public service organisations plays a crucial role in planning and responding major
emergency circumstances. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 has defined some public service
organisation as Category 1 & 2 responders that are responsible for planning and managing
emergencies in the community and at the national level (McGregor, 2018).
Category 1 responder : These are the local authorities, police forces, fire authorities,
ambulance services, NHS etc., who have several duties of dealing with emergency and are
defined as category 1 responder under the Civil Contingencies act, 2004. These authorities are
required to assess the risk of different possible emergency incidents, plan and implements those
plan in the event of emergency occurs along with the responsibility of business continuity
management. The category 1 responders also have the duty of warning, alarming and informing
the people regarding the emergencies. They have to maintain proper coordination and
cooperation with emergencies services for public interest and welfare.
For example, Health Studies (HSB) provides leadership and skills for confronting the
natural and man made disasters to the local, federal and international partners. It helps them in
preparing for and responding to the different emergency situations that could arise in the state or
elsewhere.
Category 2 responders : These are the co-operating organisations/responders for
supporting the category 1 responders. They are usually transport and other utility services such
as gas and electricity distributors, telephone services suppliers, rails, Highways England etc.
These responders have the primary responsibility of providing needed support in terms of
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cooperation and coordination to the category 1 responders for the purpose of effective planning
and strategic response plan for facing such situations.
Supporting organisations: These organisations are also called as third sector units of the
country that provides the required support for making the disaster management regime of the
State more effectively. For example, Military provides the supports rescue and search operations
at the time of emergency, firms like Oxfam who works for reducing the disparity and inequality
in the nation, Red Cross that makes its efforts in protecting health and lives of human across the
borders for promoting humanity.
The agencies, public service organisations and voluntary sector work interrelatedly as
thee bodies have the common objectives of saving lives of people, protecting the environment
and restoring the normal conditions. A program has been established that combines the power of
three different departments of the government so that more efficiency could be achieved n
integrated disaster management (Zhang, Welch and Miao, 2018).
Joint Emergency Services Interoperability Programme (JESIP) : The programme has
been established on 2012 as a tri-service action as a result of requirement in major emergency
reviews and incidents. The three services that are joined together are; police, fire & rescue and
ambulance. The reason for making them a collective force was that individually each department
of the government was efficient but there some common issues for which they have to be
improved. It lays down the essential skills for coping up with disastrous or emergency
circumstances. Like interoperability commander training is being jointly provided by fire,
ambulance and police trainers to managers and commanders from the entire resilience
association.
M1 : Aid of Military in different circumstances:
 Military provides support to the Civil Power ( MACP) : The term defines the assistance
provided by the armed forces to the civil bodies of the country for responding the
emergency situations.
 Training and logistics assistance of the Civil Power (TLACP) : Deployment of armed
forces for providing training of the civil authorities professionals for emergency
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management. Commander Home Command is the responsible for planning and executing
civil contingency operations (Whittaker, McLennan and Handmer, 2015).
The process of military support in different situations:
In the event of natural calamity:
 Assessing the affected areas in the country.
 Planning for the actions that are required to be taken for coping up with disaster.
 Deployment of the armed forced for the search and rescue operations in the affected area.
 Search and rescue operations.
 Coordinating with the other civil bodies.
P3 Role of public services in emergency planning
Public service organisations like Police department, health department or any other civil
body plays a crucial role in emergency planning that are discussed below:
 Anticipation : These public service units anticipates the threats by scanning the
environment. Continuous forecast regime helps them in identifying the potential threat
that could create a situation of emergency in the country. These bodies on a continuous
basis analysis the situations, weather, industrial technical breakouts or social threats for
gathering the necessary information required for the emergency planning which is
responding and recovering (The Role of Public Works in Emergencies,2011). LRF forum
assist the police department in assessing the various threat and helps it in managing by
producing a community risk register which contains all the relevant data related to risk,
safety and threat management.
 Preparedness : Police department with other governmental civil bodies makes the
provisions for increasing the capability of the community for handling the emergency
situations more effectively through proper trainings, creation of power backup systems,
developing shelters etc (Hassan, 2019).
 Integration and Cooperation : These public service organisations have the
responsibility and duty of cooperating and coordinating with other civil bodies for
facilitating effective planning for the disasters and emergencies. The information so
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collected by such public services must be circulated in all the governmental undertakings
for supporting single and multi-agency decision making process.
 Business continuity management : It is the duty of the public sector organisations to
continuously improve association's resilience to interruptions. It has the ongoing
responsibility of public services for assessing the threats, their causes and consequences
that can adversely affect the human lives.
 Civil protection Duties : The Civil Contingency act has laid down the role of public
service organisations in implementing the strategies of government of civil protection.
These include alarming and informing the public regarding any potential emergency that
could harm them.
 Putting the emergency plan in the right place : The public service providers are
responsible for executing and implementing the plans with utmost efficiency.
P4 Analysing the responsibilities of the public services for meeting the legislative requirement of
emergency planning
Emergency planning is the procedure of preparing systematically for dealing with the
future unexpected events or contingencies. These contingencies include major threats such as
natural calamity, technological failures due to man made activities, social threats such as riots,
stampede, or war, terror attacks etc. From the national point of view, the planning of such
contingencies is very important as the consequences of such disasters leads to loss of lives,
environment loss and economic loss (What Is Emergency Planning. 2019).
The public services organisations in the United Kingdom have been provided with the
responsibility of civil protection under the legislation Civil Contingency Act, 2004. The act
provides the general duties of the responders and also provides the provision for emergency
planning (Phillips, Neal and Webb, 2016).
Stages involved in emergency planning : The emergency plan development is a cyclical
process that involves the assessing the risks, evaluating and ranking the risk, responding to the
major risks, resource control and planning, executing the plan and monitoring the risk
performance and lastly reviewing the risk management framework. The emergency planning also
involves action plans that are required in the original plans fails to the cope up with the
emergency crisis. The reviewing could be done by making discussions, on the table discussions
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with the NHS and other bodies involved in the planning and finding out the shortcomings for
which further planning could be done.
M2 : Importance of emergency planning
 Emergency plans acts as guide in the event of any emergency situation in the
state.
 Such planning helps the government in getting prepared for emergency which
could mitigate and reduce the effect of such disasters in terms of human lives,
economic loss, infrastructural loss, environmental loss etc.
 Emergency planning leads the public and the government to effectively responds
to such circumstances because everyone knows what they are supposed to do in
the natural, technical. Social or health crisis in the country (Alexander, 2015).
D1 :
The act requires that public services units like police department have to analyse the
holistic environment for identifying and anticipating the threats that could lead to emergency
circumstances in the nation. Part 1 of the act has laid down the clear roles and responsibilities of
the bodies that are related to emergency planning. These bodies have to abide by the laws while
carrying out their operations. The departments of the governments have to perfectly coordinated
for facilitating the emergency management as required by the law. The different public service
bodies have to share the data assessed by them with other departmental undertakings of the
government of the United Kingdom (Chartoff and Roman, 2018).
`However, such coordination is sometimes hard to achieve due to the lack of technology.
For example, in the event of lack of effective management integrated system within all the
departments, the flow of information is not transmitted seamlessly, thus becoming a hurdle in the
creating coordinating environment for the emergency planning.
Category 1 responders fulfils their duties of making people warn about the major
incidents. The public services institutions such as NHS, Police authorities, Fire forces,
Environment Agency etc., are legally bind to inform and warn public about the contingencies.
There are some pitfalls in the emergency planning where the public services falls short in
meeting the expectations of the legislation. First of all, sometimes, it happens that information
collected and assessed by the public services' organisation like Police department are not
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sufficient and reliable upon which the accurate planning could be done. Lack of adequate
resource can limit the emergency planning and its effectiveness. Communication failure as seen
in the above mentioned example make the emergency planning process ineffective and
inefficient. One of the major problem in fulfilling responsibilities by the public service
organisation is the lack of sufficient and skilled staff for carrying out the operations assessing
information from the hostile environment (McGregor, 2018).
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it can be summarised that assessing the threats in advance
and getting prepared for the future contingencies by effective planning can help the country in
mitigating the loss that could be caused by such unexpected events in the future. The loss is in
the form of deaths of human, animals, environmental loss, functional loss to the country.
Thereby, the importance of the emergency planning could be seen from the fact that it helps the
nation in responding to such disasters with much more effectiveness leading to reduction in the
loss of lives, injury etc. Further, the report concluded that legislation of the UK has laid down the
responsibility of the public service organisations to assess the risk, coordinate with other
departments providing them the useful information for making plans, informing and warning
public about the risk and contingencies for making them prepared for the repercussions of the
unexpected events.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alexander, D.E., 2015. Disaster and emergency planning for preparedness, response, and
recovery. Oxford University Press.
Azzone, G., 2018. Big data and public policies: Opportunities and challenges. Statistics &
Probability Letters. 136. pp.116-120.
Bailey, S.K., 2018. Ethics and the public service. In Classics of Administrative Ethics (pp. 63-
78). Routledge.
Chartoff, S.E. and Roman, P., 2018. Disaster planning. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls
Publishing.
Hassan, N.A., 2019. Initial Response and First Responder Tasks. In Digital Forensics Basics (pp.
93-110). Apress, Berkeley, CA.
Kuril, J., 2018. Protection of the State and Society: Public Administration and Public (State)
Service. Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues. 7(3).
McGregor, E.B., 2018. Social equity and the public service. In Diversity And Affirmative Action
In Public Service (pp. 23-37). Routledge.
Osborne, S.P., 2018. From public service-dominant logic to public service logic: are public
service organizations capable of co-production and value co-creation?.
Phillips, B., Neal, D.M. and Webb, G., 2016. Introduction to emergency management. CRC
Press.
Whittaker, J., McLennan, B. and Handmer, J., 2015. A review of informal volunteerism in
emergencies and disasters: Definition, opportunities and challenges. International journal of
disaster risk reduction. 13. pp.358-368.
Zhang, F., Welch, E.W. and Miao, Q., 2018. Public organization adaptation to extreme events:
mediating role of risk perception. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 28(3).
pp.371-387.
Online
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The Role of Public Works in Emergencies.2011. [Online].Available though
<https://www.westerncity.com/article/role-public-works-emergencies>
What Is Emergency Planning.2019. [Online].Available though
<http://oxfordre.com/naturalhazardscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.00
01/acrefore-9780199389407-e-12>
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